FREEROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC EBOOK Mary Beard,N. Crawford | 116 pages | 01 Jun 2003 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9780715629284 | English | London, United Kingdom Roman army of the late Republic - Wikipedia The rape of Lucretia, according to Livywas the fundamental "last straw" in the overthrow of the Etruscan King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. The transition from the Etruscan monarchy to republic BC was not, however, a simple institutional change. In place of the King, the newly founded Republic relied upon its Senate, or patrician class families, to oversee the government and the election of various officials, including two shared power Consuls. This transformation from monarchy to representative style government, headed by the elite social class, would prove to have troubles of its own. Related Page: Kings of Rome. After the overthrow of the Tarquin dynasty, led by Junius Brutus, Rome in the Late Republic ancient Romans avoided a true monarchal government for the remainder of their storied history. Even the later imperial government maintained forms of the republican system. While in practice it could be a system of absolute power for the Emperor, it was theoretically still checked by the Senate and other representative ideals. This same Junius Brutus was later claimed as an ancestor by the Republican loyalist Marcus Brutus who was among the conspirators in the assassination of Julius Caesarand Rome in the Late Republic the deeply rooted Roman aversion to Kings. It was the era of the Republic in which the great expansion of Roman civilization, power and structure set the path for European dominance. In these formative and expansive Rome in the Late Republic, Rome was ruled by its Senate and its people's assemblies. The offices of power were divided among various elected officials to avoid the conglomeration of power and the re-institution of the monarchy. These magistracies were, in essence, a division of previous monarchal powers. The Romans instituted a constitution which would dictate the traditions and institutions of government for the Roman people. This constitution, however, was not a formal or even written document, but rather a series of unwritten traditions and laws. Deeply rooted in pre-Republican tradition, Rome in the Late Republic essentially maintained all the same monarchal powers and divided them amongst a series of people, rather than in one supreme ruler. Discontent and political upheaval lay ahead for the fledgling Republic, since the new constitution was flawed and exclusive in nature for the general population plebeians. Rome was surrounded by powerful external enemies, including its former Etruscan rulers, and Patrician the hereditary aristocratic families in- fighting with each other and the plebeian common people class was Rome in the Late Republic immediate source of difficulty. The Romans developed a complex client system, where aristocratic families pledged allegiance and voting support to other powerful families. In exchange for political appointments and advocating of various agendas, some power groups were able to subvert the state and the will of the masses for personal gain. The words Patrician and Plebeian have taken on different connotations of wealthy and poor in modern English, but no such distinction existed in Roman times. The two classes were simply ancestral or inherited. A citizen's class was fixed by birth rather than by wealth. Patricians monopolized all of the political offices and Rome in the Late Republic most of the wealth in the early Republic, but there were many wealthy plebeians, and conversly many patrician families had little claim to wealth or prestige other than their family heritage. The Rome in the Late Republic between the plebeians and the patricians sometimes came under intense strain, as a result of this exclusion from political influence. In response the plebeians - on several Rome in the Late Republic - abandoned the city, leaving the patricians without a working class to Rome in the Late Republic their political whims. Roman imperiumor the power of law and command, was fully concentrated in the patrician class. The consuls were elected from among the patricians, as were the quaestorspraetors and censors. The ensuing class conflicts Rome in the Late Republic the domination of political power by one class over another, in a virtual transfer of power from King to Senate, was called "the struggle of the orders". In effect, it was simply the recurring pattern of the patrician class attempting to hold onto power, while the plebeians worked to rise to social and political equality. The patricians, while mostly secure in their wealth and noble foundation, were also unable to exist without the plebeians. The plebeian class not only produced the grain and supplied the labor that maintained the Roman economy ; they also formed the recruiting basis as soldiers for the Roman republican legions. In BC, only 15 years after the founding of the Republic, a withdrawal of plebeians to the Sacred Mount outside Rome, ushered in a fundamental change to the Republican government. The plebes formed a tribal assembly, and their own alternative government, Rome in the Late Republic the patricians agreed to the establishment of an office that would have sacrosanctity sacrosanctitas. This was the right to be legally protected from any physical harm, and the right of help ius auxiliandimeaning the legal ability to rescue any plebeian from the hands of a patrician magistrate. These magistrate positions were labelled as Tribunes or tribuni plebes. Later, the tribunes acquired a far more formidable, and often manipulated Rome in the Late Republic, the right of intercession ius intercessio. This was the right to veto any act or proposal of any magistrate, including another tribune, for the good of the people. The tribune also had the power to exercise capital punishment against any person who interfered in the performance of his duties. The tribune's power to act was enforced by a pledge of the plebeians to kill any person who harmed a tribune during his term of office. In BC, another Plebeian withdrawal from the city led to the appointment of the decemvirateor a commission of ten men. This eventually resulted in the adoption of the bronze engraved Laws of the Twelve Tablesand raised the number of plebeian Tribunes to In BC, the Canuleian law legalized marriages between patricians and members of the plebs. Along with later inter-class adoptions, plebeians were allowed additional class mobility and eventual inclusion into previous Patrician-only magistracies. In BC the plebeians gained the right to be elected consul, and a year later in BC the first was elected. Thereafter, the Licinian-Sextian laws demanded that at least one consul be a plebeian. After the completion of the term of consular office, the plebeian consul became a member of the Rome in the Late Republic, resulting in the disintegration of the patrician hold on the Senate. Furthermore, in Rome in the Late Republic, plebeians were allowed to serve at all levels of the priesthood, thus making them religiously equal to the patricians. Finally, the greatest achievement of power for the people, in BC, the decisions and legislation of the plebeian assembly, Concilium Plebis or "Council of the Plebeians", became not only binding on the plebeians, but on the entire Roman citizenry. All power was not shifted away from the patricians, however. While still maintaining significant power through clients and the prestige of their heritage, they were also able to turn the tables. Using the plebeian adoption methodology for upward mobility, some patricians used it to adopt into the plebeian class and become available to serve as plebeian-only Tribunes. While a rare occurrence, such mobility made the entire political spectrum open to the ruling Rome in the Late Republic. This political upheaval brought about a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which in its original function maintained no law making and little administrative power, became a powerful governing force. They oversaw matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas ended the conflict between the upper echelons of the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved. In fact, a class designation of equestrian knightoriginally composed of patrician senatorial families, developed into one including plebes that signified a particular level of wealth, and further separated the plebeian elite from the common people. The decided contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular party. These struggles developed into one of several major factors in the eventual collapse of the Republican system. As the Romans never had a written constitution, it is difficult to neatly fit their government into anything that corresponds to modern systems. However, especially from the time of the passage of the Lex Hortensia BCit is similar to that Rome in the Late Republic the American division of executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as the Roman system was the basis for the American one. The system developed into one of checks and balances, with the aristocratic Patrician-dominated Senate being counterbalanced by popular elections of chief magistrates and the Plebeian Tribunes. These were composed of all Roman male citizens, requiring individuals to attend in person in order to vote. No debate from the floor was possible, and votes were counted in groups, not individually the vote of each group was determined by the vote of the majority of individuals in that group. All three assemblies Rome in the Late Republic the entire electorate of citizens, but each Rome in the Late Republic a different internal organization and therefore differences in the weight of an individual citizen's vote.