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Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province Including Parts of Oklahoma and Texas and NAPPC Table of CONTENTS Why Support Pollinators? 4 Getting Started 5 Great Plains Steppe and shrub 6 Meet the Pollinators 8 Plant Traits 10 Developing Plantings 12 Farms 13 Public Lands 14 Home Landscapes 15 Bloom Periods 16 Plants That Attract Pollinators 18 Habitat Hints 20 Checklist 22 This is one of several guides for different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback Resources and Feedback 23 to assist us in making the future guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected] Cover: Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly, Cover: Black Swallowtail butterfly, courtesy Lew Scharpf; www.pbase.com/lejun courtesy Kim Davis & Mike Stangeland 2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Ecological Region of the Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province Including Parts of Oklahoma and Texas a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org). Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province 3 Why support pollinators? IN THE I R 1996 BOOK , THE FORGOTTEN POLL I NATORS , Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “ Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the the world, and intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems that helps sustain our quality of life. Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set we must remember and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. that pollinators Alfalfa, apples, watermelon, and onions are some of the crops raised in the Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately are a critical $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year. Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated link in our food bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused systems.” by disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices. -- Paul Growald, Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. Co-Founder, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us Pollinator partnership understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them. Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership 4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started TH I S REG I ONAL GU I DE I S created as a management tool and bluestem. Prairies of bluestem- JUST ONE in a series of plant is used to predict responses to land grama flourish on fine textured soils selection tools designed to provide management practices throughout most common to the region, oak- information on how individuals can large areas. This guide addresses savanna occurs along river valleys influence pollinator populations pollinator-friendly land management and on the province’s eastern edge, through choices they make when practices in what is known as the and sandsage-bluestem prairies they farm a plot of ground, manage Great Plains Steppe and Shrub dominate the coarser soil along its large tracts of public land, or plant Province. western border. a garden. Each of us can have a Comprising 17,600 square miles Long before there were homes positive impact by providing the largely located in South Western and farms in this area, the original, essential habitat requirements for Oklahoma, this province is natural vegetation provided pollinators including food, water, dominated by irregular plains continuous cover and adjacent shelter, and enough space to allow broken up with scattered low feeding opportunities for wildlife, pollinators to raise their young. mountains and tablelands. The including pollinators. In choosing Pollinators travel through the plains slope upward from east to plants, aim to create habitat for landscape without regard to west and range in elevation from pollinators that allow adequate food property ownership or state 1,600 to 3,000 feet with local relief shelter, and water sources. Most boundaries. We’ve chosen to use of less than 300 feet. The climate pollinators have very small home R.G. Bailey’s classification system is characterized as semiarid- ranges. You can make a difference to identify the geographic focus subtropical with warm to hot by understanding the vegetation of this guide and to underscore summers and cold and dry winters. patterns of the farm, forest, or the connections between climate Average annual temperatures are neighbor’s yard adjacent to you and vegetation types that affect 57° to 64°F. Average annual rainfall and by making planting choices the diversity of pollinators in the ranges from 19-29 inches. that support the pollinators’ need for food and shelter as they move environment. This province is characterized through the landscape. Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United by tall grassland with some tree States, developed by the United cover. Grasses include little States Forest Service, is a system bluestem, sand saltbrush, and sand Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province 5 Understanding the Great Plains Steppe And Shrub n This region is designated number 311 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help. n 17,600 square miles largely within South Western Oklahoma. n Irregular plains dissected by low mountains and tablelands. n Elevations ranging from 1,600 to 3,000 feet. n Average annual temperature range from 57°F to 64°F. n Average year-round precipitation of between 19-29 inches. n USDA Hardiness Zones 6b-7a. Characteristics n Dominated by level to gently sloping tall grassland prairies with minimal relief and some oak-savanna cover. n Common grasses include little bluestem, indiangrass, sand saltbrush, switchgrass and sand bluestem. n Natual habitat has been heavily altered for agricultural purposes. 6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Great Plains Steppe “ Adding native plantings in riparian areas and Shrub Province includes parts of: to improve pollinator habitat makes Oklahoma and Texas sense in advancing our family farm’s conservation and economic objectives, enhancing beneficial wildlife and improving pollination in our orchard and garden.” --Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts Great Plains Steppe and Shrub Province 7 Meet the Pollinators Who are the Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood; pollinators? digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; Bees leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Bees are well documented which prefer dead trees or branches pollinators in the natural and for their nest sites; and mason bees agricultural systems of the Great (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities Plains Steppe and Shrub. Crops that they find in stems and dead such as alfalfa, apples, watermelon, wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.) and onions are just a few plants that are also solitary ground nesters. benefit from bee pollinators. Most of us are familiar with the Butterflies Gardeners have been attracting Photo Lew Scharpf colonies of honey bees that have Honey bee on flower. been the workhorses of agricultural butterflies to their gardens for some pollination for years in the United time. These insects tend to be eye- States. They were imported from catching, as are the flowers that Europe almost 400 years ago. attract them. Position flowering plants where they have full sun and There are nearly 4000 species of are protected from the wind. Also, Black-chinned hummingbird. native ground and twig nesting bees you will need to provide open areas in the U.S. Some form colonies (e.g. bare earth, large stones) where while others live and work a solitary butterflies may bask, and moist soil life. Native bees currently pollinate from which they may get needed many crops and can be encouraged minerals. By providing a safe place to do more to support agricultural to eat and nest, gardeners can also endeavors if their needs for nesting support the pollination role that habitat are met and if suitable butterflies play in the landscape. It sources of nectar, pollen, and water might mean accepting slight damage are provided. Bees have tongues of to the plants, known as host plants, varying lengths that help determine that provide food for the larval stage which flowers they can obtain nectar of the butterfly.
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