Thomas Posado, Amérique Latine : Fin De Cycle
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Hugo Chávez and Venezuela Rachel M
McNair Scholars Journal Volume 9 | Issue 1 Article 10 2005 Resistance to U.S. Economic Hegemony in Latin America: Hugo Chávez and Venezuela Rachel M. Jacques Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair Recommended Citation Jacques, Rachel M. (2005) "Resistance to U.S. Economic Hegemony in Latin America: Hugo Chávez and Venezuela," McNair Scholars Journal: Vol. 9: Iss. 1, Article 10. Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol9/iss1/10 Copyright © 2005 by the authors. McNair Scholars Journal is reproduced electronically by ScholarWorks@GVSU. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ mcnair?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fmcnair%2Fvol9%2Fiss1%2F10&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Resistance to U.S. economic hegemony in Latin America: Hugo Chávez and Venezuela Abstract Introduction Recent years have seen increasing opposition On April 11, 2002, a group of to U.S. political and economic influence in senior military officers stormed the Latin America. Venezuela is a key player in presidential palace in Caracas, the the South American economy. This project capital of Venezuela. They ousted the researches the country’s history from the leftist president, Hugo Chávez, and 1950s to the present and the role of the replaced him with the more conservative U.S. in its formation. Through political Pedro Carmona. The coup had the economy, this study asks if recent political support of the business community, changes are due to the effects of U.S. policies the upper classes, the mass media, and in Venezuela. The research examines tacit support from the U.S.; however, the relationship between the two nations the de-facto government was short and the development models proposed lived (Cooper, 2002; Hellinger, 2003; by the Chávez government. -
An Analysis of Cuban Influence in Venezuela and Its Support for the Bolívarian Revolution James A
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville International Studies Capstone Research Papers Senior Capstone Papers 4-24-2015 Venecuba: An Analysis of Cuban Influence in Venezuela and its Support for the Bolívarian Revolution James A. Cohrs Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/ international_studies_capstones Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cohrs, James A., "Venecuba: An Analysis of Cuban Influence in Venezuela and its Support for the Bolívarian Revolution" (2015). International Studies Capstone Research Papers. 1. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/international_studies_capstones/1 This Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Studies Capstone Research Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VENECUBA AN ANALYSIS OF CUBAN INFLUENCE IN VENEZUELA AND ITS SUPPORT FOR THE BOLÍVARIAN REVOLUTION __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Jenista Cedarville University __________________ In Fulfillment of the Requirements for INTL 4850-01 __________________ By James Cohrs April 24th, 2015 Cohrs 1 Introduction "I swear before you, I swear by the God of my fathers; by my forefathers themselves, by my honor and my country, that I shall never allow my hands to be idle or my soul to rest until I have broken the shackles which bind us to Spain!" (Roberts, 1949, p. 5). Standing on a hill in Rome, this was the oath pledged by Simón Bolívar, “El Libertador”, as he began his quest to liberate the Spanish-American colonies from Spanish rule. -
Alba and Free Trade in the Americas
CUBA AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE GLOBAL TRADE SYSTEMS: ALBA AND FREE TRADE IN THE AMERICAS LARRY CATÁ BACKER* & AUGUSTO MOLINA** ABSTRACT The ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) (Bolivarian Alternative for The People of Our America), the command economy alternative to the free trade model of globalization, is one of the greatest and least understood contributions of Cuba to the current conversation about globalization and economic harmonization. Originally conceived as a means for forging a unified front against the United States by Cuba and Venezuela, the organization now includes Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominica, and Bolivia. ALBA is grounded in the notion that globalization cannot be left to the private sector but must be overseen by the state in order to maximize the welfare of its citizens. The purpose of this Article is to carefully examine ALBA as both a system of free trade and as a nexus point for legal and political resistance to economic globalization and legal internationalism sponsored by developed states. The Article starts with an examination of ALBA’s ideology and institutionalization. It then examines ALBA as both a trade organization and as a political vehicle for confronting the power of developed states in the trade context within which it operates. ALBA remains * W. Richard and Mary Eshelman Faculty Scholar and Professor of Law, Dickinson Law School; Affiliate Professor, School of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and Director, Coalition for Peace & Ethics, Washington, D.C. The author may be contacted at [email protected]. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Conference, The Measure of a Revolution: Cuba 1959-2009, held May 7–9, 2009 at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. -
Exploring Hugo Chávez's Use of Mimetisation to Build a Populist
Exploring Hugo Chávez’s use of mimetisation to build a populist hegemony in Venezuela Elena Block Rincones MSc, BA A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2013 School of Journalism and Communication Abstract “You too are Chávez”… (Hugo Chávez, 2012i) This thesis examines the political communication style developed by Hugo Chávez in his hegemonic construction of power and collective identity during the 14 years he governed Venezuela. This thesis is located in the field of political communication. A culturalist approach is used for the case, which prioritises issues of culture and power and acknowledges the role of human agency. Thus, it specifically focuses on the way the late President appears to have incrementally built an emotional, mimetic bond with his publics in a process that culminated in the mimetisation of the leader and his followers in a new collective, but top-down, identity called Chávez. This process expresses a hegemonic dynamic that involved the displacement of former dominant groups and rearrangement of power relations in Venezuela. The logic of mimetisation proposes an incremental logic of articulation whereby I tried to make sense of Chávez’s political communication style and success. It involves the study of the thread that joined together key elements in Chávez’s political communication style: hegemony and identity construction, political culture, populism, mediatisation, and communicational government. It is a style that appears to have exceeded classic populist forms of communication based on exerting an appeal to the people, towards more inclusive, participatory, symbolic-pragmatic forms of practising political communication that may have constituted the key to Chávez’s political success for 14 years. -
Participatory Democracy in Chávez's Bolivarian Revolution
Who Mobilizes? Participatory Democracy in Chávez’s Bolivarian Revolution Kirk A. Hawkins ABSTRACT This article assesses popular mobilization under the Chávez gov- ernment’s participatory initiatives in Venezuela using data from the AmericasBarometer survey of 2007. This is the first study of the so- called Bolivarian initiatives using nationally representative, individ- ual-level data. The results provide a mixed assessment. Most of the government’s programs invite participation from less active seg- ments of society, such as women, the poor, and the less educated, and participation in some programs is quite high. However, much of this participation clusters within a narrow group of activists, and a disproportionate number of participants are Chávez supporters. This partisan bias probably reflects self-screening by Venezuelans who accept Chávez’s radical populist discourse and leftist ideology, rather than vote buying or other forms of open conditionality. Thus, the Venezuelan case suggests some optimism for proponents of par- ticipatory democracy, but also the need to be more attuned to its practical political limits. uring the past decade, leftist governments with participatory dem- Docratic agendas have come to power in many Latin American coun- tries, implementing institutional reforms at the local and, increasingly, the national level. This trend has generated a scholarly literature assess- ing the nature of participation in these initiatives; that is, whether they embody effective attempts at participatory forms of democracy that mobilize and empower inactive segments of society (Goldfrank 2007; Wampler 2007a). This article advances this discussion by studying popular mobiliza- tion under the government of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, referred to here as the Bolivarian Revolution or Chavismo. -
Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 16 May 2011 English Original: English/Spanish
United Nations E/2011/118 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 16 May 2011 English Original: English/Spanish Substantive session of 2011 Geneva, 4-29 July 2011 Item 2 (b) of the provisional agenda* High-level segment: Annual ministerial review Note verbale dated 6 May 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Economic and Social Council The Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations presents its compliments to the President of the Economic and Social Council and has the honour to submit herewith its voluntary national presentation on the implementation of the internationally agreed goals and commitments on education, entitled “Venezuela: the world’s largest classroom”, for the annual ministerial review to be held during the high-level segment of the 2011 substantive session of the Economic and Social Council (see annex). This national report will be presented by the Minister of the People's Power on Education during the voluntary national presentation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to be held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, on 5 July 2011. The Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations would be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Council under item 2 (b ) of the provisional agenda. * E/2011/100. 11-34068 (E) 160511 130611 *1134068* E/2011/118 Annex to the note verbale dated 6 May 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Economic and Social Council [Original: Spanish] Voluntary national presentation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the Economic and Social Council on the implementation of the internationally agreed goals and commitments on education Venezuela: the world’s largest classroom 2 11-34068 E/2011/118 Contents Page Summary .................................................................... -
Looking to the Future: Examining the Dynamics of ALBA
Looking to the Future: Examining the dynamics of ALBA Emine Tahsin* ALBA (Bolivarian Alternative for the Peoples of Our America) is seen as an alternative integration model that has emerged from Latin America. To what extent is it possible to see ALBA as an alternative integration model? In order to answer this question, let us simply recall the traditional economic integration theory that is based on comparative advantage theory and general/partial equlibrium theory. The main purpose of integration is to increase welfare via trade creation.1 The purpose of integration is resource allocation on the basis of market efficiency and welfare optimization. Based on these, free mobility of four main factors (capital, labour, commodities/goods and services) should be obtained for complete economic integration. For the mobility of these factors, the most important aims are to eliminate discrimination within the integrated markets and the application of common policies and common measures to the third countries. So under these conditions, markets and firms integrate in the first place. Liberalization within the integrated markets and protection against third parties lead to specialization on the basis of comparative advantages. Usually, as is observed from the traditional integration experiences, countries with bigger markets experience larger increases in welfare gains. Where a developed country integrates with a less developed country, it is observed that unequal develeopment continues. Since integration of markets and firms leads to the concentration and centralization of capital, international specialization is not equally distributed.2 * The author is with the Faculty of Economics, Department of Economics, İstanbul University, İstanbul-Turkey. Born in Cyprus in 1972, she got her graduate degree from İstanbul University’s Faculty of Economics, Department of Economics (English). -
Participatory Democracy in the Bolivarian Revolution
1 Feminists Weaving Together Theory And Praxis: Participatory Democracy in the Bolivarian Revolution 2 From the Boston Social Forum to the VI World Social Forum in Caracas I attended the Boston social forum in the summer of 2004 before the Democratic Convention began. At that time I had little idea of its origins and its significance both to myself and to the world. I went as a curious observer and became a participant in the Women’s Tribunal Against Violence sponsored by the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and other women’s groups. Four of us shared our stories about violence with a small limited audience. Later that evening the “wise women” who listened issued their verdict: violence against women was a systemic occurrence which was largely unacknowledged and treated in our society as personal wrongs. As a faculty member at University of Massachusetts I had taught about gender violence. Now I was an insider telling my own story, integrating theory and praxis. When I heard there would be a VI world social forum in Caracas, Venezuela two years later in January of 2006 I signed up to be part of a self-appointed Boston delegation. I spent two weeks in Venezuela, as a participant observer. I have a particular interest in Latin cultures and have traveled and lived in this part of the world. In 1961 I spent three weeks with an Antioch student group observing the early stages of the Cuban revolution. Through the 70s-and early 90s I was part of the Guatemala committee in Boston working to support the Guatemala refugees. -
Structural Violence, Exclusion and Inclusion in Venezuela
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2009 Red de Salud -- Network of health : structural violence, exclusion and inclusion in Venezuela Steven John Bates Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, and the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bates, Steven John, "Red de Salud -- Network of health : structural violence, exclusion and inclusion in Venezuela" (2009). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3795. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5679 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Steven John Bates for the Master of Science in Conflict Resolution were presented October 7, 2009, and accepted by the thesis committee and the program. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: Conflict Resolution Program ~ ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Steven John Bates for the Master of Science in Conflict Resolution presented October 7, 2009. Title: Red de Salud - Network of Health: Structural Violence, Exclusion and Inclusion in Venezuela This thesis is a study of the socio-economic changes in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela since the new government came into office in 1999. The research hypothesis for this thesis is that the changes and parallel socioeconomic structures being implemented in Venezuela since 1999 have decreased structural violence, and have provided more inclusion for previously excluded people. -
Venezuela: Hugo Chávez’S Revolution
VENEZUELA: HUGO CHÁVEZ’S REVOLUTION Latin America Report N°19 – 22 February 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE CHÁVEZ PHENOMENON ................................................................................. 2 A. THE PUNTO FIJO REGIME (1958-1992) AND CHÁVEZ’S RISE ................................................2 B. THE 1999 CONSTITUTION......................................................................................................5 C. ON THE DEFENSIVE...............................................................................................................7 III. UNDERMINING DEMOCRACY .............................................................................. 11 A. STATE INSTITUTIONS AND PARALLEL POWERS....................................................................11 1. The judiciary and the public control entities ...........................................................11 2. The National Electoral Council (CNE) and the selection of its members ...............12 3. Weakening regional government.............................................................................13 4. Communications, media and transparency ..............................................................13 5. Targeting of opposition figures................................................................................15 -
50 Truths About Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian Revolution.Pdf
Hugo Chavez the socialist and friend of the trade union struggle President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela who died on March 5, 2013 of cancer at age 58, 50 Truths about Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian Revolution 1. Never in the history of Latin America, has a political leader had such incontestable democratic legitimacy. Since coming to power in 1999, there were 16 elections in Venezuela. Hugo Chavez won 15, the last on October 7, 2012. He defeated his rivals with a margin of 10-20 percentage points. 2. All international bodies, from the European Union to the Organization of American States, to the Union of South American Nations and the Carter Centre, were unanimous in recognizing the transparency of the vote counts. 3. James Carter, former U.S. President, declared that Venezuela's electoral system was "the best in the world." 4. Universal access to education introduced in 1998 had exceptional results. About 1.5 million Venezuelans learned to read and write thanks to the literacy campaign called Mission Robinson I. 5. In December 2005, UNESCO said that Venezuela had eradicated illiteracy. 6. The number of children attending school increased from 6 million in 1998 to 13 million in 2011 and the enrolment rate is now 93.2%. 7. Mission Robinson II was launched to bring the entire population up to secondary level. Thus, the rate of secondary school enrolment rose from 53.6% in 2000 to 73.3% in 2011. 8. Missions Ribas and Sucre allowed tens of thousands of young adults to undertake university studies. Thus, the number of tertiary students increased from 895,000 in 2000 to 2.3 million in 2011, assisted by the creation of new universities. -
Venezuela: Hugo Chávez's Revolution
VENEZUELA: HUGO CHÁVEZ’S REVOLUTION Latin America Report N°19 – 22 February 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE CHÁVEZ PHENOMENON ................................................................................. 2 A. THE PUNTO FIJO REGIME (1958-1992) AND CHÁVEZ’S RISE ................................................2 B. THE 1999 CONSTITUTION......................................................................................................5 C. ON THE DEFENSIVE...............................................................................................................7 III. UNDERMINING DEMOCRACY .............................................................................. 11 A. STATE INSTITUTIONS AND PARALLEL POWERS....................................................................11 1. The judiciary and the public control entities ...........................................................11 2. The National Electoral Council (CNE) and the selection of its members ...............12 3. Weakening regional government.............................................................................13 4. Communications, media and transparency ..............................................................13 5. Targeting of opposition figures................................................................................15