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Venezuelan Bolivarian Missions in Colombia: What Are the Real, Underlying Reasons for Their Existence?

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Venezuelan Bolivarian Missions in Colombia: What Are the Real, Underlying Reasons for Their Existence? Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Venezuelan Bolivarian missions in Colombia: what are the real, underlying reasons for their existence? Biller, Achim M. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34630 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS VENEZUELAN BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS IN COLOMBIA: WHAT ARE THE REAL, UNDERLYING REASONS FOR THEIR EXISTENCE? by Achim Miguel Biller Jorge Galindo Cardenas June 2013 Thesis Advisor: Harold A. Trinkunas Second Reader: Michael E. Freeman Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS VENEZUELAN BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS IN COLOMBIA: WHAT ARE THE REAL, UNDERLYING REASONS FOR THEIR EXISTENCE? 6. AUTHOR(S) Achim Miguel Biller Jorge Galindo Cardenas 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The Bolivarian government of Venezuela and the government of Cuba use the legitimate status of Bolivarian Missions in Colombia for both legitimate and illegitimate state activities. The overall aim is to undermine the Colombian state and increase the influence of political movements sympathetic to Bolivarianism in Colombian politics with the overall goal of weakening a historical international rival to Venezuela in Latin America. A comparative case study method is applied to four Venezuelan-sponsored Bolivarian missions in Colombia: Robinson, Milagro, Guacaipuro, and Identidad. A review of former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s ideology of Bolivarianism is also included. The case study analysis is complemented by fieldwork in Colombia: interviews with many key figures including former insurgents, intelligence officials of both Venezuela and Colombia, as well as politicians and analysts who have direct and indirect knowledge of the missions. This constitutes a unique and up- close perspective on the true nature of Bolivarian missions in Colombia. The Bolivarian government of Venezuela and the government of Cuba consistently seek to expand their anti-U.S. influence throughout Latin America; understanding their ideology and mechanisms for doing so yields important policy implications for the U.S. and Colombian governments, as well as democracy proponents. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Venezuela; Hugo Chávez; Colombia; Bolivarian Missions; Social Missions; 15. NUMBER OF Cuba; Bolivarianism; Missions Robinson; Milagro; Guacaipuro; Identidad; Socialism of the 21st PAGES Century; Socialism; Venezuelan Foreign Policy; Venezuelan-Cuban Relations; Chavismo; Insurgency; 183 FARC; ELN; Political Interference; Ideological Expansion; Foreign Support to Insurgency 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited VENEZUELAN BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS IN COLOMBIA: WHAT ARE THE REAL, UNDERLYING REASONS FOR THEIR EXISTENCE? Achim M. Biller Major, Civil Affairs, United States Army B.S., United States Military Academy, 2000 Jorge Galindo Cardenas Lieutenant Colonel, Infantry, Colombian Army B.S., Escuela Militar de Cadetes ―General José María Córdova‖, 1993 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEFENSE ANALYSIS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2013 Authors: Achim M. Biller Jorge Galindo Cardenas Approved by: Harold A. Trinkunas, PhD Thesis Advisor Michael E. Freeman, PhD Second Reader John Arquilla, PhD Chair, Department of Defense Analysis iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The Bolivarian government of Venezuela and the government of Cuba use the legitimate status of Bolivarian Missions in Colombia for both legitimate and illegitimate state activities. The overall aim is to undermine the Colombian state and increase the influence of political movements sympathetic to Bolivarianism in Colombian politics with the overall goal of weakening a historical international rival to Venezuela in Latin America. A comparative case study method is applied to four Venezuelan-sponsored Bolivarian missions in Colombia: Robinson, Milagro, Guacaipuro, and Identidad. A review of former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s ideology of Bolivarianism is also included. The case study analysis is complemented by fieldwork in Colombia: interviews with many key figures including former insurgents, intelligence officials of both Venezuela and Colombia, as well as politicians and analysts who have direct and indirect knowledge of the missions. This constitutes a unique and up-close perspective on the true nature of Bolivarian missions in Colombia. The Bolivarian government of Venezuela and the government of Cuba consistently seek to expand their anti-U.S. influence throughout Latin America; understanding their ideology and mechanisms for doing so yields important policy implications for the U.S. and Colombian governments, as well as democracy proponents. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE THESIS .................1 B. WHAT EXACTLY ARE “BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS?” ...........................3 C. OVERT PURPOSES VERSUS COVERT PURPOSES OF INTERNATIONAL BOLIVARIAN INSTITUTIONS ................................5 D. GAPS IN THE DEBATE OVER THE PURPOSE OF INTERNATIONAL BOLIVARIAN INSTITUTIONS ................................6 E. METHODOLOGY USED IN THIS THESIS ...............................................8 F. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................9 II. THE IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF BOLIVARIANISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHAVISMO .........................................................................11 A. EXPLAINING BOLIVARIANISM .............................................................12 B. THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF BOLIVARIANISM ............14 C. INSTITUTIONS TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL BOLIVARIANISM ........................................................................................15 D. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................19 III. OVERVIEW OF THE BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS ...............................................21 A. CONTEXT FOR THE MISSIONS: A DIVIDED AND CONTESTED COUNTRY .....................................................................................................21 1. The Attempted Coup d’État of 2002 ................................................23 2. The National and Oil Strike of December 2002 ..............................26 B. ORIGINS OF THE BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS .........................................26 C. FINANCING OF THE MISSIONS ..............................................................28 D. TAKING THE MISSIONS INTERNATIONAL ........................................32 1. Mission, Vision, and Objectives of the CEIMS ...............................32 E. OVERVIEW OF THE BOLIVARIAN MISSIONS ...................................34 F. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................41 IV. MISION IDENTIDAD AND THE POLITICS OF INCLUSION .........................43 A. OVERT PURPOSE OF THE MISSION .....................................................43 B. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT: FROM RHETORIC TO IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................................................44 C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION ............45 D. RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES: FIGHTING BUREAUCRACY FROM THE BUREAUCRACY....................................................................47 1. Budget .................................................................................................47 2. Facilities and Infrastructure .............................................................47 3. Staff and Personnel ............................................................................48
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