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The Petrine Instauration Aries Book Series The Petrine Instauration Aries Book Series Texts and Studies in Western Esotericism Editor Marco Pasi Editorial Board Jean-Pierre Brach Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke Wouter Hanegraafff Advisory Board Antoine Faivre – Olav Hammer Andreas Kilcher – Arthur McCalla Monika Neugebauer-Wölk – Mark Sedgwick Jan Snoek – György Szo ˝nyi Garry Trompf VOLUME 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/arbs The Petrine Instauration Religion, Esotericism and Science at the Court of Peter the Great, 1689–1725 By Robert Collis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Detail of the lower section of the sixth sheet of the Bruce Calendars (1715). Photograph by Natal’ia Antonova and Inna Regentova. Reproduced with kind permission of the The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collis, Robert. The Petrine instauration : religion, esotericism and science at the court of Peter the Great, 1689–1725 / by Robert Collis. p. cm. – (Aries book series: texts and studies in Western esotericism ; v. 14) ISBN 978-90-04-21567-2 (hardback : alkaline paper) 1. Russia – History – Peter I, 1689–1725. 2. Occultism – Russia – History – 18th century. 3. Mysticism – Russia – History – 18th century. 4. Occultism and science – Russia – History – 18th century. 5. Religion and science – Russia – History – 18th century. 6. Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 1672–1725 – Relations with occultists. 7. Brius, IA. V. (IAkov Vilimovich), graf, 1670–1735. 8. Erskine, Robert, 1677– 1718. 9. IAvors’kyi, Stefan, 1658–1722. 10. Feofan, Archbishop of Novgorod, 1681–1736. 11. Occultists – Russia – History – 18th century. 12. Scholars – Russia – History – 18th century. 13. Russia – Court and courtiers – History – 18th century. I. Title. II. Series: Aries book series ; v. 14. DK133.C65 2012 947’.05 – dc23 2011039147 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1871-1405 ISBN 978 90 04 21567 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22439 1 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhofff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. To Penelope Eunice Mathias CONTENTS List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... xi Notes ................................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xix Prelude: Quirinus Kuhlmann’s Millenarian Mission to Moscow in 1689 .......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7 PART ONE JACOBITE SERVITORS 1. Jacob Bruce (1669–1735): A Scientifijic Sorcerer at the Court of Peter the Great ........................................................................................... 49 Introduction ................................................................................................ 49 Scottish Jacobite Roots ............................................................................. 56 Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology: Early Training in the Foreign Quarter in Moscow and in London in 1698 ......... 59 Natural Philosophy .................................................................................... 93 Alchemy and Mysticism .......................................................................... 97 Religion ......................................................................................................... 109 Advancement of Learning ....................................................................... 115 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 118 2. Robert Erskine (1677–1718): An Iatrochemist at the Petrine Court .............................................................................................................. 121 Introduction ................................................................................................ 121 Robert Erskine’s Ancestry and Jacobite Links .................................. 124 Medicine and Alchemy: An Iatrochemist at the Petrine Court ..... 134 Erskine the Chemical Philosopher ....................................................... 145 Erskine, Balneology and His Treatment of Peter the Great ......... 151 Astral and Divine Medicine .................................................................... 161 Erskine and Natural Philosophy ............................................................ 171 Erskine the Natural Philosopher ........................................................... 188 Erskine and Religion ................................................................................. 191 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 206 viii contents PART TWO UKRAINIAN CLERICS 3. Stefan Iavorskii (1658–1722): An Esoteric Wordsmith at the Court of Peter the Great ..................................................................... 211 Introduction ................................................................................................ 211 Iavorskii’s Kievan Period ........................................................................... 214 For Tsar and Country: The Apocalyptic, Mystical and Esoteric Sermons of Stefan Iavorski ................................................................ 219 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 269 4. Mystical Orthodoxy, Progressive Pietism and Esoteric Science: The Eclectic Worldview of Feofan Prokopovich (1681–1736) ........................................................................................... 271 Introduction ................................................................................................ 271 Prokopovich’s Theological System: Introduction ............................ 276 Prokopovich’s Natural Philosophy: Introduction ............................ 296 Prokopovich’s Educational Vision: Pietism and the Petrine Instauration ........................................................................................... 339 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 354 PART THREE PETER THE GREAT Introduction ..................................................................................................... 357 5. Peter the Great’s Divine Mission ......................................................... 359 Peter the Great’s Divine Mission .......................................................... 359 Peter the Great as King David .............................................................. 364 The Prophetic Signifijicance of the Nystad Peace of 1721 ............. 373 St. Petersburg as ‘New Jerusalem’ ........................................................ 385 6. The Role of Religion and Esotericism in Shaping Peter the Great’s Vision of Scientifijic Reform .................................................. 405 Introduction ................................................................................................ 405 Francis Lee’s Vision of Scientifijic Reform in Russia ........................ 406 contents ix Gottfried Leibniz’s Vision of Scientifijic Reform in Russia .............. 409 Collecting and Marvelling at the Curious: Peter the Great and the Development of the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera ............... 417 Towards an Academy of Sciences ......................................................... 458 The Esoteric Interests of Peter the Great ........................................... 460 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 515 Appendices Appendix A Alchemical Authors and Works in Bruce’s Library 525 Appendix B Notable Esoteric Works in Bruce’s Library ............ 529 Appendix C Alchemical Authors and Works in Erskine’s Library ......................................................................................................... 531 Appendix D Notable Esoteric Texts in Erskine’s Library ........... 543 Appendix E Alchemical Authors and Works in Prokopovich’s Library ...................................................................................................... 546 Appendix F Notable Esoteric Works in Prokopovich’s Library ...................................................................................................... 548 Bibliography ....................................................................................................
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