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Nordic Alcohol Policy in Europe: the Adaptation of Finland's, Sweden's and Norway's Alcohol
Thomas Karlsson Thomas Karlsson Thomas Karlsson Nordic Alcohol Policy Nordic Alcohol Policy in Europe in Europe The Adaptation of Finland’s, Sweden’s and Norway’s Alcohol Policies to a New Policy Framework, 1994–2013 The Adaptation of Finland’s, Sweden’s and Norway’s Alcohol Policies to a New Policy Framework, 1994–2013 Nordic Alcohol Policy in Europe Policy Alcohol Nordic To what extent have Finland, Sweden and Norway adapted their alcohol policies to the framework imposed on them by the European Union and the European Economic Area since the mid-1990s? How has alcohol policies in the Nordic countries evolved between 1994 and 2013 and how strict are their alcohol policies in comparison with the rest of Europe? These are some of the main research questions in this study. Besides alcohol policies, the analyses comprise the development of alcohol consumption and cross-border trade with alcohol. In addition to a qualitative analysis, a RESEARCH quantitative scale constructed to measure the strictness of alcohol policies is RESEARCH utilised. The results from the study clearly corroborate earlier findings on the significance of Europeanisation and the Single Market for the development of Nordic alcohol policy. All in all, alcohol policies in the Nordic countries are more liberal in 2013 than they were in 1994. The restrictive Nordic policy tradition has, however, still a solid evidence base and nothing prevents it from being the base for alcohol policy in the Nordic countries also in the future. National Institute for Health and Welfare P.O. -
Use of Wild Food Plants in Historical Võromaa and Setomaa, Present-Day Estonia
foods Article Devil Is in the Details: Use of Wild Food Plants in Historical Võromaa and Setomaa, Present-Day Estonia Raivo Kalle 1,*, Renata Sõukand 2,* and Andrea Pieroni 1 1 University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042 Pollenzo, Italy; [email protected] 2 DAIS-Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (R.S.) Received: 5 April 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2020; Published: 4 May 2020 Abstract: Biodiversity needs to be preserved to ensure food security. Border zones create high but vulnerable biocultural diversity. Through reviewing scattered historical data and documenting the current use of wild food plants among people currently living in historical Setomaa and Võromaa parishes, we aimed to identify cross-cultural differences and diachronic changes as well as the role borders have played on the local use of wild plants. The Seto have still preserved their distinctive features either by consciously opposing others or by maintaining more historical plant uses. People historically living in Setomaa and Võromaa parishes have already associated the eating of wild plants with famine food in the early 20th century, yet it was stressed more now by the Seto than by Estonians. Loss of Pechory as the center of attraction in the region when the border was closed in the early 1990s brought about a decline in the exchange of knowledge as well as commercial activities around wild food plants. National support for businesses in the area today and the popularity of a healthy lifestyle have introduced new wild food plant applications and are helping to preserve local plant-specific uses in the area. -
Projections of International Solidarity and Security in Contemporary Estonia
DUKE UNIVERSITY Durham, North Carolina The Spirit Of Survival: Projections of International Solidarity and Security in Contemporary Estonia Katharyn S. Loweth April 2019 Under the supervision of Professor Gareth Price, Department of Linguistics Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Graduation with Distinction Program in International Comparative Studies Trinity College of Arts and Sciences Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4 i. An Overview of the Estonian Nation-State ................................................................................................ 8 ii. Terminology ................................................................................................................................................... 12 iii. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 17 iv. Overview of the Chapters -
Saku Export 2019
SAKU BREWERY EXPORT PORTFOLIO A guide to the Estonian brewery and its beverages ESTONIA Refreshing drinks from pure nature stonia is a small country situated in the upper right E corner of the European Union. Our neighbours are Finland to the north, Sweden to the west, the other Baltic states to the south and Russia to the east. We feel closest in spirit to the Scandinavian countries through our national identity and Nordic climate. Estonia has a small population and its population density is quite low compared to that of Western Europe, which is why we have a lot of pure, untouched nature. About half of the country’s territory is covered with forests and bogs. The other half is mostly used for agricultural purposes; one tenth of this half is covered with densely populated areas. Our extensive agricultural background gives us a strong advantage in being a considerable player in the field of producing beer and other drinks. Brewing beer from cereals and distilling spirits have been our traditional industries for centuries. ESTONIANS A distinctive nation with distinctive tastes ith a population of a bit more than 1 million people, Estonia is one of W the least populated countries in the European Union and has enjoyed independence for just less than a hundred years. Nevertheless, as a nation, we have existed for many thousands of years, being dominated by Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Russia at different times. We have managed to preserve our language, culture and our distinctive national identity throughout all these eras. When it comes to Estonian food culture, we can’t say that Estonian cuisine is something extraordinary. -
Eesti Pank Annual Report 2009
Eesti Pank Bank of Estonia Eesti Pank Annual Report 2009 2010 © Eesti Pank, 2010 Address Estonia pst 13 15095 Tallinn Estonia Phone +372 6680 719 Fax +372 6680 836 E-mail [email protected] Website www.bankofestonia.ee Subscriptions for publications of Eesti Pank Phone: +372 6680 998 Fax: +372 6680 954 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1406-1414 Executive editor: Kadri Põdra Design: Vincent OÜ Layout: Urmas Raidma Printed in Folger Art 2 CONTENTS MAIN FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF EESTI PANK ..................................................................... 9 FOREWORD BY GOVERNOR OF EESTI PANK .............................................................................. 11 ACCOUNTABILITY .......................................................................................................................... 16 Legal framework for accountability and compulsory publications of the central bank ................. 16 Accountability vis-à-vis the Riigikogu ........................................................................................ 16 Regular reporting on economic policy views and publication of economic data ......................... 17 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR PERFORMING THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF EESTI PANK ......... 20 THE FUTURE ROLE OF EESTI PANK AS A MEMBER OF THE EURO AREA .............................. 24 Monetary policy and economic analysis ..................................................................................... 24 Reserve management and foreign currency operations ............................................................ -
Margast Euroni Margast Euroni
margast euroni Margast euroni Rahatähed ja mündid on osa meie igapäevasest elust. Möödas on ajad, mil raha väärtust kandis vaid vääris metall ning raha maksejõudu sai hambaga kontrollida. Elektrooniliste maksevahendite võidukäigule vaatamata on pangatähed ja mündid majanduse lahutamatu osa. Eesti raha ajaloo ekspert Ivar Leimus ja Eesti Pank on kokku pannud näituse neljast Eesti vääringust - mar gast, mis tähistas meie iseolemise algust; kroonist, mis käibis kuni 1940. aastani; teisest kroonist, mis tuli käi bele 1992. aastal, ning eurost, millele üleminek seisab Eestil ees. Raha on oma loomult väga argine asi ning loodetavasti pakub nii tagasi- kui ka ettevaade meie ra hadele laialdast huvi. Käesolev näitusekataloog annab ülevaate kust ja aitab nähtut ka hiljem meenutada. Andres Lipstok Eesti Panga president |(C RAHVUSRAAMATUKOGU y 06- ogs&w EESTI MARK MARK Eesti Vabariik kuulati välja 24. veebruaril 1918, kuid oma raha noorel riigil puudus. Käis Esimene maailmasõda ja Eestis käibis õige mitmesuguseid võõrriikide rahatähti. EESTI Ringlesid Saksa okupatsiooni- ja riigimargad, kõikvõi malikud Vene paberrahad - tsaarirublad, duumarublad, "kerenskid” - ning Soome margad. Samad kupüürid jäid käibima ka pärast sõja lõppu. Võõras valuuta ei saanud loomulikult rahuldada noo re iseseisva riigi vajadusi. Seetõttu hakati Eestis kohe tegema ettevalmistusi päris oma raha emiteerimiseks. Noore riigi Ajutise Valitsuse istungil võeti juba 30. no vembril 1918 vastu otsus kehtestada riigi vääringuks Eesti mark. Marga valik ei olnud juhuslik. Oma seadus andluse puudumisel kehtisid Eestis esialgu veel Saksa okupatsioonivõimude seadused, mis olid siin käibivaks vääringuks määranud Saksa marga. Vaatamata rutule, millega oma raha valmistamine algas, ei jäetud unarusse ka rahade kujunduslikku külge. 13. detsembril 1918, samal päeval, kui ilmus Ajutise Va litsuse määrus riigikassatähtede väljaandmise kohta, avaldati Rahandusministeeriumi teade, mis kuulutas välja võistluse rahade, postmarkide jms. -
Kerli Kirch Masters Thesis 2014
THE “CLOSED WORLD” OF THE EXOTIC LEELO SINGERS: THE REPRESENTATION AND RECEPTION OF THE TITLE CHARACTER AND OTHER SETO WOMEN IN THE FILM TAARKA by Kerli Kirch A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts & Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2014 Copyright by Kerli Kirch, 2014 ii! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express her sincere gratitude to her thesis advisor, Dr. Christine Scodari, and the thesis committee members, Dr. Becky Mulvaney and Dr. Susan L. Brown, for their encouragement, determination, and patience during the writing of this thesis. The author also wishes to thank the professors who have mentored her throughout her academic career including Dr. Noemi Marin, Dr. David Williams, Dr. William Trapani, Dr. Shara Pavlow, Dr. Patricia Darlington, Dr. Fred Fejes, and Dr. Nannetta Durnell-Uwechue. Special thanks for the Estonian supporters, Dr. Linnar Priimägi, Dr. Evar Saar and Mariko Faster, whose knowledge and advice helped the author to start her research on minority culture’s media representation in Estonia. Last but not least, the author would like to thank her family and friends for their everlasting encouragement, support, and inspiration. iv! ABSTRACT Author: Kerli Kirch Title: The “Closed World” of the Exotic Leelo Singers: The Representation and Reception of the Title Character and Other Seto Women in the Film Taarka Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Christine Scodari Degree: Master of Arts Year: 2014 This thesis utilizes a multi-perspectival cultural and media studies approach analyzing the production, filmic text, and reception of Taarka, the first film about Setos, that is advertised as a (docu)drama. -
Alkoholi Turg, Tarbimine Ja Kahjud Eestis. Aastaraamat 2016
Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2016 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2016 ISSN: 2228-0057 Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2016 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2016 Tallinn 2016 Koostajad: Elmar Orro, Kiira Martens, Lia Lepane, Marje Josing, Mati Reiman, Evelin Ahermaa (Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut) Konsultant: Mariliis Tael-Öeren (Tervise Arengu Instituut) Trükis on valminud Tervise Arengu Instituudi tellimusel 2016. a Materjali reprodutseerimine levitamise eesmärgil ei ole lubatud ilma Tervise Arengu Instituudi nõusolekuta. Väljaande andmete kasutamisel või tsiteerimisel tuleb viidata allikale. Trükkinud: Atlex AS ISSN 2228-0057 Tasuta jagamiseks Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis. Aastaraamat 2016 Eessõna Alkoholi aastaraamat 2016 on järjekorras kaheksas ülevaade alkoholiturust, tarbimisest ja probleemidest Eestis. Aastaraamatu eesmärgiks on pakkuda poliitikutele, avalikule- ja erasektorile laiemat pilti toimunud muutustest alkoholiturul ja -tarbimises, ülevaadet elanike hinnangutest riigi alkoholipoliitikale ning võrdlevat analüüsi teiste riikide alkoholipoliitikatest. Eesti täiskasvanud elanikud (vastavalt rahvusvahelisele metoodikale vanuses 15+) tarbisid 2015. aastal ini- mese kohta 10,3 liitrit alkoholi (absoluutalkoholi arvestuses). Võrreldes 2014. aastaga vähenes tarbimine 0,8 liitrit ja võrreldes Eestile kõige kriitilisema 2007. aastaga (mil tarbiti 14,8 liitrit), on langus olnud üle 4 liitri. Kaheksa aastaga on vähenenud nii kange alkoholi tarbimine (46%), kui lahjade jookide (siider, longerod) tarbimine (51%). Mõnevõrra vähem on langenud õlle tarbimine, mida 2007. aastal joodi 94,7 ja 2015. aastal 81,5 liitrit ühe täiskasvanud elaniku kohta (langus 14%). Kasvanud on vaid veini tarbimine, mida 2007. aastal joodi 8,6 ja 2015.a 12,4 liitrit ühe täiskasvanud elaniku kohta. Alkoholi tarbimine on langustrendis, kuna vähenenud on tarbimissagedus, korraga tarbitavad kogused ja enam eelistatakse lahjemaid jooke. -
Tony James Noteworld Catalogue 1/2013 World Banknotes-6
1 TONY JAMES NOTEWORLD CATALOGUE 1/2013 WORLD BANKNOTES-6 Welcome to my sixth listing of World Notes. I wish all collectors a Happy New Year for 2013 and may you find many notes from all corners of the globe to add to your collection. This is a specialist listing for collectors of notes from Russia and related countries. There are some interesting notgeld issued during the period since Perestroika, Please forward a copy of this list to a fellow collector. NB: All items are sent by registered mail at buyer's risk. Insurance available on request. PNL Pick Not Listed, p.h. pin holes, s/h staple holes, trs-tears,stn stain,fxd foxing, tnd toned, Catalogue Number Denomination Description Grade Price AUD Armenia P2 10 Rubles Autonomous Republic VF Sold P32 250 Rubles (PS677) 1919-1920 Unc $130 P36 100 Dram 1993 Unc $12 P37 200 Dram 1993 Unc $14 P38 500 Dram 1993 Unc $40 P39 1000 Dram 1994 Unc Sold Azerbaijan P1 25 Rubles 1919 Republic 1918 to 1920 EF $50 P7 500 Rubles 1st issue 1920 Unc $90 P11 1 Manat 1992 Unc $45 1/5/10/50/100 P14-18 Manat (1993) Set Unc $40 P20 1000 Manat -1993 Unc $12 P21 10,000 Manat 1994 Unc $40 Belarus P1-8 50 Kp-100 R Coupon Series 1992 Set Unc $25 P1-12 50 Kp-5000R Coupon Series 1992 Set Unc $50 P14 50,000 Rubles 1995 Unc $7 P15 100,000 R 1996 Unc $18 P24 20 Rubles 2000 Unc $3 2 Catalogue Number Denomination Description Grade Price AUD China Manchuria Rlwy Han Dao Mutual PNL 3 & 5 Rubles Credit Society 1918-1919 Pair Fine $80 Rj 27146 (26130) 1 Ruble Harbin Public Administration VF $120 PNL 10 Kopeks Local Co-op membership -
Alkoholi Turg, Tarbimine Ja Kahjud Eestis. Aastaraamat 2010. Alcohol
Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2010 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2010 EESTI KONJUNKTUURIINSTITUUT ESTONIAN INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2010 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2010 Tallinn 2010 Koostajad: Elmar Orro, Piret Hein, Kiira Martens, Marje Josing, Mati Reiman, Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut Trükis on valminud Tervise Arengu Instituudi tellimusel 2010. a. Materjali mis tahes viisil reprodutseerimine ja levitamine on keelatud ilma Tervise Arengu Instituudi nõusolekuta. Trükkinud: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoja OÜ ISSN 2228-0057 Tasuta jagamiseks Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis. Aastaraamat 2010 Eessõna Alkoholituru ja alkoholitarbimise alal tahame kõik olla eksperdid ja paljudel on nendes küsimustes olemas oma kindel arvamus. Enamasti põhineb see isiklikul kogemusel, vähem tuginetakse korrektsele statistikale ja uuringutele. Riikliku alkoholipoliitika kujundamisel tasuks siiski rohkem tugineda teaduslikule informatsioonile kui isiklikule kogemusele. Alkohol ei ole tavapärane kaubagrupp. Tegemist on sõltuvust, sotsiaalseid ja meditsiinilisi riske põhjustava tootega. Pooled vigastussurmadest Eestis on seotud alkoholiga, tulesurmas hukkunutest on alkoholijoobes olnute osakaal veelgi kõrgem. Alkoholist põhjustatud vigastustesse surevad ennekõike just parimas eas mehed. Alkoholi tarbimisega seotud haigustesse sureb igal aastal üle poole tuhande inimese, sealjuures 75% neist -
Alkoholi Aastaraamat 2013 TRÜKIKOJALE
Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2013 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2013 Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis Aastaraamat 2013 Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2013 Tallinn 2013 Koostajad: Elmar Orro, Kiira Martens, Lia Lepane, Marje Josing, Mati Reiman Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut Trükis on valminud Tervise Arengu Instituudi tellimusel 2013. a Materjali reprodutseerimine levitamise eesmärgil ei ole lubatud ilma Tervise Arengu Instituudi nõusolekuta. Väljaande andmete kasutamisel või tsiteerimisel tuleb viidata allikale. Trükkinud: Atlex AS ISSN 2228-0057 Tasuta jagamiseks Alkoholi turg, tarbimine ja kahjud Eestis. Aastaraamat 2013 Eessõna Alkoholi aastaraamat 2013 on järjekorras viies põhjalik ülevaade alkoholiturust, tarbimisest ja probleemidest Eestis. Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut on teinud alkoholituru, -tarbimise ja -poliitika ala- seid uuringuid ning ülevaateid 1990. aastast alates. Aastaraamatusse koondatuna ilmusid andmed 2008., 2010., 2011. ja 2012. aastal ning käesolevast aastaraamatust leiate andmed viimase 12 aasta trendidest. Eesti elanikud tarbisid 2012. aastal inimese kohta arvestatuna 77,4 liitrit õlut, 10,5 liitrit veini, 10,3 liitrit kangeid ja 17,5 liitrit lahjasid alkohoolseid jooke. Absoluutalkoholi arvestuses annab see kok- ku 10,4 liitrit alkoholi elaniku kohta ja kui arvestada ainult täiskasvanud elanikke, siis oli tarbimine 12,3 liitrit absoluutalkoholi inimese kohta. Eesti elanike alkoholitarbimine on põhjanaabritest -
Eesti Panga Aasta Aruanne 2011
Eesti Pank EESTI PANK ANNUAL RepORT 2011 2012 2 Eesti Pank is the central bank of the Republic of Estonia, and a member of the European System of Central Banks and the Eurosystem1. The primary function of Eesti Pank is to contribute to price stability within the euro area. Eesti Pank serves its function by formulating the single monetary policy together with other members of the euro area, and by implementing the single monetary policy of the euro area in Estonia. Besides the price stability objective, the central bank also contributes to achieving other economic policy goals of Estonia and the euro area in line with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In addition, Eesti Pank fulfils the traditional functions of a central bank: regulates currency circulation; supports and organises transfers between commercial banks; participates in safeguarding financial stability; manages the foreign reserves of Estonia; prepares financial sector statistics and balance of payments statistics, and advises the government in economic policy issues in Estonia and the euro area. 1 The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks of Euro- pean Union Member States. Eesti Pank became a member of the ESCB in 2004 upon Estonia’s accession to the European Union. The Eurosystem consists of the ECB and the national central banks of countries that have adopted the euro. Eesti Pank became a member of the Eurosystem in 2011 upon Estonia’s accession to the euro area and adoption of the euro. 3 Eesti Pank Annual Report 2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR OF EESTI PANK...................................................................