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Proefschrift R. Kats University of Groningen Common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Netherlands Kats, Romke Kerst Hendrik IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2007 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Kats, R. K. H. (2007). Common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Netherlands: The rise and fall of breeding and wintering populations in relation to stocks of shellfish. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 11-10-2021 Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in the Netherlands: The rise and fall of breeding and wintering populations in relation to the stocks of shellfish The research presented in this thesis was conducted at IMARES on Texel (formerly know as IBN and Alterra-Texel) and supported by Alterra, IMARES, the Animal Ecology Group (part of the Centre for Evolutionary and Ecological Studies of the University of Groningen), SOVON, NIOZ, and NWO. The production of this thesis was funded by Alterra, IMARES and the University of Groningen. Nederlandse titel: Fluctuaties van broedende en overwinterende populaties Eidereenden in Nederland in relatie tot schelpdieren Layout and figures: Dick Visser Cover: Sandra Meerlo Pictures: Alterra (pages 86, 168, 180, 181, 184, 185, 189, 202, 226, 316), Bram Fey (pages 18, 136, 189), Martin de Jong (pages 184, 188), Romke Kats (page 50), Andre Meijboom (pages 8, 254), Jeroen Reneerkens (page 188), Pim Wolf (page 66), Ingrid van der Spoel (pages 62, 177, 284, 320, 324, 328, 332) Download: http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/301030170 Printed by Van Denderen b.v., Groningen ISBN: 978-90-367-3005-1 ISBN: 978-90-367-3006-8 (electronic version) RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in the Netherlands: The rise and fall of breeding and wintering populations in relation to the stocks of shellfish PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 20 april 2007 om 14.45 uur door Romke Kerst Hendrik Kats geboren op 25 maart 1970 te Harlingen Promotores: Prof. dr. R.H. Drent Copromotor: Dr. B.J. Ens Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. W.J. Wolff Prof. dr. P. M. Meire Prof. dr. A.D. Fox voor mijn liefjes, Sandra, Sverre en Meinte en familie, Henk, Minke en Jelliena Contents Chapter 1 General introduction 9 COMMON EIDERS WINTERING AND BREEDING IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE Chapter 2 Status of the Baltic/Wadden Sea population of the Common Eider 19 Somateria m. mollissima COMMON EIDERS WINTERING IN THE NETHERLANDS Chapter 3 Diet (preferences) of Common Eider Somateria mollissima 51 Chapter 4 Identification and size estimation of Spisula subtruncata and Ensis americanus 63 from shell fragments in stomachs and faeces of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima and Common Scoters Melanitta nigra Chapter 5 Mass mortality of common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Dutch Wadden Sea, 87 winter 1999/2000: starvation in a commercially exploited wetland of international importance Chapter 6 On the role of gastrointestinal helminthes (Amidostomum acutum and 111 Profilicollis botulus) in recent mass mortalities among Common Eider Somateria mollissima wintering in the Netherlands: a comparison between beached and shot birds Chapter 7 The impact of man-induced and natural changes in shellfish stocks on 137 population size, distribution and mortality of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima wintering in the Dutch Wadden Sea Chapter 8 A multiscale analysis of the distribution of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima 169 preying on shellfish in the Dutch Wadden Sea COMMON EIDERS BREEDING IN THE NETHERLANDS Chapter 9 Rise and fall of the nesting population of the Common Eider Somateria mollissima 203 in the Netherlands since 1906: a demographic reconstruction distinguishing between catastrophic mortality events and non-breeding Chapter 10 Can breeding numbers of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in the Dutch Wadden Sea be explained by local feeding conditions? 227 Chapter 11 Synthesis: The rise and fall of Common Eiders in the Netherlands 255 References 385 Summary 317 Samenvatting 321 Dankwoord 325 List of authors 329 List of publications 333 Chapter1 General introduction 9 CHAPTER 1 The NWO research program ‘Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources’ The seas and coastal areas of the world have a long history of human exploitation, which contributed to the degradation, alteration, destruction and collapse of marine ecosystems (Jackson et al. 2001). At present, marine living resources are still declining all around the globe coinciding with an increase in damage to marine ecosystems (Roberts 1997). Although management systems for sustainable exploitation of natural resources have been developed, only a few of them have actually been put into practice (Hilborn et al. 1996). These alarming observations result from a combination of three causes: 1. lack of understanding of essential ecological processes in the sea, resulting in a mismatch between scales of ecological processes and scales of human exploita- tion systems; 2. deficiencies in the international legal regime, resulting from a spatial mismatch between the distribution of legal authority over jurisdictional (geographical) zones and ecological subdivisions, in combination with limited possibilities to oblige states to comply with internationally agreed management policies; 3. the fact that human behaviour is traditionally based on self-interest and short- term goals (i.e., a mismatch between ecological and economic time scales) which tends to neglect environmental effects and external costs passed on to others and to the future. Therefore, the multidisciplinary PRIORITEIT programme `Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources´ (SUSUSE) was initiated and financed by the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) between 1998 and 2006. SUSUSE aims to fill up the gaps in knowledge on exploitation, conservation and management of marine living resources in the Wadden Sea area resulting in new guidelines for the practical application at sea. The focus of the programme is on the ‘mismatch of ecological and human processes’ hypothesis that populations of marine organisms and human exploita- tion and management systems act at different spatial and temporal scales. The SUSUSE programme is an attempt to investigate the predicted mismatch and cen- tred around three themes: 1. spatial scales of populations of marine organisms in relation to the spatial scale of human exploitations systems, 2. analysis of temporal scales of development of populations of marine organisms and the possible mismatch with the temporal scales of humans exploitation sys- tems, and 3. integrated approach of marine biodiversity. 10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION One of the central themes of PRIORITEIT and SUSUSE is the integration of bio- logical and socio-economical sciences in order to develop new theoretical concepts for sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources. The outcomes of this programme should result in new guidelines for the practical application at sea by policy makers based on a workable and scientifically sound strategy for sustain- able use and conservation of marine living resources. The aim is to examine the temporal variations in marine bivalve stocks in rela- tion to time scales of bird predation and shellfish fisheries, and investigate the eco- nomic and other consequences of the observed ecological time scales for exploita- tion and conservation of marine living resources in the Dutch part of the interna- tional Wadden Sea. The total effort of multidisciplinary research of SUSUSE theme 2 is focused on (Figure 1.1): 1. recruitment of shellfish (Bos 2005), 2. settlement of shellfish (Hendriks 2004), 3. long-term population dynamics of the main avian predator of shellfish, the Common Eider Somateria mollissima (this thesis), and 4. building bio-economic models for sustainable use and conservation of marine bivalves (Hoekstra in prep.). large scale population dynamics RIVO + NIOZ + IBN + NIOO recruitment habitat NIOZ-oio NIOO-oio & NIOZ-pdoc migration Eider ducks Mussels NBN-oio shellfish fisheries Cockles Spisula VU-oio & Oystercatchers VU-pdoc IBN + CBW + NIOZ alternatives DUTCH WADDEN DUTCH WADDEN SEA PREDATORS PREY-STOCKS ECONOMICS Figure 1.1 Schematic overview of the multidisciplinary research of SUSUSE theme 2 ‘Analysis
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