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The Viral Cycle of Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus

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The Viral Cycle of Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus THE VIRAL CYCLE OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE SURSY AND MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE Reservoir of Marburg and presumed reservoir of Ebola : CONSUMPTION It is impossible to of fruit partially eaten by bats morphologically distinguish between Marburg virus and CONTACT Frugivorous and insectivorous Ebola virus. with the blood or secretions Both are filoviruses of infected carriers BATS that cause similar symptoms. healthy disease carriers HUNTING AND PREPARATION of infected bushmeat CONSUMPTION of fruit partially eaten by bats VISITING places that house bats (bites, saliva scratches, urine, 90% and excrement) estimated mortality rate for great apes infected by EVD SUSPECTED TRANSMISSION CONTACT CONTACT with blood or with the blood and secretions during hunting, secretions of sick people handling of dead or (vomit, excrement, sweat, sick animals and the tears, sperm) or preparation of infected contaminated bushmeat objects Victims and intermediary hosts HUMAN EPIDEMIC This project is financed by the European Union OI01001_FICHE A4_EBOLA-MARBURG_ANG.indd 1 16/04/2019 17:10 EBOLA AND MARBURG VIRUS DISEASES SURSY EBOLA VIRUS disease (EVD) and MARBURG VIRUS disease are COMPLEX ZOONOSES for which the transmission cycles remain the subject of scientific research. While these filoviruses are distinct, their cycles and their impact share many similar characteristics. UNDERSTANDING THE CYCLE OF WHAT SHOULD YOU DO EBOLA AND MARBURG VIRUS DISEASES CLINICAL SIGNS WHEN YOU SUSPECT A CASE IN WILDLIFE? CONCERNED SPECIES WARNING SIGNS in animals DO NOT TOUCH THE CARCASS without personal protective 1 equipment (PPE). Humans, non-human primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys), • Death from unknown and/or suspicious causes and duiker antelopes. of a large number of great apes or of other animals Pigs have been found to be susceptible to Ebola in laboratory susceptible to EVD infection. 2 ENSURE GOOD COORDINATION between Wildlife settings, but their role in the epidemiology of the disease Services, Veterinary Services and Public Health Services. is unclear. Ebola virus antibodies have been found in dogs. • Similar symptoms to those found in humans, However, to date, nothing suggests that domestic animals play particularly multiple haemorrhages and bloody COLLECT SAMPLES, if possible, and send them to the an active epidemiological role in the transmission of EVD to discharge from the nose, mouth, and anus. 3 national veterinary laboratory or a reference laboratory. humans. • Unusual animal behaviour. BURY THE CARCASS SUFFICIENTLY DEEP between two 4 layers of quicklime or burn it as described in Article 4.12.6 of RESERVOIR the OIE Terrestrial Code. Certain frugivorous and insectivorous bats are the presumed reservoir of Ebola and the confirmed reservoir of Marburg. While NOTIFY THE OIE BY E-MAIL OR FAX OR THROUGH Persistence of the virus: the cadavers WAHIS of every confirmed case of emerging infectious they do not themselves show signs of illness when infected, these 5 bats can potentially transmit the virus to other species. of animals and humans that died from diseases (like EVD and Marburg) as per Article 1.1.4 of the either of these diseases are highly OIE Terrestrial Code. contagious and pose an elevated risk MODE OF TRANSMISSION of disease transmission. Inter- and intra-species transmission occurs through direct WHAT MESSAGES SHOULD YOUR SHARE contact (via ingestion, broken skin, or mucous membranes) WITH AT-RISK COMMUNITIES? with the blood or other bodily fluids of infected animals and/or humans as well as through indirect contact via contaminated surfaces or materials (fruit, linens, and clothing). PRINCIPAL SYMPTOMS in humans Transmission at the wildlife-human interface is most often DO NOT HUNT, PREPARE, HANDLE or EAT bats. associated with hunting, gathering wild animals that are sick • Incubation period: 1 or dead, and/or handling or consuming raw, contaminated 2 to 21 days (average: 4 to 9 days). Sick wild animals or those dead of unknown causes bushmeat. 2 SHOULD NOT BE HANDLED or eaten. • 1st of symptoms: muscle pain, headaches, and sore throat. NEVER CONSUME food containing animal blood nor ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 3 raw or poorly cooked bushmeat. • 2nd of symptoms: fever, bloody vomiting, bloody Disruptions to the forest ecosystem stemming from the extraction WASH YOUR HANDS after handling bushmeat. of natural resources and climate change. diarrhoea, bleeding of the nose or gums, rash, 4 Increased frequency of contact between humans and wildlife. renal and hepatic insufficiency, and internal and external bleeding (for 1 out of 3 patients). ALERT Veterinary Services or Wildlife Services, if you find 5 a sick or dead wild animal. OI01001_FICHE A4_EBOLA-MARBURG_ANG.indd 2 16/04/2019 17:10.
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