DOCSLIB.ORG

The Intellectual and the People in Egyptian Literature and Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Intellectual and the People in Egyptian Literature and Culture The Intellectual and the People in Egyptian Literature and Culture DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0001 Other Palgrave Pivot titles William Van Lear: The Social Effects of Economic Thinking Mark E. Schaefer and John G. Poffenbarger: The Formation of the BRICS and Its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together Donatella Padua: John Maynard Keynes and the Economy of Trust: The Relevance of the Keynesian Social Thought in a Global Society Davinia Thornley: Cinema, Cross-Cultural Collaboration, and Criticism: Filming on an Uneven Field Lou Agosta: A Rumor of Empathy: Rewriting Empathy in the Context of Philosophy Tom Watson (editor): Middle Eastern and African Perspectives on the Development of Public Relations: Other Voices Adebusuyi Isaac Adeniran: Migration and Regional Integration in West Africa: A Borderless ECOWAS Craig A. Cunningham: Systems Theory for Pragmatic Schooling: Toward Principles of Democratic Education David H. Gans and Ilya Shapiro: Religious Liberties for Corporations?: Hobby Lobby, the Affordable Care Act, and the Constitution Samuel Larner: Forensic Authorship Analysis and the World Wide Web Karen Rich: Interviewing Rape Victims: Practice and Policy Issues in an International Context Ulrike M. Vieten (editor): Revisiting Iris Marion Young on Normalisation, Inclusion and Democracy Fuchaka Waswa, Christine Ruth Saru Kilalo, and Dominic Mwambi Mwasaru: Sustainable Community Development: Dilemma of Options in Kenya Giovanni Barone Adesi (editor): Simulating Security Returns: A Filtered Historical Simulation Approach Daniel Briggs and Dorina Dobre: Culture and Immigration in Context: An Ethnography of Romanian Migrant Workers in London M.J. Toswell: Borges the Unacknowledged Medievalist Anthony Lack: Martin Heidegger on Technology, Ecology, and the Arts Carlos A. Scolari, Paolo Bertetti and Matthew Freeman: Transmedia Archaeology: Storytelling in the Borderlines of Science Fiction, Comics and Pulp Magazines Judy Rohrer: Queering the Biopolitics of Citizenship in the Age of Obama Paul Jackson and Anton Shekhovtsov: The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate Elliot D. Cohen: Technology of Oppression: Preserving Freedom and Dignity in an Age of Mass, Warrantless Surveillance Ilan Alon (editor): Social Franchising Richard Michael O’Meara: Governing Military Technologies in the 21st Century: Ethics and Operations Thomas Birtchnell and William Hoyle: 3D Printing for Development in the Global South: The 3D4D Challenge DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0001 The Intellectual and the People in Egyptian Literature and Culture: Amāra and the 2011 Revolution Ayman A. El-Desouky Senior Lecturer in Modern Arabic and Comparative Literature, SOAS, University of London, UK DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0001 © Ayman A. El-Desouky 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saff ron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Th e author has asserted his right to be identifi ed as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published by 2014 PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fift h Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: 978–1–137–39244–2 PDF ISBN 978-1-349-48333-4 ISBN 978-1-137-39244-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-39244-2 Th is book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. www.palgrave.com/pivot To My Parents Ahmad and Su’ad & To the House of Rafi’ In the shadow of whose Tree I have learned to recognize what it means to connect DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0001 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements xiii Introduction: Intellectuals, Representation, Connective Agency 1 Part I The Intellectual and the Quest for Amāra 1 Amāra: Concept, Cultural Practice and Aesthetic 18 2 Signature or Cartouche? Dilemmas of the Egyptian Intellectual 46 Part II The People and theAmāra of Connective Agency 3 The People Already Know: Positionality of the Intellectual, Connective Agency and Cultural Memory 68 4 TheAmāra on the Square: Some Reflections Post 25 January 2011 91 Postscript: Ih. nā al-mas.riyyīn and al-sha‘b: The Untranslatabilities of Conceptual Languages 111 Bibliography 127 Index 137 vi DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0001 Preface This slim volume is offered primarily as a thought experi- ment. The thought is that of social reality in its collective and collectivizing modes of expression, and the challenges these pose for the endeavours of intellectual and politi- cal critical thought. The challenge is presented here first and foremost as one of transitioning from the social to the political and what that entails – beyond reversing the abstracting impulse of political thought since the eighteenth century – to our understanding of the nature of collectivi- ties, social cohesion and social movements, communities, societies and nations, what I believe to be one of the most urgent questions of our time. Such a thought experiment also has further historical implications as to what it means to think against the institutionalizing and professional- izing impulses of modernity, East and West alike. And the challenges are increasingly shared, or recognized as deeply implicating beyond the historical frontlines of developed and developing, with immediate pressing issues such as social equality and cohesion of communities, the viability of the representative systems and discourses of so-called democracies, the threats of extremism, economic crises, crises of energy and the environment, human rights, and the list is growing almost by the day. To think aesthetically and intellectually from within the social is to think against the grain of the modern political imagination of the collec- tive, and the related discourses of knowledge production. This same political imagination is also the sphere of modern intellectual work and self-perception of the intellectuals as a socially constructed elite. DOI: 10.1057/9781137392442.0002 vii viii Preface Icons of Egyptian intellectual life, such as Son’allah Ibrahim, Gamal al-Ghitani, Bahaa Taher and Alaa al-Aswani, all indubitably figures of resistance to power, have been criticised recently for their failure to think outside of historical relations to power and the state (by openly support- ing General al-Sisi in face of perceived threats of the Brotherhood and extremism). The general perception since January 2011 is that of a ‘failure in imagination’ on the part of the intellectual and leftist elites to rethink their relation to the masses of the people. In modern literary and intellectual history, and beyond the heady days of socialist realism and proletariat themes and emplotments, pivotal questions have remained theoretically unresolved and practically fraught with challenges: whom are we addressing in the end through the intervening powers of the word and of representation? The power to articulate social realities, whence does it issue? How is the same voice recognizable when it turns to those whose truth it is representing and standing-in for? Are the powers of representation and articulation the same in this dialogic relation, or are they placed in irreducible tension? To look for this tension we have so far the resources of literary articula- tion to fall back on, the dramatization of tension that is otherwise swept under the conceptually polished discourses of ideologies. What it does it take to speak to the absent their own truth by allowing their own possi- bilities of voice? The specifically Egyptian cultural practice of amāra, or producing the special and mutually recognizable signifier of a shared identity and a common fate, will be offered for analysis and reflection in the attempt to address these questions. The tension here is between the image of absence and the image of voice. This proposed volume therefore constitutes a sustained reflection on the nature of intellectual labour amongst Egyptian intellectuals, as represented in literature. It will not seek to offer yet another study on the definition of the intellectual, which is also ultimately a study in social change, but rather an investigation into the positionality of the intellectual, and of communication and speech as a language of social identity – as well as the potential for an aesthetic beyond the questions of realism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Literary Networks and the Making of Egypt's Nineties Generation By
    Writing in Cairo: Literary Networks and the Making of Egypt’s Nineties Generation by Nancy Spleth Linthicum A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Carol Bardenstein, Chair Associate Professor Samer Ali Professor Anton Shammas Associate Professor Megan Sweeney Nancy Spleth Linthicum [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9782-0133 © Nancy Spleth Linthicum 2019 Dedication Writing in Cairo is dedicated to my parents, Dorothy and Tom Linthicum, with much love and gratitude for their unwavering encouragement and support. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee for their invaluable advice and insights and for sticking with me throughout the circuitous journey that resulted in this dissertation. It would not have been possible without my chair, Carol Bardenstein, who helped shape the project from its inception. I am particularly grateful for her guidance and encouragement to pursue ideas that others may have found too far afield for a “literature” dissertation, while making sure I did not lose sight of the texts themselves. Anton Shammas, throughout my graduate career, pushed me to new ways of thinking that I could not have reached on my own. Coming from outside the field of Arabic literature, Megan Sweeney provided incisive feedback that ensured I spoke to a broader audience and helped me better frame and articulate my arguments. Samer Ali’s ongoing support and feedback, even before coming to the University of Michigan (UM), likewise was instrumental in bringing this dissertation to fruition.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Literature
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Egyptian Literature This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Egyptian Literature Release Date: March 8, 2009 [Ebook 28282] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EGYPTIAN LITERATURE*** Egyptian Literature Comprising Egyptian Tales, Hymns, Litanies, Invocations, The Book Of The Dead, And Cuneiform Writings Edited And With A Special Introduction By Epiphanius Wilson, A.M. New York And London The Co-Operative Publication Society Copyright, 1901 The Colonial Press Contents Special Introduction. 2 The Book Of The Dead . 7 A Hymn To The Setting Sun . 7 Hymn And Litany To Osiris . 8 Litany . 9 Hymn To R ....................... 11 Hymn To The Setting Sun . 15 Hymn To The Setting Sun . 19 The Chapter Of The Chaplet Of Victory . 20 The Chapter Of The Victory Over Enemies. 22 The Chapter Of Giving A Mouth To The Overseer . 24 The Chapter Of Giving A Mouth To Osiris Ani . 24 Opening The Mouth Of Osiris . 25 The Chapter Of Bringing Charms To Osiris . 26 The Chapter Of Memory . 26 The Chapter Of Giving A Heart To Osiris . 27 The Chapter Of Preserving The Heart . 28 The Chapter Of Preserving The Heart . 29 The Chapter Of Preserving The Heart . 30 The Chapter Of Preserving The Heart . 30 The Heart Of Carnelian . 31 Preserving The Heart . 31 Preserving The Heart .
    [Show full text]
  • I) If\L /-,7\ .L Ii Lo N\ C, ' II Ii Abstract Approved: 1'
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Asaad AI-Saleh for the Master of Arts Degree In English presented on _------'I'--'I--'J:..=u:o...1VL.c2=0"--'0"-=S'------ _ Title: Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafii: A Non-recognized Voice in the Chorus ofthe Arabic Literary Revival i) If\l /-,7\ .L Ii lo n\ C, ' II Ii Abstract Approved: 1'. C". C ,\,,: 41-------<..<.LI-hY,-""lA""""","""I,--ft-'t _ '" I) Abstract Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafii, a modem Egyptian writer with classical style, is not studied by scholars of Arabic literature as are his contemporary liberals, such as Taha Hussein. This thesis provides a historical background and a brief literary survey that helps contextualize al-Rafii, the period, and the area he came from. AI-Rafii played an important role in the two literary and intellectual schools during the Arabic literary revival, which extended from the French expedition (1798-1801) to around the middle of the twentieth century. These two schools, known as the Old and the New, vied to shape the literature and thought of Egypt and other Arab countries. The former, led by al-Rafii, promoted a return to classical Arabic styles and tried to strengthen the Islamic identity of Egypt. The latter called for cutting off Egypt from its Arabic history and rejected the dominance and continuity of classical Arabic language. AI-Rafii contributed to the Revival by supporting a line ofthought that has not been favored by pro-Westernization governments, which made his legacy almost forgotten. Deriving his literature from the canon of Arabic language, culture, and history, al-Rafii produced a literature based on a revived version of classical Arabic literature, an accomplishment which makes him unique among modem Arab writers.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaks, Hacks, and Scandals
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. INTRODUCTION The image in figure 1 is a screenshot of the hacking of the website of the Leba- nese Ministry of Energy and Water responsible for the country’s electricity in April 2012 by a group called Raise Your Voice, a self- proclaimed offshoot of the global hackers collective Anonymous.1 Protesting poor living conditions and in- adequate social services, the hackers not only crashed the government agency’s site but also substituted one text for another. Reenacting an electric cut, they transformed the cursor into a flashlight that needs to be moved around in order to light up an otherwise dark screen. This act of hacking defaces the ministry website through a textual and technological performance that involves viewers as active participants who need to move the cursor in order to reveal the text. But what is being exposed through this hacking? Is it the text itself, the reading practice directed toward it, or the failing nation-s tate unable to fulfill its duties vis- à- vis its citizens? What writing genre, aesthetics, and critique of power does the flashlight make legible? Figure 1. “Electricity is cut off.” Ministry of Energy and Water, April 16, 2012, http:// www.energyandwater.gov.lb/. For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Social Agents in the Translation Into English of the Novels of Naguib Mahfouz
    Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions. If you have discovered material in AURA which is unlawful e.g. breaches copyright, (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please read our Takedown Policy and contact the service immediately The Role of Social Agents in the Translation into English of the Novels of Naguib Mahfouz Vol. 1/2 Linda Ahed Alkhawaja Doctor of Philosophy ASTON UNIVERSITY April, 2014 ©Linda Ahed Alkhawaja, 2014 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. Thesis Summary Aston University The Role of Social Agents in the Translation into English of the Novels of Naguib Mahfouz Linda Ahed Alkhawaja Doctor of Philosophy (by Research) April, 2014 This research investigates the field of translation in an Egyptain context around the work of the Egyptian writer and Nobel Laureate Naguib Mahfouz by adopting Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological framework. Bourdieu’s framework is used to examine the relationship between the field of cultural production and its social agents. The thesis includes investigation in two areas: first, the role of social agents in structuring and restructuring the field of translation, taking Mahfouz’s works as a case study; their role in the production and reception of translations and their practices in the field; and second, the way the field, with its political and socio-cultural factors, has influenced translators’ behaviour and structured their practices.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nile and the Egyptian Revolutions: Ecology and Culture in Modern Arabic Poetry 2015
    International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2015, PP 84-95 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) The Nile and the Egyptian Revolutions: Ecology and Culture in Modern Arabic Poetry 2015 Hala Ewaidat Assistant Professor of English Literature, Department of English, Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, Egypt ABSTRACT For more than thirty years the River Nile has been deteriorating as a result of the industrial activities, economic expansion, pollution, population growth and the destructive policies of the government of the former president Hosni Mubarak. The primary concern of this study is to introduce the profound connection of environmental changes on the River Nile and the culture of the Egyptian society that is reflected through the medium of twentieth century Arabic poetry. Beginning with excerpts of poems from the ancient period, the paper traces the relevance and meaning of the underlying cultural aspects of Egyptian society through representation of the Nile in comparison to the way these cultural attitudes are depicted in poetry written during the three major revolutions in twentieth century Egypt: the 1919 Revolution, 1952 Revolution, and the 25 January 2011 Revolution. Keywords: ecology, pollution, culture, revolutions, Arabic poetry For more than thirty years the River Nile has deteriorated as a result of the industrial activities, economic expansion, pollution, population growth and destructive policies of the regime of the former president Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011). The primary concern of this study is to examine the profound connection between the image of the River Nile in ancient and modern Egyptian poetry and its relation to the ecological changes to the River during the three major revolutions in Egypt: the 1919 Revolution, 1952 Revolution, and the 25 January 2011 Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Culture Wars: Politics and Practice
    Egypt’s Culture Wars Egypt is the cultural centre of the Arab world and sets a lot of the intellectual agenda for the rest of the region. The strain between secular liberals, an authorit- arian state and Islamists is reaching boiling point in Egypt and mirrors to some extent similar pressures elsewhere in the Arab world. This ground-breaking work presents original research on cultural politics and battles in Egypt at the turn of the twenty-first century. It deconstructs the bound- aries between “high” and “low” culture, drawing on conceptual tools in cultural studies, translation studies and gender studies to analyse debates in the fields of literature, cinema, mass media and the plastic arts. Anchored in the Egyptian historical and social contexts and inspired by the influential work of Pierre Bour- dieu, it rigorously places these debates and battles within the larger framework of a set of questions about the relationship between the cultural and political fields in Egypt. Egypt’s Culture Wars is a valuable contribution to the often neglected and ignored subject of cultural politics and battles for representation in Egypt. Detailed and insightful, this innovative interdisciplinary volume allows us to understand what has been happening in the sphere of public debate in Egypt. As such, it will be of interest to scholars and students from the literary field, cultural studies, political science, Middle East studies, sociology and gender studies. Samia Mehrez is Professor at the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations, American University in Cairo, Egypt. Routledge advances in Middle East and Islamic studies 1 Iraqi Kurdistan Political development and emergent democracy Gareth R.
    [Show full text]
  • When East Meets West in Bahaa Taher's Sunset Oasis a Post
    Identity Quest: When East Meets West in Bahaa Taher’s Sunset Oasis A Post-Colonial Reading Mona Kattaya, Ain Shams University, Egypt The IAFOR International Conference on Arts & Humanities – Dubai 2017 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract The cultural representation of the Western Other in modern Arabic fiction is a formidable body of texts that stretches over a span of almost one hundred years – from the beginning of the twentieth century until the present. Emerging out of the experience of colonization, most of these fictional narratives have asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial Other, thus emphasizing a discourse where the encounter between East and West, whether literal or metaphorical, has been presented in a series of deep rooted dichotomies of East/West, colonized/colonizer, slave/master, backward/civilized, bonded/free, etc. From this cultural output stands out Bahaa Taher’s Sunset Oasis (2007). The winner of the inaugural International Prize for Arabic Fiction (IPAF) in March 2008, Sunset Oasis in a way continues the initial perceptions of the West in Arab fiction, but, more importantly, it, in other ways, contests them. This paper analyses the two main characters’ hybrid identities whose constructions expose what the post-colonial critic Homi Bhabha considers threats to authority in their revelation of colonial anxiety as well as anti-colonial resistance. The paper concludes that, in its decidedly holistic perspective, Bahaa Taher’s novel goes beyond the usual chaos and conflict of Eastern-Western encounters into spaces of understanding, equality, dialogue, and compatibility. Keywords: Bahaa Taher, Sunset Oasis, Hybridity, Identity, East, West. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction The fictional representation of the East-West encounter in post-colonial Arab novels is a formidable body of texts that has considered the theme of identity as one of its essential discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Bahāʾ Ṭāhir's Al-Ḥubb Fī L-Manfā (Love in Exile)
    Love versus Political Commitment An Arab Intellectual’s Dilemma as Portrayed in Bahāʾ Ṭāhir’s al-Ḥubb fī l-Manfā (Love in Exile) Line Reichelt Føreland Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of Arabic language Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages Supervisor: Stephan Guth UNIVERSITY OF OSLO June 2011 I II Love versus Political Commitment: An Arab Intellectual’s Dilemma as portrayed in Bahā’ Ṭāhir’s al-Ḥubb fī l-Manfā (Love in Exile) The process a formerly committed intellectual has to go through in order to gain consciousness of his destiny in the post-idealistic, postmodern, globalized world. III © Line Reichelt Føreland 2011 Love versus Political Commitment: An Arab Intellectual‟s Dilemma as Portrayed in Bahā’ Ṭāhir‟s al-Ḥubb fī l-Manfā Line Reichelt Føreland http://www.duo.uio.no/ IV V Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... IX Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... X A note on translation and transliteration .................................................................................. XI 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Why al-Ḥubb fī l-Manfā? ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Sources ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Commitment and Beyond: Reflections On/Of the Political in Arabic Literature Since the 1940S
    Friederike Pannewick and Georges Khalil together with Yvonne Albers: Commitment and Beyond: Reflections on/of the Political in Arabic Literature since the 1940s Introduction: Tracks and Traces of Literary Commitment – On Iltizām as an Ongoing Intellectual Project eISBN: 978-3-95490-613-0 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online- Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. Introduction: Tracks and Traces of Literary Commitment— On Iltizām as an Ongoing Intellectual Project Yvonne Albers, Georges Khalil, Friederike Pannewick If one day the people will to live Then destiny must reply; The darkness must disappear, And bonds must break.1 These are the lines of the poem “The Will to Live” (“Irādat al-ḥayāh”) written in 1933 by the Tunisian poet Abū al-Qāsim al-Shābbī (1909‒1934) to which the rallying chant of the popu- lar uprisings in the Arab world in 2011 responded: “The people want the fall of the re- gime/system” (“Al-shaʿb yurīd isqāṭ al-niẓām”). Regimes indeed fell and history is evolving. The euphoria sparked by the fall of authoritarian rulers in Tunisia and Egypt that year has now evaporated. Current developments in many countries of the region seem to be heading in different directions, towards greater fragmentation, sectarianism, and violence, witnessing a resurgence of the paradigms of the old order, such as the outworn dichotomy of authoritari- anism versus religious extremism.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Ara Dönem'den Orta Kralliğa (M.Ö. 2200-1950)
    Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 70, No. 3, 2015, s. 683 - 721 I. ARA DÖNEM’DEN ORTA KRALLIĞA (M.Ö. 2200-1950): MISIR DEVLETİ’NDE “YAYILMACI” İDEOLOJİNİN OLUŞUMU ve AŞAĞI NÜBYE’YE UYGULANIŞI * Yrd. Doç. Dr. İzzet Çıvgın Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi ● ● ● Öz Çalışma, tarihteki kültürel karşılaşma (ticaret, öykünme, kolonileşme, fetih/ilhak) örnekleri ile bunların toplumsal ve siyasal değişmeye katkısını inceleyen makaleler dizisinin sekizincisini oluşturmaktadır. Metnin temel argümanı, Mısır Orta Krallığı‟nın (MÖ. 2050-1750) güney/Nübye yönünde başlattığı kolonileşmenin tarihsel arka-planının “1. Ara Dönem”de (2200-2050) yaşanan fetret devri ve merkezî iktidarın krizi olduğudur. Eski Krallık (2700-2200) rejiminin çözüldüğü ve kraliyet otoritesindeki zafiyetten dolayı Mısır eyaletlerinin merkezden bağımsızlaştığı bir ortamda, sarayın ekonomik ve siyasal tekeli kırılmış, doğal kaynakların merkez yerine taşraya aktığı yeni bir düzen kurulmuştur. Bu yerelleşmenin (âdemimerkeziyetin) kalıcı olmamasının nedeni ise, Mısır devlet ideolojisinde siyasal birliğin ve merkeziyetçi hiyerarşinin “ideal” görülüp kutsanmasıdır. Ara dönemler, aşılması gereken, istikrarsızlık ve bereketsizlik üreten “kaotik” zamanlardır. Orta (Herakleopolis) ve Yukarı Mısır‟da (Thebai) ortaya çıkan yerel iktidar odakları, bu anlayış doğrultusunda Eski Krallık düzenini yeniden kurmak (“ideal”i yakalamak) için birbirleriyle kıyasıya mücadele etmişlerdir. Değişen, Ara Dönem‟de siyasal birlik için zorunlu kabul edilen “genişleme”nin Orta Krallıkta sınır güvenliği, siyasal istikrar ve daha fazla servet birikimi için sürdürülmesidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: 1. Ara Dönem, Mısır Orta Krallığı, Aşağı ve Yukarı Nübye, Medjay ve C-Grup Kültürleri, Kerma Kültürü i The First Intermediate Period and the Early Middle Kingdom (2200- 1950 BC.):Origins of Ancient Egyptian Imperialism in Lower Nubia Abstract This study is the 8th of an article series dedicated to cross-cultural encounters (trade, emulation, colonization, conquest) as a primary cause of social and political change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery
    The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery: Biocultural Dynamics of a Disembedded Capital City in New Kingdom Egypt by William Charles Schaffer A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Jane E. Buikstra, Chair Christopher M. Stojanowski Michael E. Smith Jerome C. Rose ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2018 ABSTRACT The Egyptian New Kingdom city of Akhetaten (modern: Tell el-Amarna, el- Amarna, or simply Amarna) provides a unique opportunity to study ancient biocultural dynamics. It was a disembedded capital removed from the major power bases of Memphis and Thebes that was built, occupied, and abandoned within approximately 20 years (c. 1352–1336 BCE). This dissertation used the recently excavated Amarna South Tombs cemetery to test competing models for the development of disembedded capitals, such as the geographic origin of its migrants and its demographic structure in comparison to contrastive models for the establishment of settlements. The degree to which biological relatedness organized the South Tombs cemetery was also explored. The results suggest that the Nile Valley into the New Kingdom (1539–1186 BCE) was very diverse in dental cervical phenotype and thus highly mobile in respects to gene flow, failing to reject that the Amarna city was populated by individuals and families throughout the Nile Valley. In comparison, the Amarna South Tombs cemetery contained the least amount of dental phenotypic diversity, supporting a founder effect due to migration from larger, more diverse gene pools to the city or the very fact that the city and sample only reflect a 20- year interval with little time to accumulate phenotypic variation.
    [Show full text]