Reconciling the Civil War in Winslow Homer's Undertow

Reconciling the Civil War in Winslow Homer’s Undertow Clara E. Barnhart Winslow Homer’s Undertow (1886), rendered primarily by the leading male, she reaches back with her right hand to in shades of blue and grey, depicts four figures emerging grip the rescue sled. With her left arm she tightly grasps her from an ocean (Figure 1). Upon first glance, and as it was companion, clasping her to her body, her left hand grazing perceived by contemporary viewers, Undertow might well her companion’s right which is swung around the lateral side seem to document superior masculine heroics. Surely the of her frame. Their embrace is insecure; the down-turned men’s verticality alerts us to their chief roles as rescuers of woman is in danger of tipping further to her right, her body the women they bracket. Erect and strong, they haul their weight slumped and precariously distributed along the length catch to shore while the women, victims in need of saving, of the other woman’s body. Save for the efforts of her female lie prostrate and sightless. However accurate this cursory ally to whom she clings, the down-turned woman appears to reading may be, it denies Undertow the complexity with have a perilous hold. Her closest male rescuer does little to which Homer infused it. This paper asserts that Undertow is rectify her unsteadiness, holding only the end of her fabric far more than the straightforward rescue scene nineteenth- bathing dress, or possibly the end lip of a rescue-sled cov- century critics assumed it to be. Rather than a document ered by her dress. His actions appear strikingly ineffectual of “simple heroism,” functioning “beyond question or criti- either way, especially in light of his tattered clothing and cism,” Undertow is symbolically layered, engaging deeply ultra-flexed arm.3 with cultural topics of its time.1 A hyper-muscular male figure commands the highest The sexed tinge to Undertow is explicit.2 Dressed in peak of the group’s frieze and forcibly pulls the rescue sled form-fitting swimsuits, the women are affixed to a sling-like toward the left without looking at it. He shields his eyes from rescue sled. The mounting of one woman’s body upon the light-source in a gesture that resembles a salute. Stand- the other as the painting’s central-most vignette forms the ing in the brightest section of the canvas with an upright, basis for its erotic overtones. While the acclivous woman stiff torso and flexed physical frame, he assumes leadership touches her breast, the down-turned female’s swimming and a kind of military authority.4 His taut, erect body glis- outfit is tightly glued to her pliable body, a single ripple of tening amidst the spume of the crashing wave contributes white water highlighting her rounded posterior. Far from perhaps the most phallic eroticism of all. In contrast to inactive, the women join forces and work cooperatively his assertive posture, the other man hunches over in dark to secure their rescue. The upturned woman in particular shadow, fixated on the backside of the woman he drags;5 participates actively in the affair. Hoisted at an upward angle instead of directing the group, he follows it. In addition to This paper began in a graduate seminar under the tutelage of Wil- Homer in His Art,” Smithsonian Studies in American Art 1 (Spring liam Oedel at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. I thank 1987): 31-45, who famously analyzes the sexual potency of The Life him for his direction and encouragement with its initial stages. My Line and mentions the “sexual implications” of Undertow. See Randall paper developed further at Washington University in St. Louis where C. Griffin, Homer, Eakins, & Anshutz: The Search for American Identity I am grateful to be surrounded by inspiring, dedicated professors. I in the Gilded Age (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State UP, am especially appreciative of my advisor Angela Miller for her close 2004): 101, who writes, “It is difficult to imagine a picture with more readings of this paper and her continued guidance and enthusiasm unresolved erotic tension or one more sexually stereotyped than throughout this project and others. Special thanks to Iver Bernstein for Undertow.” always having insightful comments and thoughtful recommendations. Finally, I am indebted to my family—to my mother for her unwavering 3 The “odd and awkward manner” by which the right-hand male at- confidence, to my father Richard Barnhart for his invaluable critiques tempts to rescue the down-turned female has been noted by Charlene and to Joshua, for his ideas, love and partnership. Engel, “‘For Those in Peril on the Sea’: The Intaglio Prints of Winslow Homer,” Print Review (1985): 32. 1 John R. Tait, “The Academy Exhibition,” The Mail and Express [New York] 11 April, 1887: 3, “Fine Arts: The Academy Exhibition, I,” The 4 The saluting gesture and military implications of the left-hand male Nation, 14 April, 1887: 327, both quoted in Margaret C. Conrads, figure has been identified by Prown 278, who writes of “the oddly American Paintings and Sculpture at the Sterling and Francine Clark military pose of the almost marching and saluting muscled figure on Art Institute (New York: Hudson Mills Press, 1990) 80. the left.” 2 Undertow’s sexualized content has been noted by several scholars 5 The focus of his stare is a point of scholarly contention. Elizabeth but has yet to be adequately explored. See Jules D. Prown, “Winslow Johns, Winslow Homer: The Nature of Observation (Berkeley and Los ATHANOR XXVI CLARA E. BARNHART their conflicting actions, the men’s distinct clothing—one in counterpart looks and bends downward. These contrasting simple bathing trunks, the other with a tattered shirt and a visual indicators between the two halves of the canvas sug- fisherman’s hat6—also indicates two contrary characters with gest an underlying rupture.9 Furthermore, the very title of the dissimilar social positions.7 The men appear to be physically work designates opposition.10 An undertow is quite literally disconnected. They look and walk in different directions, a contrary force. Once a wave has crashed, it sweeps back the leading figure sharply headed toward the left, the other into the ocean—against the incoming water, creating the male directed more frontally. Because of these contradictory dangerous undertow into which these women had presum- movements and lack of coordinated involvement, they ap- ably been drawn. Moreover, the layered implications of the pear to be in danger of pulling the women apart from one painting’s title point to meanings implicit in the work itself, another, rather than uniting them in a successful rescue.8 for an undertow is an undercurrent, suggestive of figurative Both men seem self-focused, emotionally detached, rather connotations operating beneath the literal surface. The com- than devoted to the life-and-death situation at hand. Anti- plexity of the painting is reflected in the status of the women, thetical to the men’s disjointed opposition, the two female casualties of the sea’s undertow, who find themselves under protagonists form a connecting force between them, their tow once again by the men dragging them to shore. physical forms intently engaged in the semi-union of this When Homer (1836-1910) completed Undertow at polarized and faltering community. the age of fifty in December of 1886, he was known as a Furthering the oppositional essence of this image is the leading American realist painter, enabling him to operate on bifurcated space of the sea. The crossing of the females’ multiple artistic and symbolic levels to nearly assured critical bent arms forms an X in the center of the canvas; their acclaim.11 If Undertow depicts a microcosmic community fused bodies bisect a background wave split into dark and in distress, it is significant that in 1886 Homer himself was light halves, a division that extends the vertical length of the part of a community in the process of healing, of learning canvas. Their physical connection articulates the canvas’s how to exist as a singular cultural entity following the na- polarized sections and organizational fissure. The visible tional trauma of the Civil War. Homer’s past as a Civil War disjunction between the two halves is striking. The left side, correspondent, and the nation’s reconciliation present, are including the two leftmost figures, is illuminated, bathed in embedded in the structure of this painting. The war repre- bright light caused by the spray of the breaking wave which sented an arena for heroism in the face of American crisis, has crested and begun crashing. The face of the woman on which constitutes the simple subject of Undertow. Building the left is angled upward; the head of the left male figure is from recent scholars who rightly problematize the posed held high. Conversely, the remaining two figures are engulfed and frozen figural group, and the unsettling behavior of the in shadows due to the mounting wave behind them whose so-called heroic rescuers,12 this paper disputes the passivity imminent crash increases the possibility of the sled’s capsiz- of the women,13 and identifies the bisected light and dark ing. The inverted woman’s face is obscured, and her male canvas, not simply as a compositional tool, but as a key sig- Angeles: U of California P, 2002) 118, contends that the rescuers “car- 10 For a detailed etymology of the word undertow, see the Oxford English rying out their work as a team, avert their glances from the women.” Dictionary. Henry Adams, “Mortal Themes: Winslow Homer,” Art in America 2 (February 1983): 119, explains that the men “avert their eyes from 11 On Homer’s artistic career and persona, see Sarah Burns, Inventing the breasts and buttocks of the women.” On the contrary, I agree with the Modern Artist: Art and Culture in Gilded Age America (New Haven, Griffin (2004) 158 n.

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