WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter

Dr. Ufuk ÇETİN WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter

Author: Ufuk Çetin ORCID (0000-0001-5102-8183)

ISBN: 978-625-7729-02-4 E-ISBN: 978-625-7729-03-1 First Edition: September 2020

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LIBRARY CATALOG ÇETİN, Ufuk Winslow Homer An American Painter First Edition, p. 71 , 135 x 195 mm. Keywords: 1. Painting, 2. American Painting Art, 3. .19th Century, 4. Landscape Painting, 5. Sea Painting.

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This book was written by me for my respected Professor Dr. Engin Beksaç for all his researches and studies in all forms of art through great passion just a present.

Dr. Ufuk Çetin 20.09.2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 5 INTRODUCTION ...... 11 HIS CHILDHOOD AND ARTISTIC CAREER ...... 18 SOME EXAMPLES FROM HIS PAINTINGS...... 23 RESULT ...... 39 DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ...... 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 66 FOR FURTHER READING AND RESEARCHES .. 67 AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY ...... 69

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Winslow Homer

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I prefer every time a picture composed and painted outdoors. The thing is done without your knowing it. -Winslow Homer-

When you paint, try to put down exactly what you see. Whatever else you have to offer will come out anyway. -Winslow Homer-

You will see, in the future I will live by my watercolors. -Winslow Homer-

What they call talent is nothing but the capacity for doing continuous work in the right way. -Winslow Homer-

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One of the best of American painters, Winslow Homer is most popular for his watercolors and oil works of art of the ocean. He drew civil war paintings and drawings likewise.These compositions frequently have extraordinary sensational impact as a result of the manner in which show mankind's feebleness despite the merciless powers of nature.

Homer is a distinguished American painter at the nineteenth century. The gigantic topics of his work are cemented through the reflective thoroughness of his printmaking, watercolor, and oil painting strategy.

Moving to New York in 1859, he upheld himself with delineation compositions even as he began to set up his calling as a painter. During the 1880s, wanting isolation, he moved to Prout's Neck, ME, basing his studio there for the unwinding of his ways of life.

Homer's works of art, for the most part his watercolors, may cross legitimately to significantly affect later American painters, comprehensive of Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper. His works are held in the assortments at Institute of Chicago, the Musée d'Orsay, the nation wide galleries in Washington, D.C. and the Metropolitan Museum of fine arts in New York.

Winslow Homer (1836–1910) is revered through varied on the grounds that the simplest American painter during nineteenth century. Planned in Boston and cited in country Cambridge, he began his profession as a mechanical graphic artist, in Boston and subsequently in New York State, within 1859.

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In the nineteenth century the amount of inhabitants within the U.S became quickly. In 1860 the public was thirty one million. By 1900 it had been right around seventy six million. Outsiders from Europe crammed the U.S. seeking once a superior life. Varied people were tricked by the colonist Act of 1862. Pilgrims were offered a hundred and sixty sections of land of land free gave they consented to until it for an extended time. Chinese migration into the U.S was finished by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

American trade likewise blasted. Within the late nineteenth century the U.S was the fastest developing mechanical country on the earth. Before the century's over, it had outperformed kingdom within the creation of iron and steel. The American railroad organize to boot developed quickly. In 1850 there have been 9000 miles of railroads. By a 1900 there have been 190,000 miles. The first cross country railroad was worked in 1869. Soon there was a roaring refining industry in Pennsylvania. The principal line was worked in 1865.

An increasing range of American citizens lived in urban communities. By 1900 right around 1/3 of them did. By then there have been in over way over forty urban communities with a public of more than 100.000.It wasn't till 1920 that the majority of American citizens lived in urban areas. Conditions within the mechanical urban communities were frightful. Varied people lived in packed ghettos.

In the decades following the war, the U.S. developed as a contemporary goliath. Recent enterprises extended and various new ones, together with oil purification, steel manufacturing, and electrical force, developed. Railways extended primarily, transportation even remote items of the state into a national economy.

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Mechanical development modified American culture. It delivered another category of affluent industrialists and a prosperous white collar category. It likewise delivered a limitlessly extended hands on common laborers. The work power that created industrialisation potential was comprised of an enormous range of recently showed up outsiders and far larger quantities of vagrants from country zones. American culture clad to be a lot of differing than the other time in recent memory.

Not all and sundry partook within the monetary success of this era. various laborers were often idle in any event a part of the year, and their wages were moderately low after they accomplished work. This circumstance drove different specialists to assist and be a part of worker's organizations. Within the interim, ranchers to boot confronted powerful things as innovation and increasing creation prompted a lot of competition and falling prices for ranch things. Powerful things on ranches drove varied kids to maneuver to the town trying to find higher openings for work.

Americans planned throughout the decennary and decade would encounter large changes within the course of their lives. Some of those progressions took place thanks to a general innovative upheaval. Their important wellspring of sunshine, for example, would modification from candles to lamp fuel lights, and subsequently to electrical lights. They might see their transportation advance from strolling and strength to steam controlled trains, to electrical streetcars, to gas oxyacetylene vehicles. Naturally introduced to a general public whereby most far and away of people were related to business enterprise, they encountered a mechanical upset that deeply modified the manners within which a good several people worked and wherever they lived. They might encounter the relocation of an enormous range

13 Ufuk Çetin of people from rustic America to the country's quickly developing urban communities.

In the interim American business enterprise unbroken on blasting. It had been helped by new innovation. Inventor created a mechanical harvester in 1834. Industrialist (1804-1886) notional the steel furrow in 1838. In 1854 the principal effective selfoverseeing windmill that altered course consequently to confront the breeze was created. In 1874 spiked metal was protected.

A general classification for works of art created within the U.S. somewhere within the vary of 1800 and 1900. Whereas till 1820 American accomplishment was to a good extent subsidiary of European designs, Thomas Cole and therefore the river college would build up Associate in painting that featured the American scene, a topic that was later investigated and pervaded with subject topics by Albert Bierstadt throughout his movements through the American West. The believability of Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer looked to die honest qualities with unobtrusively gallant footage of American life; Albert Pinkham Ryder and Henry Ossawa Tanner, then again, were less nationalistic, ofttimes saturating Biblical topic with a supernatural quality in their Symbolist vogue. Mary Cassatt and John Singer Sargent, each notable for his or her cozy late nineteenth century footage, painted society subjects on the two sides of the Atlantic. throughout the same time, Timothy O'Sullivan created one in all a form varieties of narrative and scene photography, whereas socially roused Jacob Riis ready his concentration on New York town housing life. In engineering, the evangelist varieties of humanistic discipline and Neo Gothic were utilised within the development of landmarks within the early five hundredth of the century, whereas the last determined the advancement of contemporary ways for building high rises, most quite from the Chicago college.

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He was a replacement European countryman by birth and long parentage.The Homers had originated from England to Massachusetts right around two centuries before he was planned in 1836, Boston. His family was white collar category. Raised in available Cambridge, still little in way over a city, he had a functioning outside childhood that left an extended lasting inclination for the state. He grew up to be a free, solid willed nestling, diligent and goaloriented, saved and withdrawn however direct in what he did state, and with a dry American funny inclination.

With no attainment steering apparently, he was articled at around nineteen to a main Boston planographic printing search, John H. Bufford's, the place he was set apart by his ability in drawing. Be that because it might, he unloved the plodding of the activity, Associate in once he received twentyone he propelled himself as an freelance creator. Harper's Weekly, the simplest American described magazine of the time, acknowledged his drawings from the primary, and in 1859 he stirred to New York, and was before long one in all the Weekly's most accepted specialists. With the happening of the war the magazine sent him many times to the Virginia front, wherever he Drew endless portrayals from that, back in New York, he created his outlines. For the foremost a part of regular day to day existence in camp rather than fights, their real believability and solid artistic production created them the foremost true pictorial records along with Mathew Brady's photos of however the traditional war trooper really looked and acted. (Goodrich, 1973, p.11)

Through the last five hundredth of the nineteenth century American attainment was bit by bit obtaining itself. One in all the after effects of the war was elated national cognizance that discovered articulation in attainment. St. George Inness, William Morns Hunt, John La Farge, industrialist Johnson, St. George

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Fuller, and Octavian Saint Gaudens area unit of the distinguished names that have an area with this era. In any case, none of those specialists was either as individual or as national as Winslow Homer. His commitment is new and has nothing of out of doors convention in it. During this approach denotes Associate signally noteworthy advancement, and assumes a comprehensible position from a notable perspective. Up to the hour of Edward, Winslow Homer's look on the part of occasions, the craft had been in unimaginable live an effect for the conventions. It did not would like intelligence, elegance, enchant; in singular occurrences it did not would like energy, power, verse; but talking concerning wide speculation it came up short on a vernacular highlight. It was, in a word, varied.

It is Edward Winslow Homer's qualification that he was the principal American painter to utilize America. His subjects, however his approach of treating them; his intentions, however his perspective; his material, but the design and feeling whereby he clothes it, have the stamp of Americanism for good dazzled on them. (Downes, 1911, p. 3, 4)

The problem about Homer's strict convictions and their impact on his work has gone beneath increasing examination as recently. Receiving a more and more theoretical tack, Jules Prown appearance at the lifesaving scenes and finds within their more profound structures implications of a worry for transcendental salvation. This examination attracts on bits of data offered by the two ways to traumatize explore Homer's understanding of the standards of expertise and confidence as they were seen within the teams of friends he frequented. The liberal non secular philosophy then common among white collar category New Englanders did not regard innovative advancement and logical discovery as damaging of confidence rather these productions were accommodated with more and more customary thoughts of the

16 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter eternality to encourage a viewpoint recently distinguished by St. George Cotkin as hesitant innovation. The mental imagery connected with this angle is usually remote from our perspective, however by auditing its premises we tend to show up at a lot of comprehensive handle of the emotions that educated Homer's sytheses. (Colbert, 2003, p. 37)

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Winslow Homer born in Boston, in 1836, He was one of the three children of Charles Savage Homer and Henrietta Benson Homer. His mother was a precocious amateur watercolourist and Homer's mentor all his life as well. Homer took on an outsized range of her turns of events, comprising of her tranquil, solid willed, curt, agreeable nature; her dry amusingness; and her artistic ability. Homer had a cheerful youth, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a mean student, but his work of art mastery became on show early.

Homer's father became a venturesome, eager frequently making an attempt to rake in vast profits. At the purpose once Homer became thirteen, Charles relinquished the oddjob man store business to area unit looking for a fortune for extraordinary wealth. Whereas that fizzled, Charles left his circle of relatives and visited Europe to hoist capital for different plans that did not seem.

After Homer's highschool starting, his father saw an ad within the paper Associate in masterminded an billet. Homer's billet to a Boston business graphic artist at nineteen years recent, became a biological process anyway treadmill revel in. He toiled redundantly on different trendy works following two years.

Twenty years took Homer's career as Associate creator. His initial works, sometimes trendy inscriptions of town and North American country social scenes, area unit pictured by ways for clean diagrams, efficient table work, emotional correlation of sunshine and dark, and dynamic figure groupings characteristics that stayed pressing for the term of his career. His brisk satisfaction was generally a right away results of this solid

18 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter comprehension of picture format and moreover to the flexibility of his plans to wood etching.

Then, he opened a studio within the tenth street Studio building in huge innovative and distributing capital at the U.S in 1859,Till 1863 he visited categories on the state wide Academy of format, and targeted briefly with Frederic Rondeau, showed him the fundamentals of painting. In best a few time of selftraining, Homer becomes manufacturing wonderful oil work. When his mother wanted to plan to send him to Europe for additionally take a goose at anyway rather Harper's despatched Homer to the front hints of the American Civil War.Besides he painted war scenes and camp presence, the tranquil minutes nonetheless the deadly ones. His starter attracts are of the camp, leaders, and military of the acclaimed Union official, head unbounded St. George B. McClellan, on the banks of the river in Oct, 1861.

Notwithstanding his approach that the drawings did not get bounty enthusiasm on the time, they mark Homer's increasing abilities from creator to painter. Like together with his urban scenes, Homer likewise portrayed ladies throughout war time, and thorough the impacts of the fighting on the house front. The war work become touch and go and troublesome.Back at his studio, however, Homer may recover his power and reawareness his innovative artistic and farsighted. He set to remove at a sequence of battle connected attainment obsessed on his portrayals, among them Sharpshooter on picket commitment (1862), household, candy residential (1863), and Prisoners from the front (1866). Furthermore, he showed native, treats home at the state wide Academy and its extraordinary important gathering finished in its short deal and within the craftsman being chosen an Academician, at that time a full Academician in 1865. Once the fight, Homer turned his thought each currently and once more to scenes of youth

19 Ufuk Çetin and younger girls, mirroring his own one in all a form, and therefore the U.S's, nostalgia for fewer difficult occasions.

In the wake of showing on the wide Academy of style, Homer on these lines created a visit to Paris, France in 1867 whereby he stayed for a year. Then his most applauded early depict, Prisoners from the front, became on show at the Exposition Universelle in Paris at the equivalent time. He did not concentrate formally anyway he rehearsed show painting as dogging with to works of art for Harper's, representational process scenes of Parisian ways that of life.

Homer painted around twelve very little work of art throughout the stay. In spite of his approach he showed up in France throughout a amount of in progress designs in creation, Homer's important worry for his creation become working person ways that of life, indicating a bigger quantity of a meeting with the created French Barbizon college and therefore the craftsman Millet, at that time with underclassman specialists Manet and Courbet. What’s more, that his aspect interest in representational process traditional mellow equals that of the first impressionists, there's no proof of direct impact as he become effectively a pleinair painter in the U.S. He had simply designed up a nonopen vogue that becomes bounty nearer to Manet than painter. Sadly, Homer was nonpublic roughly his nonpublic ways that of life and his techniques (in any event, denying his becoming the first any nonopen measurements or explanation) but his position become really one in everything concerning of favor and a dedication to American points. As his craftsman Eugene Benson composed, Homer accepted that specialists need to near examine pictures anyway ought to stammer in their terribly own language.

At some part throughout the decade Homer unbroken work of art for the foremost half rustic or unspoiled scenes of

20 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter homestead ways that of life, children sporting, and teenagers connection aboard U.S. school (1871) and therefore the Morning Bell (1872). Homer quit filling in as a contemporary creator and pledged to measure to inform the story on his work of art and watercolors while not anyone else in 1875.Though his brilliant basic ill fame, his price go endured to remain unstable.

On account of frustrations with young girls or from another fervid strife, Homer have gotten delinquent within the overdue 1870's, not enjoying urban social ways that of life and living as a substitute in Gloucester. For a few time, he even lived in a during a in Associate exceedingly in a very beacon on an island (with the guardian's hover of family members). In rearranging his feeling for the ocean, Homer set an expensive flexibly of points as cautiously gazing at the anglers, the sea, and therefore the marine climate.

In 1883, Homer stirred to Prout's Neck, ME in Scarborough and underpopulated his own family's directing remodeled carriage home simply 75 feet from the ocean. Throughout the unreeling of the mid1880's, Homer painted his mammoth ocean scenes. In Undertow (1886), representational process the sensational salvage of two girl bathers by suggests that of male lifeguards, Homer's figures have the heap and authority of ancient figures. In eight Bells (1886), mariners warily take their course at hand, equally evaluating their position and by ways for augmentation, their following with the sea; they are secured of their acquisition anyway alert to the powers ahead of them. Distinctive nice works of art among those emotional warwith nature photos area unit Banks skilled worker, The Gulf development, Rum Cay, Mending the Nets, and light source, Harbor entrance, Santiago DE Cuba. some of those he rehashed as etchings.

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Also, Homer found proposal in numerous summer season excursions toward the North Woods participation, close to the villa of Minerva, within the range. It remodeled into on those sportfishing excursions that he tested uninhibitedly with the watercolor medium, making works of the best energy and meaning, songs to isolation, nature, and to outside presence. Homer does not scale back from the brutality of blood sports nor the fight for endurance. The shading outcomes area unit intensely and simply applied. As so much as fine and development, Homer's accomplishments as a watercolourist area unit surprising: Homer had utilised his solitary ingenious and perceptive and approach of depict to create a gaggle of labor that has not been coordinated.

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Flower Garden and Bungalow Bermuda, 1899, Watercolor and graphite on offwhite wove paper, 35.4 x 53.2 cm

Beginning in 1884, Homer created unsimilar coldness visits to tropical areas and watercolor became his favored medium whereas venturing. In distinction together with his profound and utterly thought about Cullercoats watercolors, his tropical images were lighter in taking care of and fewer formal in arrangement. In overdue 1885 and middle 1886, he visited Sunshine State, depict in metropolis and town. He once more in 1890, remaining within the sportfishing system of enterprise at the St. Johns watercourse and painting watercolors impossible for his or her liquid washes and fragile shading harmonies. Throughout the frigidity of 1898, Homer was another time within the state. In one in all the foremost extreme productive interims of his later years, he created as a base

23 Ufuk Çetin twenty watercolors, recognized from those of 1884–85 by methodology of significantly a lot of splendid mild, more and more soaked hues, a lot of in depth strokes, and much less utilization of pencil underdrawing. Much identical amounts or considerably looser taking care of area unit resolved within the watercolors together with this one, that he painted throughout his visit to island in 1899.

Homer's developed watercolors area unit intriguing and check, quickly reactions to noticeable expertise. Nonetheless the approach that those works look straightforward, they were fastidiously organized, and even the best secured among them uncovers the craftsman's progressions and changes. You may even see, within the predetermination I will live by methodology of my watercolors, Homer is articulated to possess aforementioned. His forecast was right.His watercolors provided him with a beautiful profit, they've in no approach, form or type stopped to be thought, and their impact on craftsmen of succeeding ages have been important.

Homer's earliest Civil battle creation, following from around 1863, area unit narrative, almost like his prints. since the war interested in an in depth, nonetheless, such canvases because the Veteran in another field and Prisoners from the front mirror a a lot of distinguished important experience of the battle's impact which implies.

The craft of Winslow Homer is very arduous to depict to the people haven't seen it, since it's by all accounts, in spite of the actual fact that clearly it is not, much autonomous of specialised ways and of specialised accomplishment. He strikes one as a characteristic power as critical as a ready craftsman as if he had clearly to visualize, to not stress over the use of his materials. His taking care of is simple and much ruthless, however in its

24 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter toughness and absence of luxury there's a fantastic meaning of qualities. His draftsmanship is that the opposite of pedantic, but is ready apart by a motivating feeling of mass and weight and development. He's not very a painter, and his work tends, infrequently, to reduce itself nearly to high distinction, however he's equipped for unclear totality and power of shading. His arrangement is thus distinctive and, regularly, thus casual that it's going to be refered to by the people discredit composition as futile or nonexistent, however a dominance of configuration is probably his most putting gift. Every important work of his has another and intriguing example, as unflawed in its characteristic nature of adjusted area and line as in its quality of the craftsman's state of mind or of the mindset of nature that roused it. (Cox, 1910, p. 25)

Homer's paint application throughout the in 186o's and middle '70's was systematically careful, his hues dashing to patches of blue and red seen against earthy grounds, all wiggly so as to present the very important tonal assortment and commonality. Skylines would normally be high, a number of the time nonexistent, pushing creations toward the surface of the image, and as of currently Homer was dotty with the broad flat configuration that returns throughout his work, distending the pictorial second. (Millard, 1973-1974, p.69)

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A Basket of Clams, 1873, Watercolor on wove paper, 29.2 x 24.8 cm

In June 1873 Homer visited Gloucester, Massachusetts, within he painted his first watercolors, delineations of the neighborhood kids sporting in dories, sitting at the wharves, supporting with tasks, or unquestionably distracted by suggests that of their own younger considerations. One in all the foremost extreme charming results of that middle year amount of experimentation is A Basket of Clams. This is often the earliest

26 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter watercolor with the guide of him to be gotten by the repository. The craftsman summarizes the modest obligations of youth during this appealing picture of young men transfer an enormous bushel of shellfishes close a shelltossed boundary. The gift homes and therefore the cut spar boat seek advice from Gloucester's ocean action. For Homer, the overdue decennary and therefore the decade are a amount of innovative experimentation and productive and differed yield. He lived in New York city, creating his home primarily through coming up with magazine representations and building his ubiquitousness as a painter, but he watched his themes within the undeniably accepted ocean aspect hotels in Massachusetts and New Jersey, and within the range, provincial country, and therefore the White Mountains of recent Hampshire.

Homer's watercolors given another width and intensity into watercolor painting. Up to the current time most add the medium had been within the proportional font of completed portrayal essentially hued drawing. Homer dropped at watercolor the soul of Impressionism fixation on visual sensations, wide taking care of, putting improvement, brave shading. No watercolourist of the time stirred toward him in specialised authority, in width and lustre of washes, within the inerrable sureness with that the image was developed from the first pencil signs to the last firm brushstroke. He was in every stunt of the art, frequently keeping the medium pure and easy. (Fine Arts Society Of San Diego)

Together with his name appended bears the reflex of a specific creative impression. His vogue is large and free, sensible and easy, and striking; and an outsized range of his completed Nvorks have Somewhat of the charm of outside attracts were, to be sure, painted within the daylight, within the prompt distance of nature; whereas within the better of them might alvays be perceived a selected honorable simplicity, and moderation, that

27 Ufuk Çetin one feels grateful for throughout a time of overlaid spread together with a wealth of free touchesm beverage in propelled unconsciousniess of rules, and once during a whereas fine enough nearly to create up for inadequacy of surfaces and weakness of association of shading to sentimnent. His black figures as recently brought from Virginia, area unit during a few regards in their complete chance from traditionalism and mannerism, in their solid look of life, and in their delicate feeling for character the most accomplishment Ful things of the type that this nation has however created. (American Painters. Winslow Homer, p.22)

Prisoners from the Front, 1866, Oil on canvas, 61 x 96.5cm

As an artist correspondent for Harper’s Weekly, Homer visited the Union front instances at some stage within the war. Painted once the battle terminated, this canvas refers to brigadier general favored Francis Channing Barlow’s seize of help squaddies and officers at intervals the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse court docket residence (Virginia) in may also 1864.It symbolizes the philosophic rift among North and South within the

28 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter different postures of the members and therefore the physical distance among them. The work created Homer’s recognition in 1866 at the annual exhibition of recent York’s wide Academy of layout and have become tested to equally essential acclaim on the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.

In 1866, influenced in all probability through the possibility to visualize of his Civil warfare art work on the Exposition Universelle, Homer had begun a tenmonth sojourn in Paris and therefore the French rural area. As there is also very little likelihood of have a control on from people of the French avantgarde, Homer shared their challenge interests, their fascination with serial mental imagery, and their option to incorporate into their works out of doors lightweight, flat and easy work and unfastened proficiency.

The art of Winslow Homer is especially troublesome to explain to those that haven't seen it, as a result of it appears to be, though in fact it's not, virtually freelance of technical ways and of technical accomplishment. He strikes one as a natural force instead of as a trained artistas if he had solely to visualize, to not worry over the utilization of his materials. His handling is forthright and virtually brutal, however in its strength and lack of agreeableness there's a good subtlety of values. His draughtsmanship is that the reverse of educational, however is marked by a rare sense of bulk and weight and movement. He's few painter, and his work tends, at times, to scale back itself virtually to black and white, however he's capable of astonishing fullness and force of coloring. His style is thus original and, often, thus informal that it would be cited by those that objurgate composition as useless or nonexistent, however a mastery of style is probably his most putting endowment. Each major work of his encompasses a new and attention grabbing pattern, as good in its intrinsic quality of balanced area and line as in its quality of the artist's mood or of the

29 Ufuk Çetin mood of nature that impressed it. There's nothing daintily aesthetic concerning this art, and it's not calculated for the drawingroom. Homer's footage will hardly have an excessive amount of lightweight or an excessive amount of distance, whereas their lustiness would like concern no competition, and that they area unit, therefore, notably reception during a nice gallery.

The Cannon Rock is one in all Homer's marines from the ME coast. The instant chosen here is that of the recoil of the broken wave, and if it doesn't offer quite the overwhelming sense of weight that Homer will convey as no different painter has tired his footage of breaking waves, There's however a colossal and dangerous bulk within the glumly gathering water and nice.

Truth of observation within the steady, sweeping onset of the second wave, which can be thundering concerning North American country in another moment. (Winslow Homer, The Burlington Magazine, p.12)

Snap the Whip, 1872, Oil on canvas, 30.5 x 50.8 cm

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In the years once America's unpitying war (1861), kids as exemplifications of innocence and therefore the guarantee of the US's future have become acclaimed creative check. Snap the Whip, one of Homer's most extreme valued works, elicited sentimentality for the realm's farming past because the individuals stirred to cities, and therefore the very little pink college building reduced from memory. Discharged from their exercises, the wealthy exposed young men participate in a vigorous spherical of snap the whip, that needed cooperation, influence, and count every single basic competence for a rejoining US. A prior, vast rendition of this check (Butler Institute of American workmanship) become a few of the best praised compositions on the 1876 Centennial overall Exhibition, command in Philadelphia the US's first world's easy. Adaptation varies from the legitimate in its history, with a broad sky dynamical an expensive mountain assortment, creating the image less domestically attention grabbing.

Ladies at beguilement and children at play or genuinely distracted through their own one in all a form considerations were customary subjects for the craftsman throughout the decade. Nonetheless extending his authority of paint all because the decade progressed, Homer began to create watercolors, their prosperity authorised him to surrender his work as an freelance creator with the guide of 1875. He are in Virginia throughout the competition, and he lower back there in any event once sooner or later of the mid1870s, plain to observe and depict what had occurred to the lives of previous slaves over the span of the most decade of freeing.

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Dressing for the Carnival, 1877, Oil on canvas, 50.8 x 76.2cm

Delivered a year once the official disappointment of Reconstruction the withdrawal of presidency troops from the South Homer's difficult subject evokes each the disengagement Associate constancy of African American modus vivendi that remodeled into an inheritance of thrall. The numerous acknowledge speaks to a Jonkonnu individual, a Christmas trip party once saw by methodology of laden blacks in Virginia and North Carolina. Established within the approach of lifetime of country archipelago, the opposition mixed African and English customs. Once the Civil clash, views were joined into African American July 4 festivities, to that the depict's credible name, sketch fourth in Virginia, alluded.

In the middle Eighteen Eighties, Homer came more and more to inclination isolation, and his work of art took on another power. In 1881, he ventured intent on European country on his second and absolute last expertise abroad. Within the wake of

32 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter getting into a shell through London, he settled in Cullercoats, a city shut Tynemouth on the sea, staying there from the spring of 1881 to 1882. He got touchy to the tightened and gallant existences of its public, for the foremost half the ladies, whom he pictured propulsion and purging fish, retouching nets, and, greatest powerfully, standing at the water's territory, sitting tight for the arrival of their men. Where as the craftsman lower back to each and his specialty are primarily modified.

Northeaster, 1895, Oil on canvas, 87.6 x 127 cm

At the ME coast, a north easter could be a cyclone of astounding brutality and length. whereas Homer antecedently indicated this canvas in 1895, it enclosed two in foulclimate apparatuses squatting on the rocks beneath a littler section of splash. In spite of the approach that the depict remodeled into fitly got and purchased through a main gatherer of American work of art George Hearn, later gave it to the Metropolitan Museum.Homer restored it to unimaginable impact.

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The Veteran in a New Field, 1865, Oil on canvas, 61.3 x 96.8cm

Painted quickly once general Henry Martyn Robert E. Lee's acquiescence on April nine, 1865, and President patriarch Lincoln's death five days once the actual fact, Homer's canvas portrays a symbolic husbandman, uncovered to be a Union veteran too through his disposed of coat and instrumentation at the reduction acceptable. His vogue evokes the terrible Reaper, reviewing the battle's collect of death and communication disappointment at Lincoln's crime. A redemptive capability is that the copious wheat a northern harvest that may hint the Union's triumph. Alluding to cost and life, Homer's infamous sythesis offers a groundbreaking reflection on America's penances and its capability for recovery.

Inside the middle year of 1883, Homer stirred from New York State to Prouts Neck, Maine, a foreland 10 miles south of Portland. with the exception of occasion excursions to the range, Canada, Florida, and therefore the Caribbean, whereby he delivered fabulous watercolors, Homer underpopulated Prouts

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Neck till his passing. He delighted in detachment and become roused by utilizing security and quiet to shading the dynamite problems with his profession.The competition of people towards the ocean and therefore the relationship of delicate, impermanent human presence to the immutableness of nature.

Fishing Boats; Key West, 1903, Watercolor and graphite on offwhite wove paper

Not several of Homer's watercolors rival this one for its belongings of stewing daylight and hot air, completed through the pace of utility of soggy on wet washes, the wide and in a position misuse of the written report save, and therefore the affordable wiping of wet color, expressly within the shadows, reflective mild off the water. This image is equally pretty for the wide assortment and perceivability of its pencil marks, not completely to connote a number of the pontoons' gear (and deceiving the painting of a sailing vessel within the gift that the craftsman altered out) however additionally to enliven the stir of the material raised through apparition breeze. By methodology of correlation, Homer,

35 Ufuk Çetin in skillful vogue, essentially smirched within the figures original, relinquishing nothing in their form and weight; they even appear to speak.

In intense works of the Eighties, of us challenge the ocean's quality with their own special vitality and saucy or react to the ocean's impressive power in scenes of emotional salvage.By utilizing around 1890, be that because it might, Homer deserted account to specialise in the magnificence, weight, and dramatization of the ocean itself. In their dynamic items and lavishly finished sections, his overdue seascapes catch the looks and believe and even advocate the sound of lots of onrushing and subsiding water. For Homer's counterparts, those had been the best high modish of each one in all his works. They persevere being among his most wellliked today, favored for his or her virtuoso proficiency, profundity of feeling, and traces of pioneer reflection.

The Gulf Stream, 1899, Oil on canvas, 71.4 x 124.8 cm,

Back in Prouts Neck, Maine, once one of his snowy climate visits to the state, Homer painted this sensational scene of

36 WINSLOW HOMER An American Painter close at hand collapse. A personal faces his cost on a dismasted, purposeless sportfishing vessel, supported by solely a few of stalks of sugarcane and compromised by utilizing sharks and a removed waterspout. He's unprotective the clipper on the left skyline, that Homer later adscititious to the canvas as a sign of assured salvage. A few of expertise history specialists have analyze The Gulf development as emblematic, interfacing it with the period's elevated racial strains. The depict has likewise been deciphered as a declaration of Homer's assumed feel of mortality and quality following the downfall of his father.

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Through 1900, Homer sooner or later reached economic stability, as his artwork fetched right charges from museums and he began to receive rents from real property houses. He additionally became free of the duties of caring for his father who had died years earlier.

Homer endured producing exceptional watercolors, totally on journeys to Canada and the Caribbean. Other late works consist of seascapes absent of human figures, ordinarily of waves crashing towards rocks in various mild.

In his final decade, he followed the advice he gave a scholar artist in 1907.

Homer died in 1910 at the age of 74 in his Prout's Neck studio and was interred within the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His portray, taking pictures the Rapids, Saguenay River, stays unfinished.

His Prout's Neck studio is now owned by means of the Portland Museum of artwork.

From the late 1850s until his dying in 1910, Winslow Homer produced a body of work distinguished through its considerate expression and its independence from artistic conventions.

A person of more than one talents, Homer excelled equally within the arts of illustration, oil painting, and watercolor.

Lots of his Works depictions of children at play and in college, of farm girls getting to their work, hunters and their prey have turn out to be conventional photographs of nineteenth century

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American life. Others communicate to extra general subject matters inclusive of the primal relationship of man to nature.

Highlighting a huge and consultant range of Homer's artwork, this net function traces his extraordinary career from the battlefields, farmland, and coastal villages of the us, to the North Sea fishing village of Cullercoats, the rocky coast of Maine, the Adirondacks, and the Caribbean, presenting visitors the opportunity to revel in and respect the breadth of his brilliant inventive achievement.

In our research, nine of Homer’s works were chosen each representing separate styles and colors of U.S. Every painting represents dexterity of his artistic career as time goes by. Winslow Homer is a direct observer of nature and people so he chose his compositions, themes and other notions related to his art accordingly.

He left many valuable paintings in American painting art in 19th century still very popular by all over the world.

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On the Beach Two Are Company,Three Are None Two Are Company, Three Are None, Harper's Weekly, 1872

Thanksgiving in Camp, Harper's Weekly, 1862

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Gloucester Harbor,1873

Gloucester Harbor, detail,1873

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Perils of the Sea, 1881

Perils of the Sea, detail, 1881

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Song of the Lark,1876

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Dad is coming, 1874

Dad is coming, details, 1874

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Dad is coming, details, 1874

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After the Hurricane, Bahamas, 1899

After the Hurricane, Bahamas, 1899

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A Rainy Day in Camp,1871

A Rainy Day in Camp, detail, 1871

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Camp Fire,1880

Fox Hunt,1893

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Fisherwomen,Cullercoats,1881

The Bridle Path, 1868

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The Guide,1895

The new novel,1877

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Coming Through the Rye, 1867

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A Visit from the Old Mistress, 1876

Croquet Players, 1865

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Girl and Daisies, 1878

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Home, Sweet Home, 1863

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Mending the Nets, 1882

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On the Trail, c. 1892,

Red Shirt, Homosassa, Florida, 1904

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Salt Kettle, Bermuda, 1899

Santiago de Cuba: Street Scene, 1885.

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Santiago de Cuba, 1885

The Milk Maid, 1878

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The Life Line, 1884

The Red Canoe,1889

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Artists Sketching in the White Mountains, 1868

The Cotton Pickers, 1864

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Girl Carrying a Basket, 1882

Cloud Shadows, 1890

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Girl Reading Under an Oak Tree,1879

Peach Blossoms, 1879

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The return of the Gleaner,1867

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Three Boys on the Shore, 1873

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 American Painters.Winslow Homer And F. A. Bridgman., The Art Journal  Colbert C., (2003) Winslow Homer, Reluctant Modern, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 38, No. 1, The University Of Chicago Press On Behalf Of The Henry Francis Du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc.  Cox, K.,(1910) Winslow Homer, The Metropolitan Museum Of Art Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 11,The Metropolitan Museum Of Art  Downes, W. H., (1911) The Life And Works Of Winslow Homer, With Illustrations, Boston And New York Houghton Mifflin Company The Cambridge.  Fine Arts Society Of San Diego, (Unknown Date) Winslow Homer18361910 Eastman Johnson 18241906, California, Wildenstein & Co., Inc.,19 East 64th Street, New York.  Goodrich, L.,(1973) Homer, W. Whitney Museum Of American Art, New York April 3 To June 3.  Millard, C.W.,(1974) Winslow Homer, The Hudson Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, The Hudson Review, Inc.  Winslow Homer, The Burlington Magazine (Vol. Xii)

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 Murphy, Alexandra R. Winslow Homer in the Clark Collection. Williamstown, Mass: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 1986. ISBN 0931102197

 Sherman, Frederic Fairchild, American Painters of Yesterday and Today, 1919, Priv. print in New York. Chapter: Early Paintings by Winslow Homer: http://www.archive.org/stream/americanpainters00sheriala# page/n67/mode/2up

 Malcolm, John, Simpson’s Homer, 2001 and 2006. This art mystery novel, the only novel to feature Winslow Homer, involves Tim Simpson tracking down an unknown watercolour by Homer of Cullercoats in 1881. ISBN 1901167143

 Wood, Peter H. Winslow Homer and the American Civil War A lecture on Homer's painting Near Andersonville and his relationship to the Civil War. Southern Spaces, 4 Mart 2011.

 Winslow Homer in the National Gallery of Art This Web Feature traces the artist's career from the late 1850s until his death in 1910, and includes zoomable images with high resolution details.

 White Mountain paintings by Winslow Homer

 Winslow Homer Artwork Examples on AskART.

 Winslow Homer: Making Art, Making History Exhibition held at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute in 2005. The exhibition website showcases the range of Homer's work—oil paintings, watercolors, drawings and etchings, as well as approximately 120

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wood engravings and other reproductions from the Clark's collections.

 Winslow Homer at the Clark: a series of videos produced by the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute that explore the themes, contexts and techniques of Winslow Homer works in the Clark collection.

 Winslow Homer biography, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

 Winslow Homer Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

 Winslow Homer papers online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

 Philip C. Beam papers, c. 1946 c. 1993; Homer historian and his related collection from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

 Winslow Homer collection at the CooperHewitt, National Design Museum

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I was born in 1973 in Çorlu -Tekirdağ. Because of my father's duty, I continued my education in different parts of Turkey.I attended primary school education at Ahmet Paşa Primary School in Kayseri.Then my Secondary School education was at Atatürk Secondary School in Malatya.I graduated from Atatürk High School in Tatvan-Bitlis. In 1995, I graduated from Konya, Selcuk University Department of English Language Teaching, Faculty of Education.Moreover,I wrote my graduation thesis on famous American author Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie book Turkish translation mistakes made by Can Yücel. In 1996, I began to work at Trakya University, Tekirdağ Vocational college as an English Instructor.I completed my military service in 1997 in Isparta.I had been in Denmark because of a scholarship given by International People College for Lifelong Learning Programme at different level courses including Danish. In 2005, at Trakya University, Art History department I began to my master study.Besides,I prepared my graduation thesis about one of the 19th century British landscape painters John Constable. I graduated from it in 2008. During my master study, I won a Grundtvig scholarship from European Commission and went to United Kingdom, Llangohlen-Wales.I have been working at Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Çorlu Enginering Faculty at present.I give English and Art history courses.Furthermore,I have three books written up to now. In 2012, I started my Phd study at İstanbul University Art History department and graduated in 2018.I wrote my doctorate thesis on Smyrna Physiologus inspiring storybooks all over the world.While I was writing my phd thesis, I went to Sweden to make my research at Uppsala University.Moreover,I know English and German at different levels.I have some articles published international and national

69 Ufuk Çetin journals.My research areas covering European, American art ranging from various Digital and Abstract art mediums.

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