De La Génétique Des Populations À L'écologie Des Communautés

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

De La Génétique Des Populations À L'écologie Des Communautés - Université Montpellier 2 - SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H È S E En vue d’obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER 2 Discipline : Evolution, Ecologie, Ressources Génétiques, Paléontologie École Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 7 décembre 2011 par Thomas LAMY De la génétique des populations à l’écologie des communautés : le cas des mollusques d’eau douce aux Antilles françaises JURY Olivier HARDY Chercheur, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique Rapporteur Jérôme CHAVE Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Toulouse Rapporteur Isabelle OLIVIERI Professeur, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier Examinateur Patrice DAVID Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Montpellier Directeur de thèse Philippe JARNE Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Montpellier Membre invité Remerciements Je souhaiterais commencer cette partie en remerciant chaleureusement mes deux directeurs de thèse. Philippe, tu es le premier à m’avoir motivé à venir en thèse à Montpellier, et franchement ça en valait le coup ! Je sais qu’il n’est pas facile d’assurer à la fois le rôle de directeur de labo et celui de directeur de thèse. Pourtant tu as toujours été disponible et présent pour discuter, notamment lors de la dernière ligne droite. Bravo pour ton organisation irréprochable et ce fut un réel plaisir de travailler avec toi. Je regrette toutefois une chose : ne avoir connu les joies du terrain avec toi, car moi aussi, je voudrais prétexter de partir échantillonner des mélanos pour en fait boire des bières ! Je me souviens encore d’une des premières discussions que j’ai eues avec toi : tu soutenais que les questions scientifiques sont bien plus importantes que le choix du système d’étude. Je crois que j’ai cogité sur cette question durant toute ma thèse … et je n’arrive pas à me résoudre à l’idée qu’on puisse faire de l’écologie et de l’évolution sans s’intéresser à certains groupes en particuliers. Heureusement j’aime à la fois les petites bêtes et les questions scientifiques ! Patrice, en acceptant une thèse à Montpellier je ne savais pas avec qui je m’engageais. Et pourtant quelle chance j’ai eue de tomber sur un directeur de thèse comme toi ! Toujours disponible pour discuter, pour répondre à mes nombreuses questions, pour venir griffonner des petites formules sur des feuilles de papier (qui deviennent ensuite des collectors) et pour m’encourager ! Tu as une capacité incroyable à synthétiser les questions les plus compliquées en un raisonnement simple. Tes qualités de pédagogue et ta gentillesse font qu’il est vraiment très agréable de travailler, de réfléchir et de discuter avec toi. J’ai beaucoup appris à tes côtés, du terrain (où j’ai adoré passer des heures à patauger dans les mares de Guadeloupe ou à savoir qui se déciderait le premier à retourner à la voiture ...), aux analyses (au final je pense que tu es bien plus pointilleux que moi !), en passant par la mise en mots des idées (même si là, entre Philippe et toi c’est toute une histoire !) en finissant par le ti-punch de 19h et les Tom Kha ultra épicées. Merci pour tout ! Un grand merci à notre maître mollusque à tous à l’expérience quasi-millénaire Jean-Pierre. Je garde un super souvenir de nos missions à trois, à la recherche de l’escargot perdu sous les tropiques Antillais et asiatiques. On repart quand vous voulez, maintenant que je suis contaminé ! Merci aussi à Olivier de m’avoir initié aux joies du Bayésien, même si j’ai encore beaucoup à apprendre de ce coté-là ! Je pense qu’on a dû intriguer plus d’une personne à parler de sec et de mouillé. J’espère que nous pourrons continuer à travailler ensemble sur d’autres mollusqueries. Merci à John Pannell et Rick Relyea pour d’intéressantes discussions sur mon sujet de thèse lors de vos séjours au CEFE ainsi qu’aux membres de mes comités de thèse, Arnaud Estoup, Nicolas Mouquet et Finn Kjellberg. Fraichement débarqué sur Montpellier en début de thèse je termine celle-ci avec la grande satisfaction d’avoir rencontré de nombreuses et fantastiques personnes qui m’ont permis de m’épanouir dans cette ville. Entre autre, je voudrais remercier Thomas (je commence par toi, comme ça tu ne pourras pas faire ton calimero, chercheur en zone humide), Fred (révise ta chorégraphie pour le jour de ma soutenance, par contre tu n’auras pas accès au micro …), Ricou (Olé), Marie (cereja), Thibaut (laranja), Laurène (cerveja), PAC, Stéphanie, Xavier (oliva), Marie-Pierre, Nico (master glm), Marjo, Nath. Un grand Merci à big buddy Ben, compagnon de bureau et surtout de moustache (Olé), Adri (Master Cobra). Un grand merci à Cath pour toutes les bonnes soirées passées ensemble. Merci à Sarah (Guillaume Canet !!!), Julio, Romain, Lulu in the sky, Marine, Salem et Alex Caf pour tous les bons moments (de décadence ?) passés ensemble en début de thèse ! Merci aussi à la jeune génération que j’ai eu l’occasion de rencontrer au CEFE et ailleurs notamment à Joy (australian), Menad, Saliha, Flo : j’ai adoré nos parties de cartes ;). Et à la plus vieille génération aussi : Hélène, Mathieu, Aud, etc… Merci à tous les gens du CBGP et du BGPI que j’ai rencontré (petite pensée à Dounia, Juju et Fab en phase terminale) qui se reconnaitront. Un merci à tous les compagnons de galère en troisième année et avec qui j’ai passé de très bons moments : Sarah, Mathieu, Romain, Julio, Roxane, Nico … Merci à tous les basketteurs du midi, on a un super petit groupe ! Merci à toute l’équipe, anciennement GenDyn et maintenant GENEV. Merci aux anciens qui m’ont montré le chemin Ben, Hélène (notre maman à tous !), Josh, François, Elo (Attention aux mares, ça glisse ;)). Merci à tous les gens de l’équipe qui m’ont gentiment encouragé tout au long de la fin de thèse : Adeline, Nico, Luis, Fabien et Romain. Merci aussi à tous les autres membres de l’équipe. Merci à tous les gens du bâtiment 4 de la fac d’avoir rendu ma vie de moniteur plus simple et à toutes les personnes avec lesquelles j’ai interagi. J’aimerais aussi chaleureusement remercier toutes les personnes qui ont pris le temps de commenter ou de relire des parties de ma thèse : tout d’abord un grand merci à François d’y avoir consacré du temps malgré son emploi du temps bien chargé. Merci à Luis, Anne, PAC et Delph pour vos remarques très intéressantes ou les discussions enrichissantes. Merci à toutes les personnes du service des marqueurs génétiques du CEFE où j’ai passé pas mal de temps : Marie-Pierre, Véro, Mathieu, Laure, Marjo. Je crois que plus de 3000 escargots ont été sacrifiés sur l’autel de la génétique des populations durant ma thèse. Toutefois cela n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide finale d’Adeline, merci à toi. Merci aussi à Laurène et Géraldine. C’était très agréable de vous encadrer durant vos stages et de pouvoir réfléchir ensemble à de nombreuses problématiques. Merci aux amis qui sont là depuis plus longtemps, Fafa, Tom, Mika, Alex. Enfin, Seb, un grand merci pour tous les bons moments que nous avons passé ensemble sur Montpellier et pour tes encouragements à la fin de la thèse. Je pensais que la fin de thèse serait très dure, pourtant une personne m’a aidé à rendre ces moments beaucoup plus simples voir même agréables. Merci beaucoup ma Delph de m’avoir soutenu tout au long de ma thèse et d’avoir rendu la fin de celle-ci presque indolore. Tu m’as aidé à garder les pieds sur terre et tu m’as insufflé l’énergie nécessaire pour que je me donne à fond. Pour finir, merci à ma famille de m’avoir toujours soutenu : je vais enfin terminer mes études …. ! Et à tous ceux que j’oublie : merci ! Sommaire INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 4 I. Qu’est ce qu’un paysage fragmenté ? ............................................................................ 6 A. Dynamique d’une espèce dans un paysage fragmenté : la Mélitée du plantain sur les îles Åland .......................................................................................................................................................6 B. Quels sont les critères à remplir pour que la dynamique d’une espèce soit affectée par la fragmentation ? ............................................................................................................................8 a. Distinguer les habitats dans une matrice de non-habitat ......................................................8 b. Estimer la discontinuité dans une carte d’habitat .................................................................9 c. Une dynamique indépendante entre des fragments hétérogènes d’habitat ..................... 11 d. Le concept de métapopulation ............................................................................................ 11 C. Une fragmentation de plus en plus importante des paysages .................................................. 13 D. Fragmentation des espèces er fragmentation des communautés ........................................... 15 II. Dynamique des gènes et des espèces dans un paysage fragmenté ............................... 16 A. Des processus similaires soumis à des forces analogues ........................................................... 16 B. Fondements de la théorie en génétique des populations et en écologie des communautés ... 17 a. Dynamique autonome des allèles et des espèces dans un fragment isolé ........................... 17 b. Spatialisation de la dynamique des allèles et des espèces .................................................... 21 C.
Recommended publications
  • 2347-503X Assessment of Coastal Pollution Using Faunal Composit
    Research Chronicler, International Multidisciplinary Refereed Peer Reviewed Indexed Research Journal ISSN: Print: 2347-5021 www.research-chronicler.com ISSN: Online: 2347-503X Assessment of Coastal Pollution Using Faunal Composition of Macrobenthos from Panvel Creek, Navi Mumbai, West Coast of India Prabhakar Ramchandra Pawar,1 Leena N. Meshram,2 Sunil M. Udawant,3 Rauphunnisa F. Inamdar4 1,2,3Mahatma Phule Arts, Science & Commerce College, Panvel, Dist. – Raigad, Navi Mumbai, (M.S.) India 4Veer Wajekar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Phunde, Uran, Dist. – Raigad, Navi Mumbai, (M.S.) India Abstract Diversity of macrobenthos from Panvel creek remain poorly known. Here, the species composition and abundance of macrobenthos is explored from June 2018 to May 2019 to assess the ecological status of the creek. 18 species of macrobenthic fauna consisting of 14 genera, 12 families, 06 orders and 05 classes were recorded. The most abundant taxa were polychaetes, crustaceans, gastropods and pelecypods. Species belonging to Polynoidae, Cerithiidae, Potamididae, Neritidae and Trapezidae shows highest distribution and abundance. The creek is dominated by Perinereis cultrifera, Clypeomorus bifasciata, Potamides cingulatus, Nerita oryzarum and Neotrapezium sublaevigatum. N. sublaevigatum of the family Trapezidae from the class Bivalvia is recorded as an opportunistic taxa which exploits disturbed condition due to environmental stress. This study showed that at present though the creek is resourceful and supports the coastal marine life, is under considerable stress of anthropogenic inputs. Coastal environment of Panvel creek is deteriorating due to ongoing construction of Navi Mumbai International Airport and unplanned development activities. Present information could be helpful as a baseline data for further study of anthropogenic inputs on coastal ecosystem of Panvel creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on Neritina Turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions
    Hristov, K.K. AvailableInd. J. Pure online App. Biosci. at www.ijpab.com (2020) 8(5), 1-10 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8319 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(5), 1-10 Research Article Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal Observations on Neritina turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions Kroum K. Hristov* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia - 1431, Bulgaria *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 15.08.2020 | Revised: 22.09.2020 | Accepted: 24.09.2020 ABSTRACT Neritina turrita (Gmelin 1791) along with other Neritina, Clithon, Septaria, and other fresh- water snails are popular animals in ornamental aquarium trade. The need for laboratory-bred animals, eliminating the potential biohazard risks, for the ornamental aquarium trade and the growing demand for animal model systems for biomedical research reasons the work for optimising a successful breading protocol. The initial results demonstrate N. turrita as tough animals, surviving fluctuations in pH from 5 to 9, and shifts from a fresh-water environment to brackish (2 - 20 ppt), to sea-water (35 ppt) salinities. The females laid over 630 (at salinities 0, 2, 10 ppt and temperatures of 25 - 28oC) white oval 1 by 0.5 mm egg capsules continuously within 2 months after collecting semen from several males. Depositions of egg capsules are set apart 6 +/-3 days, and consist on average of 53 (range 3 to 192) egg capsules. Production of viable veligers was recorded under laboratory conditions. Keywords: Neritina turrita, Sea-water, Temperatures, Environment INTRODUCTION supposably different genera forming hybrids Neritininae are found in the coastal swamps of with each other, suggesting their close relation.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
    J OURNAL OF T HE L EPIDOPTERISTS’ S OCIETY Volume 62 2008 Number 2 Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 61(2), 2007, 61–66 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE IMMATURE STAGES AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FIVE ARGYNNIS SPP. (SUBGENUS SPEYERIA) (NYMPHALIDAE) FROM WASHINGTON DAVID G. JAMES Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24105 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Comparative illustrations and notes on morphology and biology are provided on the immature stages of five Arg- ynnis spp. (A. cybele leto, A. coronis simaetha, A. zerene picta, A. egleis mcdunnoughi, A. hydaspe rhodope) found in the Pacific Northwest. High quality images allowed separation of the five species in most of their immature stages. Sixth instars of all species possessed a fleshy, eversible osmeterium-like gland located ventrally between the head and first thoracic segment. Dormant first in- star larvae of all species exposed to summer-like conditions (25 ± 0.5º C and continuous illumination), 2.0–2.5 months after hatch- ing, did not feed and died within 6–9 days, indicating the larvae were in diapause. Overwintering of first instars for ~ 80 days in dark- ness at 5 ± 0.5º C, 75 ± 5% r.h. resulted in minimal mortality. Subsequent exposure to summer-like conditions (25 ± 0.5º C and continuous illumination) resulted in breaking of dormancy and commencement of feeding in all species within 2–5 days. Durations of individual instars and complete post-larval feeding development durations were similar for A. coronis, A. zerene, A. egleis and A.
    [Show full text]
  • MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY of the NERITIDAE (GASTROPODA: NERITIMORPHA) BASED on the MITOCHONDRIAL GENES CYTOCHROME OXIDASE I (COI) and 16S Rrna
    ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA Artículo de investigación MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE NERITIDAE (GASTROPODA: NERITIMORPHA) BASED ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENES CYTOCHROME OXIDASE I (COI) AND 16S rRNA Filogenia molecular de la familia Neritidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) con base en los genes mitocondriales citocromo oxidasa I (COI) y 16S rRNA JULIAN QUINTERO-GALVIS 1, Biólogo; LYDA RAQUEL CASTRO 1,2 , Ph. D. 1 Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular. INTROPIC. Universidad del Magdalena. Carrera 32# 22 - 08. Santa Marta, Colombia. [email protected]. 2 Programa Biología. Universidad del Magdalena. Laboratorio 2. Carrera 32 # 22 - 08. Sector San Pedro Alejandrino. Santa Marta, Colombia. Tel.: (57 5) 430 12 92, ext. 273. [email protected]. Corresponding author: [email protected]. Presentado el 15 de abril de 2013, aceptado el 18 de junio de 2013, correcciones el 26 de junio de 2013. ABSTRACT The family Neritidae has representatives in tropical and subtropical regions that occur in a variety of environments, and its known fossil record dates back to the late Cretaceous. However there have been few studies of molecular phylogeny in this family. We performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Neritidae using the COI (722 bp) and the 16S rRNA (559 bp) regions of the mitochondrial genome. Neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were performed. The best phylogenetic reconstruction was obtained using the COI region, and we consider it an appropriate marker for phylogenetic studies within the group. Consensus analysis (COI +16S rRNA) generally obtained the same tree topologies and confirmed that the genus Nerita is monophyletic. The consensus analysis using parsimony recovered a monophyletic group consisting of the genera Neritina , Septaria , Theodoxus , Puperita , and Clithon , while in the Bayesian analyses Theodoxus is separated from the other genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria Nokomis Nokomis [W.H
    Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria nokomis nokomis [W.H. Edwards]): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project April 25, 2007 Gerald Selby Ecological and GIS Services 1410 W. Euclid Ave. Indianola, IA 50125 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Selby, G. (2007, April 25). Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria nokomis nokomis [W.H. Edwards]): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/greatbasinsilverspotbutterfly.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This assessment was prepared for the Rocky Mountain Region of the USDA Forest Service under contract number 53-82X9-4-0074. I would like to express my appreciation to the USDA Forest Service staff with whom I worked on the project: Richard Vacirca reviewed earlier drafts, Gary Patton provided valuable general oversight for the project and suggested improvements for the final draft, John Sidle reviewed the final draft, Nancy McDonald provided final editorial review of the pre-publication manuscript, and Kimberly Nguyen prepared the manuscript for Web publication. The entire staff, including Richard Braun, the contracting officer, provided the flexibility and contract extensions needed to bring this assessment to final publication. Two anonymous reviewers also provided valuable feedback. Their careful review and editorial input helped to improve the quality of the final product greatly. I would also like to express my appreciation to Natural Heritage Program personnel and other experts (professional and amateur) that took time from their busy schedules to provide information and data needed to complete this assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Papilio (New Series) # 25 2016 Issn 2372-9449
    PAPILIO (NEW SERIES) # 25 2016 ISSN 2372-9449 ERNEST J. OSLAR, 1858-1944: HIS TRAVEL AND COLLECTION ITINERARY, AND HIS BUTTERFLIES by James A. Scott, Ph.D. in entomology University of California Berkeley, 1972 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. Ernest John Oslar collected more than 50,000 butterflies and moths and other insects and sold them to many taxonomists and museums throughout the world. This paper attempts to determine his travels in America to collect those specimens, by using data from labeled specimens (most in his remaining collection but some from published papers) plus information from correspondence etc. and a few small field diaries preserved by his descendants. The butterfly specimens and their localities/dates in his collection in the C. P. Gillette Museum (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado) are detailed. This information will help determine the possible collection locations of Oslar specimens that lack accurate collection data. Many more biographical details of Oslar are revealed, and the 26 insects named for Oslar are detailed. Introduction The last collection of Ernest J. Oslar, ~2159 papered butterfly specimens and several moths, was found in the C. P. Gillette Museum, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado by Paul A. Opler, providing the opportunity to study his travels and collections. Scott & Fisher (2014) documented specimens sent by Ernest J. Oslar of about 100 Argynnis (Speyeria) nokomis nokomis Edwards labeled from the San Juan Mts. and Hall Valley of Colorado, which were collected by Wilmatte Cockerell at Beulah New Mexico, and documented Oslar’s specimens of Oeneis alberta oslari Skinner labeled from Deer Creek Canyon, [Jefferson County] Colorado, September 25, 1909, which were collected in South Park, Park Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Variación Fenotípica De La Concha En Neritinidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) En Ríos De Puerto Rico
    Variación fenotípica de la concha en Neritinidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) en ríos de Puerto Rico Juan Felipe Blanco1, Silvana Tamayo1 & Frederick N. Scatena2,3 1. Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108, Medellín, Colombia. Apartado Aéreo 1226; [email protected]; [email protected] 2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales, Universidad de Pensilvania, Filadelfia, Estados Unidos. 3. Fallecido Recibido 12-XII-2013. Corregido 20-I-2014. Aceptado 13-II-2014. Abstract: Phenotypic variability of the shell in Neritinidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) in Puerto Rican rivers. Gastropods of the Neritinidae family exhibit an amphidromous life cycle and an impressive variability in shell coloration in Puerto Rican streams and rivers. Various nominal species have been described, but Neritina virginea [Linné 1758], N. punctulata [Lamarck 1816] and N. reclivata [Say 1822] are the only broadly reported. However, recent studies have shown that these three species are sympatric at the river scale and that species determination might be difficult due to the presence of intermediate color morphs. Individuals (8 751) were collected from ten rivers across Puerto Rico, and from various segments and habitats in Mameyes River (the most pristine island-wide) during three years (2000-2003), and they were assigned to one of seven phenotypes corresponding to nominal species and morphs (non-nominal species). The “axial lines and dots” morph cor- responding to N. reclivata was the most frequent island-wide, while the patelliform N. punctulata was scant, but the only found in headwater reaches. The “yellowish large tongues” phenotype, typical of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Species and Subspecies Accounts, Systematics, and Biogeography (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
    THE GENUS SPEYERIA AND THE Speyeria atlantis/Speyeria hesperis COMPLEX: SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ACCOUNTS, SYSTEMATICS, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) By JAMES CHRISTOPHER DUNFORD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 James Christopher Dunford 2 To my family, James F. Dunford, Karen and Lee Schwind, and Kim Dunford, as well as my extended family, Robert Sr., Mary Jane, Robert Jr., Michael, Scott, Jeff and Mark Zukowski, and George and Rena Dunford, and Carole Parshall; and finally my life long friends, Mitch Adams, Scott Brady, Stuart Iselin, John Kropp, Walter Schultz, and Greg Smith, who stood by my side as I pursued my entomological studies. Without their support (and patience), this would not have been possible. Good scientists surround themselves with great ones, and without the help of the superb biologists that I have had the great pleasure to work with along the way, I would not have attained some of my goals in life. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my co-chairs Lee D. Miller and Jacqueline Y. Miller (Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity [MGCL]. Their guidance, advice, patience and most of all friendship have made this research possible. I would also like to thank my remaining committee members Thomas C. Emmel (MGCL), Paul Z. Goldstein (MGCL), John B. Heppner (Florida State Collection of Arthropods [FSCA]), James E. Maruniak (University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department [UF-Ent. & Nem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aquatic Exodus: an Overview of Migratory Species in Jamaican Freshwater Systems
    The Aquatic Exodus: An Overview of Migratory Species in Jamaican Freshwater Systems Prepared by Ms. Kimberly John Freshwater Conservation Specialist The Nature Conservancy & Ms. Aisha Bailey Volunteer - Freshwater Conservation The Nature Conservancy Introduction Two mass migration events were recently reported in the Jamaican media (Daily Observer, January 9 th , 2006 and Jamaica Gleaner November 25 th , 2005). Both involved the natural migration of freshwater species from the sea to upstream areas in rivers. Active migrations within river systems are not usually noticed or recorded by scientists and locals in Jamaica (although they used to be a regular part of our rural culture). Consequently, the migrations of freshwater gobies between November 2005 and January 2006 sparked some temporary curiosity in the Jamaican public. What was not publicly emphasised at the time was that these were not rare, unnatural or ominous events. On the contrary the migration of many of Jamaica’s freshwater species from upstream areas to the sea and vice versa is a regular natural occurrence and an important facet of healthy, functional, aquatic ecosystems. This article aims to provide general ecological information on migration in Jamaica’s rivers -a virtual aquatic exodus- repeated over millennia across the island. This overview will hopefully provide scientists and non-scientists alike with some insight into this fascinating aspect of Jamaica’s natural history and set us thinking more critically about how our activities impact freshwater ecosystems. Figure 1: Front page of the Daily Observer, January 9th, 2005 - Spectators watch the upstream migration of thousands of juvenile gobies ( Sicidium Plumieri ) at the Yallahs fording.
    [Show full text]
  • A REVISION of SPEYERIA NOKOMIS (NYMPHALIDAE)L
    44 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY 1969. A revised synonymic list of the Nearctic Melitaeinae with taxonomic notes (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 23: 115-125. 1970. A revised synonymic catalog with taxonomic notes on some Nearctic Lycaenidae. J. Lepid. Soc. 24: 26-38. McALPINE, W. S., 1939. A new Metal Mark (Calephelis) from Texas. Bull. Brook­ lyn Ent. Soc. 34: 75-80. McDuNNOUGII, J. 1938. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part 1, Macrolepidoptera. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1 (1). 1939. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part 2, Microlepidoptera. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2 (1). A REVISION OF SPEYERIA NOKOMIS (NYMPHALIDAE)l CLIFFORD D. FERRIS University of vVyoming, Laramie, Wyoming MIKE FISHER 1200 Summit Road, Ponderosa Hills, Parker, Colorado It is proposed that Speyeria nokomis nitocris (Edwards) be elevated from the synonymy as placed by dos Passos (1964), to subspeeifie rank for the reasons which are delineated in the paragraphs below. In an earlier work (dos Passos and Grey 1947), Speyeria nokomis nitocris was treated as a valid subspecific taxon, but later (1964), dos Pass os treated this taxon as synonymous with S. nokomis nokomis (Ed­ wards). For the past several years, we have made a study of this insect in Colorado (M. F.) and in Arizona and New Mexico (C. D. F.). The Colorado insect, S. nokomis nokomis is quite distinct in habitat and fascia from the Arizona-New Mexico insect, S. nokomis nitocris. Speyeria nokomis nokomis (Edwards) Original Description: "Descriptions of certain species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the limits of the United States and British America." No.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognition of Western Populations of Speyeria Idalia (Nymphalidae) As a New Subspecies
    Jou rnal of thp Lepidopterists' Soci f't y .5.5(4 ). 2001 , 144- 149 RECOGNITION OF WESTERN POPULATIONS OF SPEYERIA IDALIA (NYMPHALIDAE) AS A NEW SUBSPECIES BARRY K vVILLlAMS1 Department of Animal Biology, UniverSity of Illinois, 50,S S, Coodwin Ave" Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA ABSTRACT. Western populations of Speyeria idalia are described as separate subspecies, S. idalia occidentalis, new subspecies. East­ ern and western populations can be diagnosed morphologically by differences in the size of spots on the undersiue of the hindwings, Further­ more, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase I and Il genes reveal fi ve synapolllorphies for an extant eastern population in Pennsylvania, indicating a unique genetic diversity possessed by this population , Hecognition of subspecies status for the eastern population may lead to a pe­ tition for an emergency lis ting under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Additional key words: Mitochondrial DNA, morphology, conservation, taxonomy Taxonomy within the genus Speyeria Scudder has pattern to the variation, and (3) any patterns of variation long been a troublesome issue among lepidopterists are worthy of taxonomic recognition. (dos Passos & Grey 194.5, 1947, Moeck 19.57, Arnold 1983), No consensus has been reached on the numher MATERIALS AND METHODS of species within the genus and relationships among Morphological variation was examined via measure­ subspeCies are even less well resolved (Howe 197.5, ments of the size of white spots on the underside of the Arnold 1983, Hammond 198.5, Scott 1986),
    [Show full text]
  • USGS DDS-43, Status of Butterflies
    ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO Center for Population Biology University of California Davis, California 27 Status of Butterflies ABSTRACT alpine fell fields). Most of the Sierra is forested, yet most of its butterfly diversity is not found in the forest—a fact first noted The Sierra Nevada has an unusually rich butterfly fauna that, how- by Emmel and Emmel (1963b). ever, is distinguished by little endemism at either species or subspe- Butterflies are important for biodiversity and conservation cies levels. This may change soon, as more taxonomic subspecies biology because they are diverse enough that patterns in dis- are named. The fauna is structured altitudinally, latitudinally, and be- tribution and diversity are demonstrable; their taxonomy is tween east and west slopes. Maximum species richness occurs at in relatively good shape, at least compared with that of most middle elevations on the west slope and around lower passes. En- other invertebrates; they include both ecological generalists demism and relictualism are concentrated at high elevation (subal- and specialists, with some of these specialists tied to unusual pine and alpine) and on unusual soils at lower elevations. Some patterns and/or endangered habitats; they often have close and poten- of endemism and relictualism suggest a very dynamic biogeography tially coevolved relationships with larval host plants and some- in the Quaternary period, further supported by phylogeographic (ge- times with adult nectar sources; they are relatively easy to study netic) studies. The historic butterfly record is so poor that the effects of and are large enough to be marked individually (and are iden- land use and management on the fauna can only be guessed at.
    [Show full text]