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Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria Nokomis Nokomis [W.H

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Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria Nokomis Nokomis [W.H Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria nokomis nokomis [W.H. Edwards]): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project April 25, 2007 Gerald Selby Ecological and GIS Services 1410 W. Euclid Ave. Indianola, IA 50125 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Selby, G. (2007, April 25). Great Basin Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria nokomis nokomis [W.H. Edwards]): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/greatbasinsilverspotbutterfly.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This assessment was prepared for the Rocky Mountain Region of the USDA Forest Service under contract number 53-82X9-4-0074. I would like to express my appreciation to the USDA Forest Service staff with whom I worked on the project: Richard Vacirca reviewed earlier drafts, Gary Patton provided valuable general oversight for the project and suggested improvements for the final draft, John Sidle reviewed the final draft, Nancy McDonald provided final editorial review of the pre-publication manuscript, and Kimberly Nguyen prepared the manuscript for Web publication. The entire staff, including Richard Braun, the contracting officer, provided the flexibility and contract extensions needed to bring this assessment to final publication. Two anonymous reviewers also provided valuable feedback. Their careful review and editorial input helped to improve the quality of the final product greatly. I would also like to express my appreciation to Natural Heritage Program personnel and other experts (professional and amateur) that took time from their busy schedules to provide information and data needed to complete this assessment. AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY Gerald Selby developed an interest in butterflies at an early age while growing up in Pakistan. He received a B.S. in Biology from Sterling College in Kansas in 1976, and a M.S. in Biology (Ecology and Systematics emphasis) from the University of Michigan in 1979. His interest in butterflies was rekindled through contact with Dr. W.H. Wagner (Pteridologist and butterfly enthusiast), and after completing his M.S., he had the opportunity to do additional butterfly collecting in Pakistan during an extended visit. From 1980 to 1987 he worked for the Clinton County Conservation Board in eastern Iowa, and during that time, an exposure to prairie ecology and issues of prairie management gave purposeful direction to what had been a youthful hobby. A work accident left him with paralysis in his right arm, so he entered a Ph.D. program at Iowa State University in 1987, where his dissertation research was focused on the ecology and management of prairie butterflies in southwestern Minnesota. He worked as the Director of Science and Stewardship at The Nature Conservancy in Iowa from 1993 to 2002, and he has been self-employed as an ecological consultant since 2002. Gerald has been actively involved in prairie butterfly surveys and research in Iowa and Minnesota since 1988. COVER PHOTO CREDIT Great Basin silverspot butterfly Speyeria( nokomis nokomis) male (left) and female (right). Photographs © Nearctica.com, Inc. 2000 (used with permission). 2 3 SUMMARY OF KEY COMPONENTS FOR CONSERVATION OF THE GREAT BASIN SILVERSPOT BUTTERFLY Status The Great Basin silverspot butterfly Speyeria( nokomis nokomis) has a fairly restricted distribution in eastern Utah, western Colorado, northern New Mexico, and northeastern Arizona. The Nokomis fritillary species (S. nokomis) has been assigned a Global Heritage Status Rank of vulnerable (G3), and its National Heritage Status Rank for United States populations is also vunerable (N3). Global and National Heritage Status Ranks for the Great Basin silverspot butterfly subspecies are both critically imperiled (T1, N1). The rationale for the species’ G3 ranking cites its very localized distribution in wet places associated with generally arid range, and increasing isolation and disturbance of the less than 100 viable metapopulations. The rationale for the subspecies’ T1 ranking cites its limited range, few remaining sites with extant populations, and significant threats to its habitat. Currently, there is no federal protection for the Nokomis fritillary or any of its subspecies in the United States under the Endangered Species Act, but the USDA Forest Service (USFS) has designated several subspecies as sensitive. The Great Basin silverspot butterfly has been designated as a sensitive species within USFS Region 2 (where it is found only in Colorado) and Region 3 (New Mexico and Arizona). Its Heritage Status Ranks are critically imperiled (S1) in Colorado and New Mexico, imperiled/vulnerable (S2/S3) in the Navajo Nation, and unranked (SNR) in Arizona and Utah. While the subspecies is afforded protected status in the Navajo Nation, it has no legal protection or special concern designations in any of the states where it occurs. Primary Threats The primary threat to Great Basin silverspot butterflies is habitat loss. Essential habitat components include wetlands associated with flowing water (i.e., springs, seeps, wet meadows), an abundance of their larval foodplant (e.g., bog violet [Viola nephrophylla]), and the availability of adult nectar sources (mostly composites) during the adult flight. These habitat conditions are scarce in the arid Southwest and tend to occur as small, widely separated and isolated fragments within the arid landscape. Modifications to hydrology (e.g., water diversion projects, capping springs, and draining wetlands), housing developments, and mineral extraction (e.g., gravel mining) have all contributed to further habitat loss and fragmentation. These activities represent the greatest historic, current, and future threats to the long-term survival of the Great Basin silverspot butterfly. Excessive livestock grazing is a threat to Great Basin silverspot butterflies by degrading their habitat and eliminating nectar sources, but light to moderate grazing may actually benefit the butterflies by giving a competitive advantage to their larval foodplants. Other threats to habitat quality and the availability of critical resources (e.g., nectar plants, larval foodplants) include indiscriminant use of herbicides, invasive species, and invasive adventive woody species. Fire, grazing, and haying can play important roles in maintaining and shaping these wetland communities, so the complete absence of these natural processes and land management practices may constitute a threat to their extent and quality. However, they can also pose direct and indirect threats to Great Basin silverspot butterflies, depending on their timing and intensity. Other direct threats to Great Basin silverspot butterflies can include extreme weather (e.g., harsh winters, late frosts, severe storms, unusually cool wet growing seasons), indiscriminant use of insecticides, disease, predation, and commercial collecting. A reduction in fitness resulting from genetic isolation may also pose a long-term threat. Primary Conservation Elements, Management Implications and Considerations Great Basin silverspot butterflies require streamside meadows and seepage areas, an abundance of their larval foodplant (bog violet), and the availability of adult nectar sources during their adult flight. In the arid Southwest, these habitat conditions are widely separated and isolated; therefore, butterfly colonies are small and isolated. Great Basin silverspot butterflies do not migrate, but they are strong fliers and able to move among colonies within a continuous riparian corridor. However, it is unlikely that they disperse long distances between highly isolated riparian systems. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on protecting as many colonies as possible within a riparian system, and maintaining the quality and continuity of the riparian habitat between them. Historic loss, fragmentation, and degradation of wetland communities and riparian corridors have contributed to the decline and current vulnerability of Great Basin silverspot butterfly populations. To prevent further losses, critical habitat areas (e.g., riparian wetland 2 3 communities with bog violet) must be identified, protected, and managed to maintain or improve their size, quality, and connectivity. Management should be directed toward eliminating invasive exotic woody species and controlling native woody species (e.g., preventing willows from forming dense, closed stands), eliminating exotic species, increasing the vigor of the larval foodplant, and maintaining adequate nectar sources. Small isolated Great Basin silverspot butterfly populations are now more vulnerable to events that they might have survived in the pre-settlement landscape, so management activities must avoid exacerbating those vulnerabilities. The timing, intensity, extent, and duration of management activities such as prescribed fire, grazing, and haying must ensure that critical resources (e.g., nectar plants, larval foodplants) are available when they are needed. Management activities must also mitigate any direct mortality that might result from such activities. 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................................................................................2 AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................................2
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