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Observations on Neritina Turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions

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Observations on Neritina Turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions Hristov, K.K. AvailableInd. J. Pure online App. Biosci. at www.ijpab.com (2020) 8(5), 1-10 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8319 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(5), 1-10 Research Article Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal Observations on Neritina turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions Kroum K. Hristov* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia - 1431, Bulgaria *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 15.08.2020 | Revised: 22.09.2020 | Accepted: 24.09.2020 ABSTRACT Neritina turrita (Gmelin 1791) along with other Neritina, Clithon, Septaria, and other fresh- water snails are popular animals in ornamental aquarium trade. The need for laboratory-bred animals, eliminating the potential biohazard risks, for the ornamental aquarium trade and the growing demand for animal model systems for biomedical research reasons the work for optimising a successful breading protocol. The initial results demonstrate N. turrita as tough animals, surviving fluctuations in pH from 5 to 9, and shifts from a fresh-water environment to brackish (2 - 20 ppt), to sea-water (35 ppt) salinities. The females laid over 630 (at salinities 0, 2, 10 ppt and temperatures of 25 - 28oC) white oval 1 by 0.5 mm egg capsules continuously within 2 months after collecting semen from several males. Depositions of egg capsules are set apart 6 +/-3 days, and consist on average of 53 (range 3 to 192) egg capsules. Production of viable veligers was recorded under laboratory conditions. Keywords: Neritina turrita, Sea-water, Temperatures, Environment INTRODUCTION supposably different genera forming hybrids Neritininae are found in the coastal swamps of with each other, suggesting their close relation. most tropical regions. The existing species of Describing them all as different species is Neritina were divided into 4 subgenera in the likely invalid, let alone allocating them to 20’s by Baker based on differences in shell different subgenera or, even worse, to shape, and in shape of the teeth of the radula. independent genera (Bandel, 2001). Later, Thiele suggests 5 subgenera, and in the Neritina turrita (Gmelin, 1791) snails 80’s Cunningham Vaught - 11 subgenera. have shells that are oblong-conical, lightly Nowadays, Haynes describes the subgeneric striated, shiny, spire elevated, pointed, yellow system as confusing, not reflecting the true with oblique, curved or rippled black stripes. relations among the existing species. Studying The shells are 25-32 mm in length. The the richest neritinid fauna around the Fiji aperture is white and the columellar area is Islands, she describes species belonging to yellow tinted. Cite this article: Hristov, K.K. (2020). Observations on Neritina turrita (Gmelin 1791) Breeding Behaviour in Laboratory Conditions, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 8(5), 1-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8319 Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPAB 1 Hristov, K.K. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(5), 1-10 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 It is found throughout the Indo-Pacific region: dense aggregations. Such migrations have including Madagascar, Japan to Indonesia, and been reported in Hawaii (Hau, 2007), Costa the western Pacific Ocean islands. It is not Rica, Japan (Kano, 2009), French Polynesia found in India and Australia. In the Mariana (Liu & Resh, 1997), and Puerto Rico (Pyron & Islands, mainly Guam (Micronesia), N. turrita Covich, 2003; Gorbach et al., 2012). The is present, along with a total of 25 other controlling factors for such migrations are species of gastropods known to inhabit fresh unknown, although seasonal factors (like rain and brackish waters, including 18 native and flash-floods), and increased predation in species: 13 Neritidae, 4 Thiaridae, and 1 the estuary (by fish and birds) have been Lymnaeidae; and 7 introduced species - 2 suggested (Schneider & Lyons, 1993). Ampullariidae, 2 Planorbidae, as well as 1 Neritina, and the related genera each from the Physidae, Thiaridae and Clithon and Septaria usually settle on tropical Viviparidae (Kerr, 2013). coasts, arriving after a planktonic larval stage Neritina turrita inhabits tidally- at sea. Veligers metamorphose in the estuaries, influenced brackish waters near the mouths of where the benthic young are exposed to the rivers and streams. It is often found near the influence of fresh-water. From the estuary, shore in mud, or on stones. Members of the many species crawl upstream and spend the gastropod families Neritidae and Thiaridae are rest of their adult lives in the fresh-water good travellers, having larvae that disperse on environment (Bandel, 2001). Female Neritidae ocean currents, so that they have a broad store sperm capsules (spermatophores) geographical distributions, and the adults received from the males, which permits move several kilometres up-stream estuaries - continuous spawning. Neritids lay flat, a habitat shift with growth. Migrating adults elliptical egg capsules on hard substrata, have higher densities in riffles than in pool including rocks and shells of other snails. habitats. Neritids prefer large substrates (Liu Newly laid capsules are white, becoming & Resh, 1997). In Moorea (French Polynesia) cream to brown in a few days. Each capsule and Mariana Islands - Guam, Palau and Yap contains up to 300 eggs that hatch several (Micronesia) they are found along with other weeks later. Morphological studies of larvae species introduced by man - either as potential and their shells are published since the 70’s by food, or due to accidental release from Robertson, Scheltema, Lauren, and by Bandel aquaculture or the aquarium trade. On at the present time. There is a limited time- Iriomote Island in the Ryukyu Islands, window for neritid larvae to reach salt-water: southern Japan, N. turrita is found together veligers held in fresh-water die within 6 days. with N. violacea and achieves high densities In Hawaii, larvae of Neritina granosa are and is widely distributed in the mangrove found year-round in drift collections, in pools swamps and the adjacent seashore (Okuda & and run-off areas during low-flow conditions. Nishihira, 2002). The molluscan community is Floods cause a decrease in water temperature a key component of the mangrove food chain, and an increase in dissolved oxygen, providing preyed by many fish and waterbird species. optimum conditions for egg capsules to be Anthropogenic disturbances resulting in laid, and hatched larvae to be transported to habitat degradation impact the populations of the ocean. Genetic studies (Hodges & such amphidromous gastropods. Allendorf, 1998; Myers et al., 2000; Crandall Neritina turrita snails are herbivorous et al., 2010) confirm that larvae from in the adult stage, developing from planktonic amphidromous lineages are capable of pelagic veliger larvae. Its growth is faster in the dispersal across the open ocean that lasts from warmer season (April-October), and slower in weeks to months. The growth rate is higher the cooler season (Takada, 2016). Fresh-water and the life-span is longer in females than nerites are observed in massive up-stream males. The populations of amphidromous migrations, consisting of both adults and species are genetically structured at scales juveniles moving together in long lines and/or similar to fully marine species. As the Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPAB 2 Hristov, K.K. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(5), 1-10 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 planktotrophic larvae of amphidromous ppt for 4, 4, 1, 4, 1, 4, and 1 week, species must settle in a rare, unstable habitat, respectively. No changes in their behaviour they could be selected for the ability to delay (grazing (Fig. 1B), and sleep/wake cycles) metamorphosis, and extend their planktonic were observed. Similarly, the changes of water life indefinitely (Abdou et al., 2015). pH using SeaChem Laboratories buffering Although popular animals in the salts did not influenced their behaviour. The ornamental aquarium trade, Neritina turrita animals were kept in 2 ppt brackish-water, and (Gmelin 1791) are not successfully bred in pH altered from 5 to 9 for a week at each pH captivity, and the available animals are wild- point. Neritina turrita were observed to caught and present a potential biohazard as copulate several times (Fig. 1C), regardless of well as depleting natural populations. There the salinity (2, and 15 ppt). They laid over 630 are no reports in the available literature for egg capsules (Fig. 1D) continuously over a their successful breeding in laboratory period of 2 months in both fresh (0 ppt) and condition. The aim of the undergoing study in brackish water (2 and 10 ppt) at temperatures my laboratory is the optimisation of a breeding of 25 - 28oC. Each deposition was set apart by protocol for Neritina turrita for the ornamental 6 +/-3 days, and comprised a mean of 53 (with aquarium trade, and the growing demand of a range of 3 to 192) egg capsules. Light animal model systems for the biomedical microscopy evaluation of N. turrita egg research. capsules and veligers used a Nikon research microscope. The typical for N. turrita egg MATERIALS AND METHODS capsule structure (Fig. 2A) was observed, and Neritina turrita adult snails were kept in 2, 10, the release of early veligers from the eggs and 60 L glass vessels. Tap-water was used to when placed in tap-water (Fig.2C). achieve a salinity range of 0 (fresh-water), 2, The family Neritidae is one of the 5, 10, 15, 20 ppt (brackish water), 35 ppt (sea- most primitive families in the Gastropoda, and water) in conjunction with ‘Salinity for reefs’, includes members that are diadromous species Aquavitro, SeaChem Laboratories Inc., capable of escaping the instability of fresh- Madison, USA. The brackish water (2 ppt) pH water habitats (due to droughts or cyclonic was adjusted using Discus Buffer (pH 5.8-6.8); flood events), to colonise new environments Neutral Regulator (pH 7.0); Malawi Victoria through oceanic dispersal.
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