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Home , Robert Michels

Detailed Contents

List of Illustrations and Photos xvi List of Figures and Tables xix About the Authors xxii Preface xxiii 1. Introduction 1 WHAT Is Sociological Theory? 2 WHO Are ’s Core Theorists? 6 HOW Can We Navigate Sociological Theory? 10 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 18

PART I. FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 19

2. (1818–1883) 20 A Biographical Sketch 21 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 23 Significant Others—Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929): The Leisure Class and Conspicuous Consumption 25 Marx’s Theoretical Orientation 28 Significant Others— (1891–1937): Hegemony and the Ruling Ideas 30

READINGS 32

Introduction to The German Ideology 32 From The German Ideology (1845–1846) 34 Introduction to Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 41 From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 42 “Alienated Labour” 42 “The Power of Money in Bourgeois ” 47 Introduction to The Communist Manifesto 50 From The Communist Manifesto (1848) 53 “Bourgeois and Proletarians” 53 “Proletarians and Communists” 59 Introduction to Capital 63 From Capital (1867) 67 “Commodities” 67 “The General Formula for Capital” 73

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 76 3. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) 77 A Biographical Sketch 78 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 80 Significant Others— (1798–1857): The Father of “Social Physics” 80 Significant Others— (1820–1903): Survival of the Fittest 81 Durkheim’s Theoretical Orientation 83

READINGS 85

Introduction to The Rules of Sociological Method 85 From The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) 86 “What Is a Social Fact?” 86 “The Normal and the Pathological” 90 Introduction to The Division of Labor in Society 92 From The Division of Labor in Society (1893) 94 Introduction to Suicide 100 From Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1897) 103 “Anomic Suicide” 103 “Individual Forms of the Different Types of Suicide” 112 Introduction to The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 114 From The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) 116 “Origins of These Beliefs” 116

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 124 4. (1864–1920) 125 A Biographical Sketch 126 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 127 Significant Others— (1844–1900): Is God Dead? 132 Significant Others—Robert Michels (1876–1936): The Iron Law of 133 Weber’s Theoretical Orientation 135

READINGS 137

Introduction to The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 137 From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904) 140 “The Spirit of Capitalism” 140 “Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism” 144 Introduction to “The Social Psychology of World Religions” 150 From “The Social Psychology of World Religions” (1915) 151 Introduction to “The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party” 159 “The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party” (1925) 161 Introduction to “The Types of Legitimate Domination” 168 From “The Types of Legitimate Domination” (1925) 170 Introduction to “Bureaucracy” 175 From “Bureaucracy” (1925) 177

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 184

PART II. CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY: EXPANDING THE FOUNDATION 185

5. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935) 186 A Biographical Sketch 187 Significant Others—Harriet Martineau (1802–1876): The First Woman Sociologist 188 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 189 Gilman’s Theoretical Orientation 192

READING 195

Introduction to Women and 195 From Women and Economics (1898) 198

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 217 6. (1858–1918) 218 A Biographical Sketch 219 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 220 Significant Others—Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936): Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 228 Simmel’s Theoretical Orientation 231

READINGS 232

Introduction to “Exchange” 232 “Exchange,” From The Philosophy of Money (1907) 233 Introduction to “The Stranger” 241 “The Stranger,” From Sociology (1908) 242 Introduction to “The Metropolis and Mental Life” 245 “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903) 248

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 255 7. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) 256 Significant Others—Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1974): A Voice From the South 259 A Biographical Sketch 260 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 264 Du Bois’s Theoretical Orientation 265

READINGS 268

Introduction to The Souls of Black Folk 268 From The Souls of Black Folk (1903) 271 Introduction to “The Souls of White Folk” 284 “The Souls of White Folk,” From Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil (1920) 285

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 288 8. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) 289 A Biographical Sketch 290 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 291 Significant Others—Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929): The “Looking-Glass Self” 293 Significant Others—William James (1842–1910): Consciousness and the Self 296 Mead’s Theoretical Orientation 296

READINGS 299

Introduction to “Mind” 299 “Mind,” From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 300 Introduction to “Self” 307 “Self,” From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 311

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 321

PART III. TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS 323

9. Structural Functionalism 324 Significant Others—C. Wright Mills (1916–1962): An American Critic 326 Talcott C. Parsons (1902–1979): A Biographical Sketch 327 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 328 Parsons’s Theoretical Orientation 337

READINGS 338

Introduction to “Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action” 339 From “Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action” (1951) 339 Introduction to “Sex Roles in the American Kinship System” 352 From “Sex Roles in the American Kinship System” (1943) 352 Robert K. Merton (1910–2003): A Biographical Sketch 355 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 356 Merton’s Theoretical Orientation 359

READINGS 360

Introduction to “Manifest and Latent Functions” 360 From “Manifest and Latent Functions” (1949) 360 Introduction to “Social Structure and Anomie” 366 From “Social Structure and Anomie” (1967) 366

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 374 10. Critical Theory 375 , Theodor Adorno, and : Biographical Sketches 376 Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, and Marcuse’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 380 Significant Others—Walter Benjamin (1892–1940): Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 386 Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, and Marcuse’s Theoretical Orientation 392

READINGS 393

Introduction to Max Horkheimer’s Eclipse of Reason 394 From Eclipse of Reason (1947) 394 Introduction to Theodor Adorno’s “The Culture Industry Reconsidered” 400 From “The Culture Industry Reconsidered” (1975) 400 Introduction to Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man 404 From One-Dimensional Man (1964) 405

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 412

11. Exchange and Rational Choice Theories 413 George C. Homans (1910–1989): A Biographical Sketch 414 Homan’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 415 Homans’s Theoretical Orientation 419

READING 420

Introduction to “Social Behavior as Exchange” 420 From “Social Behavior as Exchange” (1958) 421 Peter M. Blau (1918–2002): A Biographical Sketch 428 Blau’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 429 Blau’s Theoretical Orientation 431

READING 434

Introduction to Exchange and Power in Social Life 434 From Exchange and Power in Social Life (1964) 435 James S. Coleman (1926–1995): A Biographical Sketch 444 Coleman’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 445 Significant Others—Michael Hechter (1943– ): Rational Choice and Group Solidarity 449 Coleman’s Theoretical Orientation 450

READING 452

Introduction to “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital” 452 From “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital” (1988) 452

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 462 12. Symbolic Interactionism and Dramaturgy 463 Symbolic Interactionism: An Overview 464 Significant Others—Sheldon Stryker and Identity Theory 466 Erving Goffman (1922–1982): A Biographical Sketch 467 Goffman’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 468 Goffman’s Theoretical Orientation 476

READINGS 478

Introduction to The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 479 From The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) 479 Introduction to Asylums 492 From Asylums (1961) 493 Arlie Russell Hochschild (1940– ): A Biographical Sketch 502 Hochschild’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 503 Hochschild’s Theoretical Orientation 507

READING 509

Introduction to The Managed Heart 509 From The Managed Heart (1983) 509

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 517 13. Phenomenology 518 Alfred Schutz (1899–1959): A Biographical Sketch 519 Schutz’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 520 Schutz’s Theoretical Orientation 524

READING 526

Introduction to The Phenomenology of the Social World 526 From The Phenomenology of the Social World (1967) 526 Peter Berger (1929– ) and Thomas Luckmann (1927– ): Biographical Sketches 533 Berger and Luckmann’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 534 Berger and Luckmann’s Theoretical Orientation 538

READING 539

Introduction to The Social Construction of Reality 539 From The Social Construction of Reality (1966) 539 Ethnomethodology: An Overview 550 Significant Others—Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011): The Father of Ethnomethodology 551 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 554

PART IV. BROADENING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 555

14. Feminist and Gender Theories 556 Dorothy E. Smith (1926– ): A Biographical Sketch 560 Smith’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 561 Smith’s Theoretical Orientation 564 READINGS 566

Introduction to Institutional Ethnography 566 From Institutional Ethnography (2005) 566 Introduction to The Everyday World as Problematic 570 From The Everyday World as Problematic (1987) 570 Patricia Hill Collins (1948– ): A Biographical Sketch 573 Collins’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 574 Collins’s Theoretical Orientation 576

READING 577

Introduction to Black Feminist Thought 577 From Black Feminist Thought ([1990] 2000) 578 Significant Others—Nancy Chodorow (1944– ): Turning Freud on His Head 586 Raewyn Connell (1944– ): A Biographical Sketch 587 Connell’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 588 Connell’s Theoretical Orientation 589

READING 589

Introduction to “Change Among the Gatekeepers” 589 “Change Among the Gatekeepers: Men, Masculinities, and Gender Equality in the Global Arena” (2005) 590 (1957– ): A Biographical Sketch 598 Butler’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 598 Butler’s Theoretical Orientation 600

READING 601

Introduction to “Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire” 601 From “Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire” (1990) 602

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 605

15. Poststructural and Postmodern Theories 607 Defining Poststructuralism 609 Significant Others—Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998): The Postmodern Condition 611 Defining Postmodernism 612 (1926–1984): A Biographical Sketch 616 Foucault’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 617 Foucault’s Theoretical Orientation 620

READING 622

Introduction to Discipline and Punish 622 From Discipline and Punish (1975) 622 (1929–2007): A Biographical Sketch 636 Baudrillard’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 637 Baudrillard’s Theoretical Orientation 641

READING 642

Introduction to Simulacra and Simulations 642 From Simulacra and Simulations (1981) 643

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 650 16. Contemporary Theoretical Syntheses 651 Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002): A Biographical Sketch 652 Bourdieu’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 653 Significant Others—Randall Collins (1941– ): Bridging the Micro and Macro 662 Bourdieu’s Theoretical Orientation 663

READINGS 665

Introduction to “Social Space and the Genesis of Groups” 665 From “Social Space and the Genesis of Groups” (1982) 665 Introduction to “Outline of a Sociological Theory of Art Perception” 676 From “Outline of a Sociological Theory of Art Perception” (1968) 677 Jürgen Habermas (1929– ): A Biographical Sketch 685 Habermas’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 685 Habermas’s Theoretical Orientation 693

READINGS 695

Introduction to “Civil Society, Public Opinion, and Communicative Power” 695 From “Civil Society, Public Opinion, and Communicative Power” (1996) 696 Introduction to “The Tasks of a Critical Theory of Society” 707 From “The Tasks of a Critical Theory of Society” (1987) 708 Anthony Giddens (1938– ): A Biographical Sketch 716 Giddens’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 717 Giddens’s Theoretical Orientation 723

READINGS 725

Introduction to The Constitution of Society 725 From The Constitution of Society (1984) 725 Introduction to The Consequences of Modernity 734 From The Consequences of Modernity (1990) 735

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 746 17. The Global Society 747 Defining Globalization 749 Immanuel Wallerstein (1930– ): A Biographical Sketch 756 Wallerstein’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 757 Wallerstein’s Theoretical Orientation 763

READING 764

Introduction to “The Modern World-System as a Capitalist World-Economy” 764 From “The Modern World-System as a Capitalist World-Economy: Production, Surplus, Value, and Polarization” (2004) 765 George Ritzer (1940– ): A Biographical Sketch 774 Ritzer’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 775 Ritzer’s Theoretical Orientation 777

READING 779

Introduction to “Rethinking Globalization” 779 From “Rethinking Globalization: Glocalization/Grobalization and Something/Nothing” (2003) 779 (1935–2003): A Biographical Sketch 790 Said’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 791 Significant Others—Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1942– ): Can the Subaltern Speak? 793 Significant Others—Frantz Fanon (1925–1961): The Father of Postcolonial Studies 795 Said’s Theoretical Orientation 800

READING 801

Introduction to Orientalism 801 From Orientalism (1978) 802

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 811

Glossary and Terminology 812 References 821 Photo Credits 832 Index 835