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Introduction Notes Introduction 1 . H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society (New York: Vintage, 1961), 17. Hughes attributes the term to A.L. Kroeber. 2 . None of the scholars I will be discussing, especially in the early parts of this work, would have considered himself a “sociologist” during the empire. Most of them, including Weber, thought of themselves as national economists. 3 . Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction , trans. Keith Tribe (London: Allen & Unwin, 1988), 22. More than two decades before Hennis, Friedrich H. Tenbruck had lodged a similar complaint. Tenbruck, “Die Genesis der Methodologie Max Webers,” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie , 11 (1959), 573–630. 4 . The importance of Fritz K. Ringer’s The Decline of the German Mandarins (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969) must be acknowledged. 5 . Wolfgang Schluchter, “Max und Alfred Weber—zwei ungleiche Brüder,” 1–7, http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/uni/presse/rc7/5.html (last accessed April 10, 2012). Christian Jansen notes that from early on Alfred was referred to as “mini-Max.” Jansen, “Neues von der deutschen Gelehrtenpolitik,” Neue poli- tische Literatur 51 (2006), 17. 6 . Bernd Widdig, Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001), 183. 7 . Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy , trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (New York: Free Press, [1911] 1968), 191. 8 . A ten-volume edition of his collected works (cited here as AWG) appeared from 1997 to 2003. A two-volume biography and a number of other vol- umes on him have been published in the last two decades. See Reinhard Blomert, Intellektuelle im Aufbruch: Karl Mannheim, Alfred Weber, Norbert Elias und die Heidelberger Sozialwissenschaften der Zwischenkriegszeit (Munich: Carl Hanser, 1999); Reinhard Blomert, Hans Ulrich Eßlinger, Norbert Giovannini (eds.) Heidelberger Sozial- und Staatswissenschaften; Das Institut für Sozial- und Staatswissenschaften zwischen 1918 und 1958 (Marburg, Germany: Metropolis, 1997); Eberhard Demm, “Alfred Weber und sein Bruder Max,” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie , 35 (1983), 1–28; Eberhard Demm (ed.), Alfred Weber als Politiker und Gelehrter (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1986); Eberhard Demm, “Max and Alfred Weber in the Verein für Sozialpolitik,” trans. Caroline Dyer, in Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel (eds.), Max Weber and His Contemporaries (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987), 8–105; Eberhard Demm, Ein Liberaler in Kaiserreich und Republik. Der politische Weg Alfred Webers bis 1920 (Boppard, Germany: Harald Boldt, 1990); Eberhard Demm, Von der Weimarer Republik zur Bundesrepublik. Der politische Weg Alfred 211 212 Notes Webers 1920–1958 (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1999); Eberhard Demm, Geist und Politik im 20. Jahrhundert. Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Alfred Weber (Frankfurt/ Main: Peter Lang, 2000); Eberhard Demm (ed.), Alfred Weber zum Gedächtnis: Selbstzeugnisse und Erinnerungen von Zeitgenossen (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2000); Volker Kruse, Soziologie und “Gegenwartskrise.” Die Zeitdiagnosen Franz Oppenheimers und Alfred Webers (Wiesbaden, Germany: DUV, 1990); Hans G. Nutzinger (ed.), Zwischen Nationalökonomie und Universalgeschichte. Alfred Webers Entwurf einer umfassenden Sozialwissenschaft in heutiger Sicht (Marburg, Germany: Metropolis, 1995). 9 . Two articles are representative of those in the English language that cite Alfred Weber at all. Lawrence Scaff briefly acknowledges Weber’s contribution but is more interested in the development of his work by his colleague Emil Lederer. See Scaff, “Modernity and the tasks of a sociology of culture,” History of the Human Sciences , 3 (1990), 85–100. Josef Bleicher not only ignores Weber in favor of his “student,” Norbert Elias, but also goes on to say that Weber is to be avoided because of his association with the old mandarin ideal. See Bleicher, “Struggling with Kultur ,” Theory, Culture & Society , 7 (1990), 97–106. French sociologist Raymond Aron, whose short treatment of Alfred Weber was one of the very few available in English, drew a similar conclusion writing that Weber’s cultural sociology “is the product of a revolt against civilization.” See Aron, German Sociology , trans. Mary and Thomas Bottomore (New York: Free Press, 1964). More representative is Ralph Schroeder’s study of Max Weber and the sociology of culture, which mentions Alfred only once, in a note. See Schroeder, Max Weber and the Sociology of Culture (London: Sage, 1992). 10 . Jansen, although admiring of Demm’s massive biography of Weber, laments that Demm wishes to view Weber “too much as an outstanding individual and too little as a typical representative of liberal human scientists, his gen- eration, German political academics, etc. of that period.” Jansen, “Neues von deutschen Gelehrtenpolitik,” 29. The latter is what I do. 11 . For a discussion of my earlier methodology, see Colin Loader, The Intellectual Development of Karl Mannheim (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1–9, 178–89. 12 . Peter Wagner, Sozialwissenschaften und Staat. Frankreich, Italien, Deutschland 1870–1980 (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1990). Erhart Stölting has devised a similar concept, “conceptual configuration,” but I have chosen Wagner’s because it emphasizes the reciprocity of science and other institutions. See Stölting, Akademische Soziologie in der Weimarer Republik (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1986), 33–37. 13 . Pierre Bourdieu, “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field,” trans. Richard Terdiman, The Hastings Law Journal , 38 (1987): 814–53; Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Pierre Bourdieu, Homo Academicus , trans. Peter Collier (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production , ed. Randal Johnson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice , trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990). 14 . Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice , 5. 15 . Bourdieu, Outline , 164–71, 177; “Force of Law,” 823–25; Homo Academicus , 10–11. 16 . Bourdieu, Outline , 191; Homo Academicus , xxv, 210. Notes 213 17 . Niklas Luhmann, Social Systems (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 460–61. 18 . Ibid., 461–64. Bourdieu describes a similar scenario in Homo Academicus , 36. 19 . Luhmann, Social Systems , 464. 20 . For a similar discussion, see Seymour Chatman’s structuralist narrative the- ory in Story and Discourse (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 19. 21 . “Nationalökonomik” is usually translated as “political economy.” I have cho- sen the more literal translation because of the School’s emphasis on “politics” as a divisive sphere. 22 . Georg Lukács, “Zum Wesen und zur Methode der Kultursoziologie,” Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 39 (1915), 217. 23 . Alfred Weber, “Der Beamte,” (1910), AWG 8: 98–117. 24 . Demm, Weimarer Republik zur Bundesrepublik , 278. 25 . Weber, Kulturgeschichte als Kultursoziologie (1935, 1950), AWG 1: 61. 26 . For a harsher judgment, see Hans-Ulrich Wehler’s review of the first vol- ume of the AWG, Kulturgeschichte als Kultursoziologie . Wehler, “Reiter- und Immerweitervölker. Alfred Weber hat den Aufgalopp zur modernen Kul- turgeschichte verpaßt,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 238 (Oct. 14, 1997), L36. Volker Kruse, in an exercise in the sociology of knowledge, argues that the “failure” of Weber’s cultural sociology in the 1950s and after was due as much to its “receiver” (the prevailing empirical, quantitative sociology of the period) as to its “sender.” Kruse, “Warum scheiterte Alfred Webers Kultursoziologie? Ein Interpretationsversuch,” in Demm and Chamba (eds.), Soziologie, Politik und Kultur (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2003), 219–29. 27 . Wolf Lepennies, The Seduction of Culture in German History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 9. For an earlier version of this approach, see Fritz Stern, “The Political Consequences of the Unpolitical German,” in History 3 (New York: Meridian, 1960), 104–34. 1 The Context of Alfred Weber’s Early Work 1 . Marianne Weber, Max Weber: A Biography , trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Wiley, 1975); Arthur Mitzman, The Iron Cage: An Historical Interpretation of Max Weber (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1969); Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989). For Alfred’s own personal experience, see Eberhard Demm, Ein Liberaler in Kaiserreich und Republik. Der politische Weg Alfred Webers bis 1920 (Boppard, Germany: Harald Boldt, 1990) , 5–27. 2 . Alfred Weber, “Professor Alfred Weber, Heidelberg,” in Eberhard Demm, (ed.), Alfred Weber zum Gedächtnis: Selbstzeugnisse und Erinnerungen von Zeitgenossen (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2000), 21–23. 3 . Kevin Repp, Reformers, Critics, and the Paths of German Modernity: Anti-politics and the Search for Alternatives, 1890–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 19–29, 227. 4 . Ibid., 227. 5 . Dennis Sweeney, “Governing the Social in Wilhelmine Germany: Rethinking German Modernity,” American Historical Association Meetings, San Francisco, Jan. 6, 2000. 214 Notes 6 . Peter Wagner, Sozialwissenschaften und Staat. Frankreich, Itlaien, Deutschland 1870–1980 (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1990), 23–57. 7 . Fritz K. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins
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