DETAILED CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Photos xvi List of Figures and Tables xix About the Authors xxii Preface xxiii 1. Introduction 1 WHAT Is Sociological Theory? 2 WHO Are Sociology’s Core Theorists? 6 HOW Can We Navigate Sociological Theory? 10 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 18 PART I. FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 19 2. Karl Marx (1818–1883) 20 A Biographical Sketch 21 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 23 Significant Others—Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929): The Leisure Class and Conspicuous Consumption 25 Marx’s Theoretical Orientation 28 Significant Others—Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937): Hegemony and the Ruling Ideas 30 READINGS 32 Introduction to The German Ideology 32 From The German Ideology (1845–1846) 34 Introduction to Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 41 From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 42 “Alienated Labour” 42 “The Power of Money in Bourgeois Society” 47 Introduction to The Communist Manifesto 50 From The Communist Manifesto (1848) 53 “Bourgeois and Proletarians” 53 “Proletarians and Communists” 59 Introduction to Capital 63 From Capital (1867) 67 “Commodities” 67 “The General Formula for Capital” 73 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 76 3. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) 77 A Biographical Sketch 78 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 80 Significant Others—Auguste Comte (1798–1857): The Father of “Social Physics” 80 Significant Others—Herbert Spencer (1820–1903): Survival of the Fittest 81 Durkheim’s Theoretical Orientation 83 READINGS 85 Introduction to The Rules of Sociological Method 85 From The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) 86 “What Is a Social Fact?” 86 “The Normal and the Pathological” 90 Introduction to The Division of Labor in Society 92 From The Division of Labor in Society (1893) 94 Introduction to Suicide 100 From Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1897) 103 “Anomic Suicide” 103 “Individual Forms of the Different Types of Suicide” 112 Introduction to The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 114 From The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) 116 “Origins of These Beliefs” 116 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 124 4. Max Weber (1864–1920) 125 A Biographical Sketch 126 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 127 Significant Others—Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): Is God Dead? 132 Significant Others—Robert Michels (1876–1936): The Iron Law of Oligarchy 133 Weber’s Theoretical Orientation 135 READINGS 137 Introduction to The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 137 From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904) 140 “The Spirit of Capitalism” 140 “Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism” 144 Introduction to “The Social Psychology of World Religions” 150 From “The Social Psychology of World Religions” (1915) 151 Introduction to “The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party” 159 “The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party” (1925) 161 Introduction to “The Types of Legitimate Domination” 168 From “The Types of Legitimate Domination” (1925) 170 Introduction to “Bureaucracy” 175 From “Bureaucracy” (1925) 177 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 184 PART II. CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY: EXPANDING THE FOUNDATION 185 5. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935) 186 A Biographical Sketch 187 Significant Others—Harriet Martineau (1802–1876): The First Woman Sociologist 188 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 189 Gilman’s Theoretical Orientation 192 READING 195 Introduction to Women and Economics 195 From Women and Economics (1898) 198 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 217 6. Georg Simmel (1858–1918) 218 A Biographical Sketch 219 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 220 Significant Others—Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936): Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 228 Simmel’s Theoretical Orientation 231 READINGS 232 Introduction to “Exchange” 232 “Exchange,” From The Philosophy of Money (1907) 233 Introduction to “The Stranger” 241 “The Stranger,” From Sociology (1908) 242 Introduction to “The Metropolis and Mental Life” 245 “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903) 248 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 255 7. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) 256 Significant Others—Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1974): A Voice From the South 259 A Biographical Sketch 260 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 264 Du Bois’s Theoretical Orientation 265 READINGS 268 Introduction to The Souls of Black Folk 268 From The Souls of Black Folk (1903) 271 Introduction to “The Souls of White Folk” 284 “The Souls of White Folk,” From Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil (1920) 285 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 288 8. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) 289 A Biographical Sketch 290 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 291 Significant Others—Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929): The “Looking-Glass Self” 293 Significant Others—William James (1842–1910): Consciousness and the Self 296 Mead’s Theoretical Orientation 296 READINGS 299 Introduction to “Mind” 299 “Mind,” From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 300 Introduction to “Self” 307 “Self,” From Mind, Self, and Society (1934) 311 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 321 PART III. TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS 323 9. Structural Functionalism 324 Significant Others—C. Wright Mills (1916–1962): An American Critic 326 Talcott C. Parsons (1902–1979): A Biographical Sketch 327 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 328 Parsons’s Theoretical Orientation 337 READINGS 338 Introduction to “Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action” 339 From “Categories of the Orientation and Organization of Action” (1951) 339 Introduction to “Sex Roles in the American Kinship System” 352 From “Sex Roles in the American Kinship System” (1943) 352 Robert K. Merton (1910–2003): A Biographical Sketch 355 Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 356 Merton’s Theoretical Orientation 359 READINGS 360 Introduction to “Manifest and Latent Functions” 360 From “Manifest and Latent Functions” (1949) 360 Introduction to “Social Structure and Anomie” 366 From “Social Structure and Anomie” (1967) 366 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 374 10. Critical Theory 375 Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse: Biographical Sketches 376 Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, and Marcuse’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 380 Significant Others—Walter Benjamin (1892–1940): Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 386 Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, and Marcuse’s Theoretical Orientation 392 READINGS 393 Introduction to Max Horkheimer’s Eclipse of Reason 394 From Eclipse of Reason (1947) 394 Introduction to Theodor Adorno’s “The Culture Industry Reconsidered” 400 From “The Culture Industry Reconsidered” (1975) 400 Introduction to Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man 404 From One-Dimensional Man (1964) 405 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 412 11. Exchange and Rational Choice Theories 413 George C. Homans (1910–1989): A Biographical Sketch 414 Homan’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 415 Homans’s Theoretical Orientation 419 READING 420 Introduction to “Social Behavior as Exchange” 420 From “Social Behavior as Exchange” (1958) 421 Peter M. Blau (1918–2002): A Biographical Sketch 428 Blau’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 429 Blau’s Theoretical Orientation 431 READING 434 Introduction to Exchange and Power in Social Life 434 From Exchange and Power in Social Life (1964) 435 James S. Coleman (1926–1995): A Biographical Sketch 444 Coleman’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 445 Significant Others—Michael Hechter (1943– ): Rational Choice and Group Solidarity 449 Coleman’s Theoretical Orientation 450 READING 452 Introduction to “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital” 452 From “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital” (1988) 452 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 462 12. Symbolic Interactionism and Dramaturgy 463 Symbolic Interactionism: An Overview 464 Significant Others—Sheldon Stryker and Identity Theory 466 Erving Goffman (1922–1982): A Biographical Sketch 467 Goffman’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 468 Goffman’s Theoretical Orientation 476 READINGS 478 Introduction to The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 479 From The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) 479 Introduction to Asylums 492 From Asylums (1961) 493 Arlie Russell Hochschild (1940– ): A Biographical Sketch 502 Hochschild’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 503 Hochschild’s Theoretical Orientation 507 READING 509 Introduction to The Managed Heart 509 From The Managed Heart (1983) 509 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 517 13. Phenomenology 518 Alfred Schutz (1899–1959): A Biographical Sketch 519 Schutz’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 520 Schutz’s Theoretical Orientation 524 READING 526 Introduction to The Phenomenology of the Social World 526 From The Phenomenology of the Social World (1967) 526 Peter Berger (1929– ) and Thomas Luckmann (1927– ): Biographical Sketches 533 Berger and Luckmann’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 534 Berger and Luckmann’s Theoretical Orientation 538 READING 539 Introduction to The Social Construction of Reality 539 From The Social Construction of Reality (1966) 539 Ethnomethodology: An Overview 550 Significant Others—Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011): The Father of Ethnomethodology 551 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 554 PART IV. BROADENING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 555 14. Feminist and Gender Theories 556 Dorothy E. Smith (1926– ): A Biographical Sketch 560 Smith’s Intellectual Influences and Core Ideas 561 Smith’s Theoretical Orientation 564 READINGS 566 Introduction to Institutional Ethnography 566 From Institutional Ethnography (2005) 566 Introduction to The Everyday World as Problematic 570 From The Everyday World as Problematic (1987) 570 Patricia Hill Collins (1948– ): A Biographical Sketch 573 Collins’s Intellectual Influences