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THE MAIN RULES of TRIBUTE PAYMENT in MID 5Th CENTURY ATHENIAN ARCHE ACCORDING to CLEINIAS DECREE
GRAECO-LATINA BRUNENSIA 20, 2015, 1 LUKÁŠ KUBALA (MASARYK UNIVERSITY, BRNO) THE MAIN RULES OF TRIBUTE PAYMENT IN MID 5th CENTURY ATHENIAN ARCHE ACCORDING TO CLEINIAS DECREE The main priority of my paper is to point out, through epigraphic sources and evidence from the 5th century Athens, one of the most characteristic features and objectives of Athenian “imperialism” during the last two decades of the period called Pentekontaetia (the period of fifty years – 479–431 B.C.). I will especially focus my attention on one of the most important epigraphic sources from this period – Cleinias decree (448/7, 425/4(?) B.C.). The impor- tance of this decree is significant, because it puts an exact view on the process of collection of the tribute (foros) in the mid-5th century Athenian arche. The financial regulations pre- scribed in the decree were valid for all members of the Athenian arche, and had a great im- pact on restriction of their autonomy at the expense of growth of Athenian dominance in the symmachy. The main objective I want to achieve in this paper, the importance of epigraphic material and evidence as one of the most important (and in some cases irreplaceable) sourc- es of information about the image of Athenian “imperialism” and Athenian relationship towards their subject-allies in the 5th century B.C. The reason why I choose particularly this decree as a representative type of epigraphic evidence, is to show how important the annual collection of the tribute was for the Athenians, and how the Athenians used the collection of the foros, as Isocrates mentions to “publicly humiliate” the allies and how they strengthened their hegemonic position in Delian symmachy transforming it into their own thalassocratic “empire” and allies into their “subjects”. -
Calendrical Calculations: Third Edition
Notes and Errata for Calendrical Calculations: Third Edition Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold Cambridge University Press, 2008 4:00am, July 24, 2013 Do I contradict myself ? Very well then I contradict myself. (I am large, I contain multitudes.) —Walt Whitman: Song of Myself All those complaints that they mutter about. are on account of many places I have corrected. The Creator knows that in most cases I was misled by following. others whom I will spare the embarrassment of mention. But even were I at fault, I do not claim that I reached my ultimate perfection from the outset, nor that I never erred. Just the opposite, I always retract anything the contrary of which becomes clear to me, whether in my writings or my nature. —Maimonides: Letter to his student Joseph ben Yehuda (circa 1190), Iggerot HaRambam, I. Shilat, Maaliyot, Maaleh Adumim, 1987, volume 1, page 295 [in Judeo-Arabic] Cuiusvis hominis est errare; nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. [Any man can make a mistake; only a fool keeps making the same one.] —Attributed to Marcus Tullius Cicero If you find errors not given below or can suggest improvements to the book, please send us the details (email to [email protected] or hard copy to Edward M. Reingold, Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 31st Street, Suite 236, Chicago, IL 60616-3729 U.S.A.). If you have occasion to refer to errors below in corresponding with the authors, please refer to the item by page and line numbers in the book, not by item number. -
Parthenon 1 Parthenon
Parthenon 1 Parthenon Parthenon Παρθενών (Greek) The Parthenon Location within Greece Athens central General information Type Greek Temple Architectural style Classical Location Athens, Greece Coordinates 37°58′12.9″N 23°43′20.89″E Current tenants Museum [1] [2] Construction started 447 BC [1] [2] Completed 432 BC Height 13.72 m (45.0 ft) Technical details Size 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft) Other dimensions Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Design and construction Owner Greek government Architect Iktinos, Kallikrates Other designers Phidias (sculptor) The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an Parthenon 2 enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[3] The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury. -
Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
A History of the Hebrews in Outline
HJews K297h Kelsoy J, A, A History of the Hebrews in Outline. JAMES A. Kelso ^1^ A History of the Hebrews in Outline Down to the Restoration Under Ezra and Nehemiah Syllabus of a Course of Class Studies and Lectures V ^ By James A'. Kelso \*\ For use in the Clan.ies of The Western Theological Seminary pittsburgh, pa. COPYRIGHT, 1921, By the Wentern Theological Seminary - i « '' ' PREFACE This outline syllabus of Old Testament History, covering the ground from the Patriarchal Age to the times of Ezra and Nehemiah, is intended for use in the classes of the Western Theological Seminary. It pre- supposes the discussions and lectures of the professor; and the arrangement of the material is such as to compel the student to study the original sources and to get a comprehensive idea of the chief works of modern his- torical literature that bear on the history of ancient Israel. The chief merit of this method of approach to the subject lies in the compulsion which it exerts on the student: first, to master the material; and secondly, to think out the problems for himself instead of taking his conclusions secondhand from a textbook. A History of the Hebrews In Outline 5 Books of Reference Abbreviations— Bd Baedeker Syria and Palestine Ball Ball Lifflit from the East Barton A History of the Hehreivs In Outline Mercer A History of the Hehreus In Outline 7 I. Introductory Studies 1. Definition of history; point of view of the his- torian and his methods Kit I 1 McC 1-16 § ; §§ ; Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture ch xxii 2. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
The Worship of Augustus Caesar
J THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS C^SAR DERIVED FROM A STUDY OF COINS, MONUMENTS, CALENDARS, ^RAS AND ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROLOGICAL CYCLES, THE WHOLE ESTABLISHING A NEW CHRONOLOGY AND SURVEY OF HISTORY AND RELIGION BY ALEXANDER DEL MAR \ NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA CO. 62 Reade Street 1900 (All rights reserrecf) \ \ \ COPYRIGHT BY ALEX. DEL MAR 1899. THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR. CHAPTERS. PAGE. Prologue, Preface, ........ Vll. Bibliography, ....... xi. I. —The Cycle of the Eclipses, I — II. The Ancient Year of Ten Months, . 6 III. —The Ludi S^eculares and Olympiads, 17 IV. —Astrology of the Divine Year, 39 V. —The Jovian Cycle and Worship, 43 VI. —Various Years of the Incarnation, 51 VII.—^RAS, 62 — VIII. Cycles, ...... 237 IX. —Chronological Problems and Solutions, 281 X. —Manetho's False Chronology, 287 — XI. Forgeries in Stone, .... 295 — XII. The Roman Messiah, .... 302 Index, ........ 335 Corrigenda, ....... 347 PROLOGUE. THE ABYSS OF MISERY AND DEPRAVITY FROM WHICH CHRISTIANITY REDEEMED THE ROMAN EMPIRE CAN NEVER BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT A KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPIOUS WoA^P OF EM- PERORS TO WHICH EUROPE ONCE BOWED ITS CREDULOUS AND TERRIFIED HEAD. WHEN THIS OMITTED CHAPTER IS RESTORED TO THE HISTORY OF ROME, CHRISTIANITY WILL SPRING A LIFE FOR INTO NEW AND MORE VIGOROUS ; THEN ONLY WILL IT BE PERCEIVED HOW DEEP AND INERADICABLY ITS ROOTS ARE PLANTED, HOW LOFTY ARE ITS BRANCHES AND HOW DEATH- LESS ARE ITS AIMS. PREFACE. collection of data contained in this work was originally in- " THEtended as a guide to the author's studies of Monetary Sys- tems." It was therefore undertaken with the sole object of estab- lishing with precision the dates of ancient history. -
Design of the Parthenon Sacred Space on the Acropolis
Architecture Design of the Parthenon The Athenians wanted their city to be the most beautiful in all of Greece. To help reach this goal, they built magnificent temples, theaters, and other public buildings throughout the city. To enhance the appearance of these buildings, they added fine works of art, both painted and sculpted. The grandest of all Athenian buildings were built on the acropolis at the city’s center. Marble temples and bronze statues on the acropolis were visible from all over the city, gleaming in the sunlight. No other building on the acropolis, however, was as magnificent as the Parthenon, the massive temple to Athena that stood at the center of the acropolis. Begun by the Athenian General Pericles in 447 BC, the Parthenon took some 14 years to build. When finished, the marble temple was more than 200 feet long and 100 feet wide. However, the Parthenon was impressive for its proportion, not for its sheer size. Its designers were careful not to make it either too tall, which would have made it look flimsy, or too wide, which could have made it appear squat. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon had doors but no windows. The structure was surrounded by tall, graceful columns, above which were slabs of marble carved with scenes from myths and wars. Though the ruins of the Parthenon appear white today, parts originally were painted in vivid colors. A huge gold and ivory statue of Athena stood inside the temple. Source: “Golden Age of Athens,” Susan Ramirez, et al., World History: Human Legacy, Holt (adapted) Sacred Space on the Acropolis Of all the architectural wonders of the Ancient Greek world, none is more famous than the Acropolis at Athens. -
THE HEBREW CALENDAR: a Mathematical Introduction
THE HEBREW CALENDAR: A Mathematical Introduction Prepared by: JOHN A. KOSSEY Editor: HERMAN L. HOEH FIRST EDITION AMBASSADOR COLLEGE PRESS Pasadena, California 1971, 1974 Edition ----------###---------- PROGRAM I USING THE TIME UNITS OF THE HEBREW CALENDAR INTRODUCTION Why should YOU study the Hebrew calendar? One of the major identifying signs of the Church of God is the observance of the Sacred Festivals. As you study the twenty-third chapter of Leviticus, you will notice that God employed a calendar to indicate when each holy day must be properly kept during the year. The Jews were given the responsibility of preserving that calendar for the rest of the world. Since it is the responsibility of the Church to announce the time of each festival to the congregations, detailed understanding of the Hebrew calendar is not even necessary for a lay church member. When a holy day is to be kept is not for the individual Christian to decide. On the other hand, the education you are privileged to receive as an Ambassador College student equips you with a special depth of biblical understanding. Shallow or sketchy knowledge of basic background areas would lessen one's effectiveness. But working out the calendar principles yourself is going to widen your perspective. You already know that the holy days portray God's master plan of salvation for mankind. Shouldn't you also have a working knowledge of the very calendar which houses God's Sacred Festivals? This is why a study of the Hebrew calendar is included in Theological Research I-II. THE PURPOSE OF THESE LEARNING PROGRAMS Your study of the Hebrew calendar in this course has two major facets. -
247 Lieuten A.Nt Conder's Reports
247 LIEUTEN A.NT CONDER'S REPORTS. V. THE LAND OF BENJAMIN. G!BEON, 1st July, 1881. TAKING advantage of the delay occasioned by circumstances already referred to, we have revisited one of the first districts surveyed by the party employed in 1872, while under care of Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake, before my arrival in Palestine. The chief points of interest include the questions of Rimmon and Ai ; the vicinity of Gibeon and the battle of Ajalon ; and the ruins of Tellilia, and Deir esh Shebll.b, with some traditions connected with Tell 'Asftr, and el Jib, &c. The general result of our re-examination is satisfactory, insomuch as the nomenclature of the Map has been tested in many places, and found correct; while scarcely any ruins of even the least importance are found to be omitted ; all the really ancient sites and buildings having been plotted and described. This is specially satisfactory, inasmuch as the district is one of the most difficult to survey, on account of the rugged ness of the hills and the great depth of the valleys, while it was also one which was undertaken while the party were still new to the work, and unfamiliar with the archrnology of the country. The Rock Rimmon.-Until the year 1819, it was generally agreed that this site, in the wilderness (J udg. xx, 47) where the six hundred Ben jamites lived for four months after their defeat at Geba of Benjamin (Judg. xx, 10 and 33) was to be recognised at the ancient village of Rumm6n, on the edge of the cultivated hill-country, overlooking the desert ranges, above the Jordan valley. -
The Chronology of Ezra 7
THE CHRONOLOGY OF EZRA 7 A REPORT OF THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS 1953 Prepared for the Committee by SIEGFRIED H. HORN, Ph.D. Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary and LYNN H. WOOD, Ph.D. Sometime Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Review and Herald Publishing Association Washington, D.C. Preface SOME YEARS ago the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists set up a committee, later called the Historical Research Committee, to study certain problems of historical dating that relate to prophetic periods, and to engage in scientific research where it seemed necessary. One of the problems studied by the committee was the date for the seventh year of Artaxerxes. The evidence secured, as set forth in the following study, furnishes indisputable proof that the date accepted by the early pioneers of the Advent message was accurate from a scientific as well as from a Biblical viewpoint. Since the committee members were occupied with regular denominational responsibilities, the work was necessarily carried on intermittently, with intensive work done by a few from time to time. Special tribute should be paid to Lynn H. Wood, a charter member of the committee, who has done most of the basic research on the problems involved in this report. He has contributed very important principles and calculations, and has indicated the direction the research should take and the probable methods by which the solutions might be found. Grace E. Amadon, who passed away in 1945, contributed also to the early studies, especially in Jewish calendars. -
Palestine Illustrated (1888)
"^. ^ix-fsv'i:' V'SiR^ s-^ \W. ' ^ ^j % '^'f ^.J'"' w4mvdRW»*v««a«.-waw(' " ^ k 1sti^cimt» t :H- LLUSTRATIil) § » %.% #.# noH 1121 D^^n Sir Richard Tempi.e // Z--<^ -^^^c^-^i- /^^, T, ''l^(^'- A V \ c a?/ UJ < O u. O < Z < Co oa: <t ALESTINE MM LLUSTRATED. BY SIR RICHARD TEMPLE, " Thou hast heen a refuge from the storm, and a shadow from the heat." LONDON: W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WAi'ERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL. s.w. 1888. {All Rii/lits Beserved ) LONDON. PRINTED BY W. U ALLEN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL. While we praise the Lord for all the wonders of His power, tvisdom and love, displayed in a system which is to wax old and perish, loe may therein contemplate, as in a glass, those new heavens and that new earth of whose duration there shall be no end. Read Nature; Nature is a friend to truth. Nature is Christian, preaches to mankind. And bids dead matter aid ms in our creed. The sun, that fountain of life and heart of the world, the moon shining unth a lustre borrowed from his beams, the stars glittering by night in the clear firmament, the air giving health to all things that live and move, the rain and the dew descending from above, the how which compasseth the heavens about with a circle of glory, the voice of thunder and the piercing power of lightning — all these are ready to instruct us in the mysteries of faith. They speak their Maker as they can. But want and ask the tongue of man.