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Citrumelos As Rootstocks for Florida Citrus

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Citrumelos As Rootstocks for Florida Citrus 4. Chapman, H. D. 1968. The mineral nutrition of citrus, p. 127-289. 8. Nelson, W. R. and J. Van Staden. 1984. The effect of seaweed con In: V. Reuther (ed.). The Citrus Industry, Vol. II. Rev. ed. University centrate on growth of nutrient-stressed greenhouse cucumbers. of California Press, Berkeley. HortScience 19:81-82. 5. Chapman, V. J. and D. J. Chapman. 1980. Seaweeds and their uses. 9. Skelton, B. J. and T. L. Senn. 1966. Effect of seaweed on quality and 3rd ed. Chapman & Hall, Ltd. London, 334 p. shelf-life of Harvest Gold and Jerseyland peaches. South Carolina 6. Csizinszky, A. A. 1984. Response of seaweed based nutrient sprays. Agr. Expt. Sta. Hort. Dept. Res. Ser. No. 86. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97:151-157. 10. Wheaton, T. A. and R. Young. 1981. Cytex not effec:ive in research 7. Koo, R. C. J., C. A. Anderson, I. Stewart, D. P. H. Tucker, D. V. trials. Citrus Ind. 62(8):31-34. Calvert, and H. K. Wutscher. 1984. Recommended fertilizers and nutritional sprays for citrus. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 536D. 30 p. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101:28-33. 1988. CITRUMELOS AS ROOTSTOCKS FOR FLORIDA CITRUS William S. Castle Industry's F-80 series of unnamed citrumelos have many University of Florida, IFAS characteristics similar to those of Swingle. Citrus Research and Education Center 700 Experiment Station Road Citrumelos are hybrids of trifoliate orange and grape Lake Alfred, FL 33850 fruit. As a group, they were largely overlooked as potential rootstocks until the superior performance of Swingle cit Heinz K. Wutscher rumelo was demonstrated in Texas rootstock trials (1, 7). United States Department of Agriculture Primarily because of those results, Swingle was officially Agricultural Research Service released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2120 Camden Road as a new rootstock cultivar in 1974 (3). Since then, Swingle Orlando, FL 32803 has become a popular commercial rootstock in Florida. An Charles O. Youtsey outbreak of Xanthomonas campestris, a bacterial disease to FDACS, Division of Plant Industry which Swingle seedlings are susceptible, and limited seed Citrus Budwood Registration Bureau supplies temporarily restricted the use of Swingle; how 3027 Lake Alfred Road ever, Division of Plant Industry (DPI), Budwood Registra Winter Haven, FL 33881 tion Bureau records indicate that 30% of registered trees were grown on Swingle during 1987-88. Outside of Robert R. Pelosi Florida, Swingle has remained largely experimental. University of Florida, IFAS The current success of Swingle in Florida can be attri Agricultural Research and Education Center buted to its many desirable characteristics, particularly P. O. Box 248 tristeza tolerance and its apparent blight tolerance to date. Ft. Pierce, FL 34954 Increasing problems with tristeza have seriously di minished industry interest in sour orange (C. aurantium L.) Additional index word, blight. and blight has similarly affected Carrizo citrange [C. sinen- sis (L.) Osbeck x P. trifoliata], the two most common Abstract. Swingle citrumelo [ Citrus parodist Macf. x Poncirus rootstocks in Florida. trifoliate* (L.) Raf.] has become a significant commercial In view of the significant impact Swingle has already rootstock in Florida. It was the rootstock used for about 30% had on the Florida rootstock situation, our objectives are of the registered trees propagated in 1987-88. It has many to present the available general performance information attributes including cold, citrus tristeza virus, citrus nematode regarding Swingle and other citrumelos and to supplement and phytophthora foot rot tolerance. Tree loss from blight in that information with new observations and data from a commercial plantings has been generally less than 2% after survey of Florida commercial plantings and from our about 10 yr. A survey of the oldest groves (10 to 14 yr) plus rootstock plantings. field trial data showed that trees on Swingle yield satisfactor The field information presented herein was developed ily, especially grapefruit, and produce medium to large-sized from visits by 2 or more of the authors to groves through fruit of excellent quality. Trees were observed growing and out Florida with the oldest commercial trees on Swingle. yielding well in calcareous sites with pH values near 8.0. These trees ranged from about 8 to 14 yr old. Observations Swingle is sensitive to high levels of soil copper. A root distri were made on tree appearance, the current crop, blight bution study showed that in a deep sand soil, Swingle roots incidence, and samples were collected to determine soil grew to depths greater than 6 ft but fibrous root density was pH and calcium (Ca) content. We also conducted some comparatively low at all depths. In general, commercial ex on-site interviews with grove owners or managers. perience with grapefruit and navel and round orange cul- tivars on Swingle justifies the strong continued interest in this Swingle Citrumelo rootstock. Many mandarin cultivars have been propagated on Swingle but their long-term compatibility is unknown. Data, Origin and early Florida history. A description of Swingle primarily from field trials, suggest that the Division of Plant and the results of the first field experiments were pub lished earlier (3). Briefly, Walter Swingle made a hybrid in Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9500. 1907 at Eustis, Fla., between 'Duncan' grapefruit and 28 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. trifoliate orange. It was tested as CPB 4475 and eventually Swingle citrumelo does not tolerate burrowing named after its creator. Field work with Swingle actually nematodes but is equal to trifoliate orange and exceeds began in the 1940s but the use of old-line, virus-infected Carrizo citrange in its resistance to citrus nematodes (5). budwood resulted in most trials being abandoned. Of the Our observations regarding blight and Swingle are en 2 remaining trials, one was planted in 1948. By 1967, the couraging. Among the groves visited, blight was frequently trees on Swingle in this trial were dwarfed compared to absent or the rate was low. Data from several sites showed trees on other stocks, suggesting the presence of a viral that after about 10 yr, blight loss was commonly less than agent not common in budwood sources today. 2% (Table 1). In a grove of trees on rough lemon (C.jam- Nursery characteristics. Swingle seed trees bear well, pro bhiri Lush.) eventually replanted with Swingle because of ducing pyriform-shaped yellow fruit with about 20 seeds/ heavy blight loss, decline among trees at the same age has fruit. The seed are highly polyembryonic but seedling pop been markedly lower on Swingle (Fig. 1). The blight inci ulations may contain 5 to 20% off-type plants of sexual dence among trees on Swingle at the DPI Foundation origin. Many of these are easily identified morphologically. Grove also has been very low so far (10). Recent evidence from isozyme study showed that these Environmental factors. Swingle is an excellent rootstock non-nucellar plants should be rogued out because if used, concerning cold tolerance. Field evidence and controlled an incompatibility (bud union crease) may manifest itself tests show that it is similar to sour orange in this trait (9). within a few years after budding. Trees on Swingle are moderately salt tolerant (7), being Swingle seedlings grow vigorously and enlarge quickly slightly better than other trifoliate orange hybrids, how near the base where budding occurs; however, scion ever, they do not seem to be as drought tolerant as trees growth is often slow. Fall and winter buds are sometimes on Carrizo citrange, sour orange, or Cleopatra mandarin. difficult to force in a field nursery and the rootstock may Swingle is more sensitive than other commercial grow over the bud before it begins growth. Greenhouse rootstocks to high levels of soil copper (Cu) based on obser nurserymen have successfully propagated with Swingle vations and data from the DPI Foundation Grove. One throughout the year. part of this grove had long been a commercial planting. Stem cuttings of Swingle are easily rooted (2); in fact, Soil samples collected from the surface 6 inches for this many nurserymen, faced with Swingle seed shortages, report, and extracted by the double acid method, had Cu found it convenient to root the portion of the seedling that values ranging from less than 20 to over 200 lb/acre; the is cut off when forcing the bud. mean for 25 samples was 157 lb/acre. When the land was Pests and diseases. Swingle is resistant to phytophthora cleared and replanted in the mid 1970s with DPI material, foot rot which largely explains why growers report very trees on Swingle and other citrumelos, but not other low to no tree losses among young trees on this stock. rootstocks, began showing iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis Swingle is also tolerant to citrus tristeza virus (CTV), citrus soon after planting. The soil pH was apparently below 6.0 exocortis viroid (CEV), and xyloporosis viroid. A field trial because liming in combination with root growth into low with CEV inoculated 'Hamlin' trees on Swingle, however, Cu areas seemed to correct the problem. These trees are has shown that severe strains can reduce growth without now normal-appearing and have grown well but the bark scaling (unpublished data, Castle and Pelosi). Exocor Swingle fibrous roots (0 to 6-inch depth) and the roots that tis infected budwood should be avoided. Certain old-line we collected from trees on other rootstocks, contained 300 bud sources in Texas apparently contain a different viral to 800 ppm Cu and had classic Cu toxicity symptoms, i.e., agent, perhaps citrange stunt virus, that caused severe they were dark brown and stubby. stunting and a bud union crease (6). Table 1.
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