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'Persian' Lime Selections Grafted Onto Swingle Citrumelo

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'Persian' Lime Selections Grafted Onto Swingle Citrumelo 109 Scientia Agricola http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0058 Initial horticultural performance of nine ‘Persian’ lime selections grafted onto Swingle citrumelo Magno Guimarães Santos*, Walter dos Santos Soares Filho, Eduardo Augusto Girardi, Abelmon da Silva Gesteira, Orlando Sampaio Passos, Claudia Fortes Ferreira Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, R. Embrapa, s/n − 44380-000 ABSTRACT: ‘Persian’ lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both − Cruz das Almas, BA − Brazil. for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country *Corresponding author <[email protected]> is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Edited by: Lincoln Zotarelli Selections of Persian lime ‘CNPMF–2000’, ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘IAC–5’, ‘IAC–5.1’, ‘Bearss’, ‘Persian–58’, and ‘5059’, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, pro- duction efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘IAC–5’, and ‘Bearss’ selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘Persian–58’, and ‘5059’ presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m−3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The ‘Bearss’, ‘Persian–58’, ‘CNPMF–2000’, ‘IAC–5.1’ and ‘5059’ selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘Persian–58’ and ‘5059’ selections were the most promising varieties Received February 23, 2015 of Persian lime. Accepted September 03, 2015 Keywords: Citrus latifolia, rain fed cultivation, scion cultivars Introduction It is imperative to increase the genetic ba- sis of this species, since new diseases may arise and With an annual production of 1.2 million tonnes, threaten crop yields. Persian lime selections known Brazil retains approximately 8 % of the world’s produc- as ‘CNPMF–2000’ ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’ and tion of lemons/acid limes and occupies fifth place in ‘CNPMF–02’ were obtained through open-pollination. world production of these fruits, behind only Mexico, Although it is a triploid species, when PL is cultivated India, China and Argentina (FAO, 2015). In Brazil, culti- close to other citrus it produces seeds with low fre- vation of ‘Persian’ lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) quency (Santos et al., 2013). A number of these selec- Tanaka] occupies more than 47 thousand hectares with tions are being studied in the state of São Paulo, and the main producers being the state of São Paulo, with initial results are promising since there are selections a subtropical climate, followed by the states of Minas with agronomic characteristics superior to the control, Gerais and Bahia, with tropical semiarid climates ‘IAC–5’ (Bremer Neto et al., 2013). (IBGE, 2012). In 2011, PL occupied the fourth position A number of rootstock evaluation studies ob- when ranking Brazilian exports of fresh fruits with a served promising horticultural behavior in Swingle value in the market surpassed only by mangoes, grapes citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus and melons (FAO, 2015). This crop has also attracted trifoliata (L.) Raf.] in combination with PL (Figueiredo the attention of producers because of the high prices et al., 2002; Espinoza-Nuñez et al., 2011). This root- commanded during the off-season of the domestic mar- stock is tolerant to CTV (Citrus tristeza virus) and to ket. CSDaV (Citrus sudden death associated virus) and has In Brazil there are only two known PL selections been used in Brazil as rootstock for PL as a substitute available, ‘IAC–5’, also known as ‘Peruano’, and ‘Que- for ‘Rangpur’ lime [C. limonia Osbeck] due to its sus- bra-galho’, a local selection contaminated by viroids (Ei- ceptibility to Phytophthora spp. and CSDaV (Pompeu ras et al., 2010) cultivated, and the most studied, in the Junior and Blumer, 2008). Due to the importance of southeastern region of the country. this species for the Brazilian citrus industry and the Despite its increasing economic expression, PL restricted number of PL selections available, the aim of cultivation still lacks research that focuses on the diver- the present study was to evaluate the initial horticultur- sification of scion and rootstock selections in comparison al performance (performance during the initial growth to the most studied groups of sweet oranges [C. sinensis period up to eight years of age) of nine PL selections (L.) Osbeck] and many tangerine varieties. grafted onto Swingle citrumelo. Sci. Agric. v.73, n.2, p.109-114, March/April 2016 110 Santos et al. Performance of ‘Persian’ lime selections Materials and Methods Biometric variables Plant height of eight-year-old trees was evaluated Location at the end of the month of August 2012. The diameter The orchard was planted in October 2004 in the and height of the canopies of the trees were measured municipality of Cruz das Almas, Recôncavo da Bahia, using a metric ruler. Height was measured from the soil Brazil (12º40’39” S, 39º06’23” W, 225 m above sea level). to the middle section of the top of the plant. The diam- The climate is classified as Ami according to the eter was measured in the direction of the planted row Köppen classification. Weather data were obtained from and perpendicular to it for calculating the mean diam- an agrometeorological station. Rain sensor and tempera- eter. The canopy volume was calculated by V = 2⁄3 π (D ture sensors were at a height of 1.5 m above the ground. ⁄ 2)2 H, whereas, V is the volume of the canopy in cubic Between 2009 and 2012, the mean annual precipitation meters, H is the height of the plant in meters and D the was 1065 mm. Climate data referring to the productive mean diameter in meters. period are shown in Figure 1. The period from June to August was characterized as the wet season and from Yield variables November to March as the dry season. The soil was clas- The Yield per plant (Y) is referred to as the total sified as Typic Haplustox (Soil Survey Staff, 2014) and mass (kg) of fruits per plant obtained in the years 2009, the experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2012 when 2010, 2011 and 2012. Yield between 2004 and 2008 was fruit production was available. not computed. The harvest was gathered every year and the values added. The cumulative yield was obtained by Plant material and cultural practices adding the yields of the four years evaluated. Nine PL selections (Table 1), grafted onto Swingle citrumelo rootstocks were planted in 5.5 m × 4.0 m spacing (454 trees per ha) under rain-fed cultivation. Table 1 – Canopy volume, plant height and average canopy diameter The following selections were used: ‘CNPMF–2000’, of nine selections of eight-year-old ‘Persian’ lime grafted onto ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, (from Cruz Swingle citrumelo in 2012, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. das Almas, Bahia, Brazil), ‘IAC–5’, ‘IAC–5.1’ (from Cor- Selections Canopy volume Plant heigh Canopy diameter deirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil), ‘Bearss’ and ‘Persian–58’ m3 ---------------------------------- m ---------------------------------- (from Riverside, California, USA) and ‘5059’ (of un- CNPMF–2000 37.8 3.3 a 4.7 known origin). 'IAC–5' was used as a control in this CNPMF–2001 36.5 3.1 b 4.8 study because it is the main commercial PL selection. CNPMF–01 35.9 3.1 b 4.8 Over the years weed control was conducted us- CNPMF–02 36.3 3.0 b 4.8 ing a brush cutter tractor. As to the presence of harmful IAC–5 40.9 3.1 b 4.9 insects, integrated pest management was considered us- IAC–5.1 40.9 3.4 a 4.8 ing insecticides only when populations reached control BEARSS 37.0 3.1 b 4.8 levels. 5059 38.7 3.3 a 4.8 There was no directed chemical control to post PERSIAN–58 44.2 3.4 a 4.9 bloom fruit drop (PFD) caused by Colletotrichum acuta- F Test 0.18ns 0.00** 0.45ns tum in the experimental area, since this is a frequent oc- CV (%) 13 6 5 currence in commercial orchards in the region studied. Average values within columns followed by the same letter belong to the Manual pruning of dried branches and suckers was car- same group, according to the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). CV - Coefficient of ried out when necessary. variation; nsnon-significant; **significant at p < 0.01. Figure 1 − Rainfall and average, minimum and maximum air temperatures between Jan 2008 and Dec 2012, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. Source: Meteorological Station at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits Sci. Agric. v.73, n.2, p.109-114, March/April 2016 111 Santos et al. Performance of ‘Persian’ lime selections The yield efficiency of fruits (YE) was calculated In addition, ‘CNPMF–01’ PL trees grafted onto by YE = Y ⁄ V (kg m−3) in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) after nine The fruit percentage produced during the off-sea- years, were 4.5 m in height (Stuchi et al., 2002).
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