Spring Newsletter

www.place.uk.com 2019

Happy new year! PLACE spring conference – P. 1 Other Spring events – P. 2 We have decided to send this first newsletter of PLACE AGM – P. 3 2019 to everyone as hard copy. Those of you who Reports on past events – Pp 4 - 8 normally receive newsletters electronically will get Publications – P. 9 the next two as an e-mail attachment. PLACE information - P. 10

REMINDER: PLACE subscriptions were due on 1st January – still only £5.00 a year! If you have not already paid by cheque or standing order, please use the enclosed form to renew your subscription. Please also consider setting up a standing order for future years.

SPRING CONFERENCE 2019

The Changing Nature of Conservation

Saturday 6th April, Clements Hall, York, 9.15am – 4.45pm

The nature conservation movement in Britain has seen enormous changes over the past century or so, from the first tentative steps to protect species and sites to national and international initiatives to manage whole landscapes in harmony with the natural world. Great changes are likely to occur within the present century, too, so it is timely to review past progress and consider how our relationship with the landscape and its wildlife may alter in future years. This conference brings together representatives from major conservation bodies, who will present personal views of the changing nature of conservation:

• Sir John Lawton, keynote address: ‘Making Space for Nature: past, present and future’ • Rob Stoneman (YWT): ‘The Wildlife Trusts: from preservation to dreams of a Wilder Future’ • Laurence Rose (RSPB): ‘4319 years of bird conservation’ • Richard Baker: ‘Alien pest invaders’ • Jeremy Purseglove: ‘Making Space for Water’ • Tim Thom (YWT): ‘Getting to grips with peat’ • Phil Lyth (Farming and Wildlife): ‘Farming with Wildlife in a changing world’ • Brian Walker: ‘Changing attitudes in the Forestry Commission’

There will also be displays and bookstalls. The venue is Clements Hall in York, where there is parking nearby and easy access to buses and trains. The conference fee of £10.00 per head includes coffee and tea. Participants may bring a packed lunch or patronise one of several places to eat in the vicinity. To book your place at this major event, please complete the booking form and send a cheque to the PLACE Office, payable to ‘PLACE’, no later than Friday 22nd March.

Please use the enclosed booking form for all events and book orders Page 2

GUIDED TOUR OF HALIFAX VISIT TO FOXGLOVE COVERT, Thursday 21st February 2019 CATTERICK GARRISON Wednesday 27th March 2019 Local historian David Glover (President of the Halifax Antiquarian Society) will lead us on a Dr Margaret Bastow will lead a visit to this Local guided tour around this fascinating town in Nature Reserve managed by the Ministry of Calderdale, famed for its former textile industry Defence. Foxglove Covert is known for its rich and chocolate manufacture and home to many wildlife, including plants, birds, amphibians, impressive public buildings. In the morning we reptiles and insects. Habitats include woodland, shall look at the exterior of the minster church ponds, a lake and open moorland and there is a (there will be a chance for those who wish to go bird hide on the nature reserve, so bring inside later on). Then we shall proceed to see the binoculars! Piece Hall, the Library and the Square Chapel before a lunch break. In the afternoon we shall Meet at 11.00am prompt in the car park of look at the Town Hall (below), where we shall Catterick Golf Club (grid ref: SE 172974). Access have a guided tour of the interior, and a few is via the A1 (junction 52 for Catterick), and other buildings of architectural note. A6136 to Catterick Garrison. At the large roundabout in the centre of Catterick Garrison, go straight ahead on the Leyburn Road. The Golf Club is on the left (post code DL9 3PZ). Parking on the nature reserve itself is limited, so the plan is to double up passengers at the Golf Club. Drivers will need photo ID to get through the security barrier on to the nature reserve. Cameras may be used on the nature reserve but not on the camp. We shall have a short talk at the Meet at the front of the railway station at nature reserve centre at 12 noon. 11.00am. Bring a packed lunch (weather permitting!) or patronise one of the many local Cost: £5.00 per head. Please book in advance. places to eat. Bring a packed lunch and wear walking boots or Cost: £5.00 per head. Please book in advance. very stout shoes. The Golf Club café is open

from 10.00am.

Stained glass in the Chapter House th Joint lecture with Philosophical Wednesday 24 April Society and Royal Geographical Society Dr Hilary Moxon will introduce her recent Tuesday 26th February, 7.30pm, Tempest research into the narratives in the windows in Anderson Hall, York York Minster's thirteenth-century Chapter House. By tracking the panels back through Dr Neil Macdonald – Is the history of flooding historical descriptions of the windows and at York representative of UK and European examining visual clues in the glass and the flood trends? Minster's repair records it is possible to suggest or confirm the original chronologies. Please Entry free to PLACE members. bring binoculars and note that delegates need to be prepared to stand. The talk, with

questions, will last approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. Dales Archaeology Day Meet at 11.00am Saturday 30th March, Giggleswick School prompt inside the West Door. Maximum This is an annual event celebrating number: 20. This is a archaeological research in the Yorkshire Dales free event but National Park. Tickets cost £15 (£12.50 for full- advance booking is time students/YAS members). To book a place, essential. either phone 01969 652343 or book on-line at: http://retail.yorkshiredales.org.uk/products/archa St Paul escaping eology-day-school from Damascus.

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PLACE Annual General Meeting and Members’ Day Saturday 11th May, Hull

We are holding our AGM and Members’ Day in Hull this year, in the James Reckitt Reading Room, Hull Central Library, Albion St, Hull HU1 3TF (within a few minutes’ walk from the railway station).

The timetable for the day is as follows: 10.00am Coffee/tea on arrival. 10.30am Talk by local historian Dr David Neave, on ‘Hull: History and Architecture’. 11.30am PLACE Annual General Meeting. 12.30pm Lunch break – bring a packed lunch, use the on-site café or eat elsewhere in the city. 2.00pm Guided tour by Paul Schofield, illustrating the historic buildings and architecture of Hull. Meet at Queen Victoria’s statue in the centre of Victoria Square. The tour will last no more than two hours.

Attendance at the morning events is free but there will be a charge of £4.00 per head for the afternoon tour, payable in advance at the time of booking. Please use the booking form to confirm your attendance, whether or not you wish to come on the guided tour.

At the AGM, three trustees will be stepping down. Two have indicated that they do not intend to stand for re-election, so there will be at least two vacancies on the Board this year. Anyone interested in being nominated as a Trustee should contact the PLACE Office for a nomination form and further information. Completed nomination forms must be returned by March 31st.

Our application to become a Charitable Incorporated Organisation, as approved at the last AGM, was submitted in August 2018. We are currently responding to points raised by the Charity Commission. We will update members in the next newsletter.

FIELDWORK AT MAY MOSS THIS SUMMER

PLACE is continuing its involvement with vegetation monitoring at May Moss on the , in conjunction with the Forestry Commission and the North York Moors National Park. Two new PLACE volunteers joined us last year and we hope others will be tempted to join in this coming summer. Dates for 2019 are:

Thursday 6th June Thursday 4th July Thursday 1st August

No prior botanical knowledge is required but a good pair of wellington boots is essential! If you are interested, please contact the PLACE Office for further details. Brian Walker monitoring plants within a quadrat

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REPORTS ON PAST EVENTS OTLEY CHEVIN WALK, OCTOBER 2018

On a day of glorious sunshine and unbroken blue skies, ten PLACE members and one small dog assembled in the East Chevin Road car park for this circular autumn walk of c.4 miles on Otley Chevin. Led by Margaret Atherden, we followed a section of the Forest Park’s Geology Trail in the morning and part of a trail of wood sculptures in the afternoon. The whole of the Forest Park was designated a Local Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 in recognition of its wealth of wildlife and geology.

Before setting off, Margaret gave us a brief outline of the geology: Millstone Grit of the Upper Carboniferous c.315 million years old, a series of alternating beds of sandstones and mudstones laid down in a deltaic environment when Britain was close to the equator. Starting on the Addingham Edge Grit, we walked west along the trail, passing on our left examples of geological features both small and large: a rare exposure of tidal laminites – thin beds deposited in very shallow water in a single tide – and huge blocks broken off from the crags above, allowing us to examine cross-bedding. The massive quarried faces of the crags were colourful in the sun, with rusty red iron staining and green mosses. All the while, on our right, we had wonderful bird’s-eye views of Otley and the whole sweep of Lower Wharfedale. This is a typical broad glaciated valley, with the sand and gravel deposits of the last (Devensian) Ice Age extracted in modern times and the pits now forming lakes for leisure purposes and wildlife. On the horizon to the north-east was the distinctive landmark of Almscliff Crag and, closer to Otley, we picked out Farnley Hall, home of the Hawkes family who after World War II gifted the whole of the Forest Park to the public. J M W Turner was a regular guest at the Hall and his well-known painting of Hannibal crossing the Alps is said to have been inspired by a storm over the Chevin.

Salt’s Mill. [David Wharton-Street]

View over Wharfedale from the Chevin Climbing the steps The group on the top of the Chevin

After about two-thirds of a mile we turned off the trail to start our climb of 200 plus steps up the steep scarp slope in to the Chevin ridge (formed of the Doubler Stones, another very coarse sandstone containing many quartz pebbles). Reaching the top – after a much needed breather and drink – we continued along the ridge path to Surprise View, which was to be our lunch spot. Firstly we paused to learn about the once popular tourist destination of Jenny’s Cottage (or Chevin Top Farm), Jenny being the original tenant’s wife, known in the 1820s for her hospitality. The cottage had become a tea-room continuing her tradition until, with the increase in motor car use, it fell into decline (and was prey to vandalism) and was demolished in 1976. Only a small part of the foundations were still to be seen. On the rock tops nearby we made ourselves comfortable in the sun to enjoy our lunch and the stunning panoramic views – Wharfedale to the north and to the south towards Yeadon, Leeds and far into South Yorkshire (including the Emley Moor TV mast). Unfortunately, a ‘cup and ring’ marked rock we endeavoured to find in the vicinity proved elusive.

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Walking along the Chippendale Ride Left: ‘Hannah the Bull Elephant’ [Richard Mallows] Above: Beech woodland [Denny Mallows]

Suitably refreshed, we made our way east along the escarpment, then down across the East Chevin Road and back into the Forest Park along the Chippendale Ride (named after the famous cabinet- maker who was born in Otley). With the sun filtering through the canopy, we admired the various trees both native and non-native; some, particularly the beautiful beech, still green; some on the turn; and some, like the splendid red oak, in full autumn garb. The wood sculptures along the way proved intriguing, although a favourite, Hannah the Bull Elephant, was easy to distinguish. The wild animals which had once roamed in this part of the forest (the Caley Deer Park) had evidently included wild boar and zebra! (Another of Turner’s paintings (1878) depicts a deer being carried back to nearby Caley Hall.) As we made our way back, there were other remains of buildings to be seen, including ‘Keeper’s Cottage’ or ‘Deer Park Cottage’, first occupied in 1820. The last deer was shot in 1840, but the cottage continued to be lived in by gamekeepers and labourers working for the Fawkes until 1917, when it was boarded up and then demolished in 1925. Remains of two Iron Age settlements, 800 BC – AD 43, were hidden in the undergrowth, but there were some interesting fungi to be photographed. On our return to the car park, Margaret was thanked for what had been a delightful and fascinating walk. PLACE members unable to participate really missed a treat!

Irene Walton.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISIT TO , OCTOBER 2018

A group of 13 members assembled in the untimely snow at Kildale on the edge of the North York Moors in late October. Given the inclement weather conditions it was decided to decamp to the Glebe Cottage cafe where Roger Inman of the Hidden Valleys Community Project gave us a detailed introduction to the archaeology of the valleys of Lonsdale, Kildale, Baysdale and . Roger Inman's fieldwalking since 1976 and other archaeological investigations such as trench digging continue to amplify the work of earlier specialists such as Raymond Hayes, Don Spratt and Roland Close. We learnt that Kildale provides a microcosm of British history through its archaeological evidence be it Bronze Age tools, Iron Age forts, Romano-British pottery, Saxon crosses, Viking burials and Medieval buildings. A field map of 1612 reveals that Kildale had 19 houses. Currently there are only c120 inhabitants.

Today Kildale is largely part of the estate of the Sutcliffe family who reside in Kildale Hall dating back to 1810. The Romano- British archaeological layout was quite dense and this has been revealed from excavations of scheduled moorland sites such as Percy Rigg in the 1960s which revealed five Iron Age round houses. In the early second century A.D. there seems to have been a reorganization of the fields and settlements which may have been related to the building of Hadrian's Wall in 112A.D and the need for greater agricultural production. Orthostatic walling is found. The Hidden Valleys Community Valleys Project is currently evaluating c 6,500 pieces of pottery, some of which have been recovered from the 1956 excavation of buildings belonging to the medieval manor house which was

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recorded on a map of 1806. Pottery by its composition and style can reveal many things such as its use and whether it was locally produced in kilns. The presence of decorative items may indicate the relative wealth of agricultural surpluses. The pottery from the round house on Moor has confirmed that the site has been occupied from the Iron Age to the Romano-British period. Fieldwalking can also uncover rusting slag deposits which indicate smelting in the Romano-British era. In recent times traditional archaeological techniques have been augmented by geophysics and aerial photography. The exceptionally dry conditions of the recent summer have revealed further discoveries. The issue of the use of drones was mentioned, as was metal-detecting.

After lunch at the Glebe Cafe we visited the nearby site of the medieval manor house and the village church, which was rebuilt c1850. The snow prevented us from visiting the more remote upland sites which we hope to see in more favourable conditions in the future. PLACE has given financial assistance to the work of the Hidden Valleys Community Project and Roger Inman invited volunteers to assist with future excavation work.

Philip Mander.

TALK ON STARGAZING IN YORKSHIRE

Following the very successful visit to the astronomical observatory near Grewelthorpe in 2017, nineteen PLACE members enjoyed an evening talk on the history of stargazing in Yorkshire in November 2018, given by Richard Darn, a keen amateur astronomer. The venue was Bedern Hall in York and Richard’s talk was illustrated by some beautiful images of the night sky taken through telescopes. We were also able to handle samples he had brought along: part of an asteroid, part of a meteorite and a bit of earth burnt when a meteorite landed. The first part of the talk considered three astronomers with links to Yorkshire: William Gascoigne (c.1611 – 1644), John Michell (1724 – 1793) and John Goodricke (1764 – 1786).

William Gascoigne is not particularly well-known to most people but played an important part in the development of telescopes, including the invention of cross-hairs and, particularly, the micrometer, which was used to measure the width of objects such as the moon until the development of photography. He also established that the moon had an elliptical orbit and was the first to calculate the size of the sun. Born to a wealthy family in Middleton, near Leeds, he possibly studied at Oxford University but little is known about his education. He joined the Royalist army in 1642 and was sadly killed in the Battle of Marston Moor two years later, aged only 32. He has no known grave and was nearly forgotten, but two Frenchmen rescued his reputation and he eventually got a blue plaque in Leeds in 2018.

John Michell is another astronomer who has escaped the attention of most of us, despite being dubbed ‘the father of black holes’. Born in Nottinghamshire, he studied at Cambridge Universitiy and became Rector of St Michael’s in Thornhill, Dewsbury. He also held a chair in Geology, his particular interest being in magnetism. He proposed that earthquakes were caused by movements on the earth’s surface (later to be known as plate tectonics) and proved that double stars were binary systems. He built a large telescope in his back garden, where his observations led him to contemplate the relationship between gravity and mass. He ended up describing ‘dark stars’ – later known as black holes – and paved the way for later work by Einstein and Hawking on black holes at the centres of galaxies. His blue plaque can be found on the church in Dewsbury.

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John Goodricke’s name is more familiar to residents of York, partly because one of the colleges of the University of York is named after him. Born in the Netherlands, he became deaf at the age of five and attended a special school in Edinburgh and later Warrington Academy. He lived with his family for some time in the Treasurer’s House in York and made many of his astronomical observations from there. He is particularly remembered for his work on variable stars, such as Algol the ‘Demon Star’ in Perseus, which he concluded varied because another star was moving in front of it. He went on to study Cepheids or ‘standard candles’, the variation in luminosity of which allows astronomical distances to be calculated. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 1783 and was elected to the Royal Society in 1786, just four days before his death, so never learned of this honour. After his untimely death aged just 21, his work on Cepheids was continued and developed by his friend, Edward Pigott, and has been pivotal in modern astronomy.

In the second half of his talk, Richard Darn turned to the modern problem of light pollution, which means that most of the British public are unable to see the Milky Way now. South and West Yorkshire are the most light-polluted parts of outside London! Richard is an adviser on the establishment of ‘Dark Skies’ areas, such as Northumberland and Exmoor. Within Yorkshire, the best areas for dark skies are the northern Yorkshire Dales and parts of the North York Moors. Star gazing from such areas reveals just how much those of us who live in towns and cities are missing. However, even in rural areas the threat of light pollution is increasing, partly due to brighter LED street lights and headlights on cars. Efforts are now being made in places like Sheffield to reduce this effect by using cooler lights and redirecting the light from security lights downwards. There are also concerns, particularly in America, about the effect of light pollution on human health, as bright lights limit the production of melatonin and make it more difficult for people to sleep. Wildlife is also affected and natural rhythms are disrupted for species such as bats, night-flying birds and turtles. Other problems include the disturbance to neighbours from badly-sited security lights and the problem of glare from headlights for motorists and cyclists.

Following the lead taken in America, Dark Sky Parks are being established in Great Britain. The first was Galloway in 2009, followed by Exmoor, Northumberland, the Brecon Beacons, the Elan Valley, the Scillies, Snowdonia and the South Downs. It is hoped that the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors will follow them shortly. Many areas now hold regular star gazing events, e.g. Kielder and Dalby forests. The island of Rum holds Dark Skies Festivals and there will be one in Yorkshire from 15th February to 3rd March 2019, including events at Sutton Bank and Castle Howard.

PLACE members who attended Richard’s talk will want to go along to some of the events, our appetites having been whetted by a wonderful time-lapse photographic sequence with which the evening ended. Many thanks to Richard Darn for literally opening our eyes to some of the wonders of the night sky.

Anyone who wishes to learn more is referred to Richard’s posts on twitter (#@richdarn1) or the events on the website https://gostargazing.co.uk/ev ents. One of Richard’s amazing images of the Andromeda galaxy

Margaret Atherden. Page 8

CHRISTMAS: A CELEBRATION OR COMMISERATION

Our festive event in December 2018 was held at Bedern Hall and was attended by 21 people. The evening’s entertainment was provided by Ars Ludendi, who presented a series of dramatized readings:

A Village Celebration - A A Milne Reginald on Christmas Presents - H H Munro (Saki) A Christmas Tragedy - Lady Molly of Scotland Yard - Baroness Orczy

Reginald’s Christmas Revel - H H Munro (Saki) Down Pens - H H Munro (Saki) On Getting an Introduction - Edgar Wallace

As usual, the event involved much hilarity and was greatly enjoyed by the audience. A festive cold buffet was provided by Time and Place Catering.

Photos of the event taken by Natalie Roe

The men who trusted the King

On November 30th 2018, York honoured Robert Aske with a memorial service and civic plaque, at Clifford's Tower. Aske was executed there in 1537 for treason, on the orders of Henry VIII’s minister, Thomas Cromwell. He was a lawyer from Aughton, near York, the younger son of a local landowner who had connections with several members of the Yorkshire nobility, who resented the taxes imposed to finance the king’s expenditure on wars in Europe and the changes being made to religious practice.

Aske was persuaded to act as spokesman for northern opposition to Cromwell's closure of the smaller monasteries, on which the poor relied for rudimentary welfare services, and led a petition to the King, backed by an army of local people in the "Pilgrimage of Grace" in 1536. The Pilgrims met the King's envoy near Doncaster, were promised reforms and a free pardon, and dispersed peacefully. Aske spent Christmas with the King at Greenwich but when the reforms were not forthcoming, a new rebellion broke out led by Francis Bigod.

Henry persuaded Aske to help defuse the situation by returning to Yorkshire in 1537 and Aske wrote to the rebels ordering them to stay in their homes and not to join Bigod's revolt. This was interpreted by Cromwell as failing to support the King's army and provided the excuse to arrest and try Aske along with the rebels. His execution, by hanging, drawing and quartering, took place later the same year. Cromwell was now able to annex the rest of the monastic lands, but within three years fell out of favour and was himself executed in 1540.

Michael Hopkinson.

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PUBLICATIONS

TWO NEW PLACE BOOKS HAVE JUST BEEN PUBLISHED

The Yorkshire Wolds Landscape: past, present and future is the proceedings of the 2016 conference held in the Wolds Heritage Centre in Warter. Price: £2.50 + £2.00 P & P.

Canals, Plants and People: a Yorkshire Perspective is a major new book by PLACE member Ray Goulder. Price: £10.50 + £3.00 P & P.

Both are available from the PLACE Office (see order form enclosed).

OTHER BOOKS OF INTEREST On-line papers from the research student conference in 2017 The Yorkshire Wolds: a journey of discovery, by Fleur and Colin Speakman, is a useful Although, as reported in the last newsletter, it complement to the Wolds volume advertised has not proved possible to produce a full above. It is available from Gritstone publication from the joint 2017 research student Publishing, price £15.00 + P & P. conference with the RGS, two of the papers have http://gritstone.coop now been published on-line. They are available to read or download for free from the PLACE Romans and Natives in Central Britain, edited website. They are: by R.D. Martlew, stems from a day school held in Grassington by our partner organisation, Isabel Cook (University of Sheffield) the Yorkshire Dales Landscape Research Climate Change and the Vulnerability of the Trust, in 2016. Price: £8.00 + £1.64 P & P, Historic Landscape available from YDLRT, Chapel Beck, This paper examines the impact of sea-level rise and Kettlewell, BD23 5RL. coastal erosion on coastal archaeology and cultural heritage in the Dysynni valley, west Wales. In the pipeline later this year:

Philippa Carter (Newcastle University) The PLACE Book of Woodland Walks. Experiencing nostalgia for ‘lost’ landscapes Expected publication in autumn 2019. This paper explores the phenomenon of nostalgia experienced by local communities for landscapes of Another book by Nan Sykes: Roadside the past, with particular reference to the Derwent Flowers through the seasons around Ryedale. Valley in north-east England. Expected publication later this spring.

Our partner organisation, the Historic Towns Forum, holds seminars and day schools that may be of interest to some of our members. PLACE would be happy to pay expenses for someone to attend and report back on some of these meetings. See their website for details: www.historictownsforum.org If you are interested in attending, please contact the PLACE Office. Page 10

PLACE offers small research grants (normally The PLACE Advisory Committee meets twice < £1000) to individuals carrying out research a year (normally in March and October at projects relevant to the aims of PLACE. For King’s Manor, York) to discuss future events. example, last year we awarded a grant to Ben We are keen to recruit two or three extra Grewer for his research on the feasibility of people to help us plan our future programme. the Yorkshire Wolds becoming a UNESCO We invite any member who is interested to Geopark. Details of how to apply for these contact the PLACE Office. This is a chance to grants and guidelines for applicants are share your ideas for PLACE events and help available on our website. us plan a programme that members want. It’s a small, friendly committee and meetings are We’d love to award some more research great fun! We look forward to hearing from grants, so do consider applying if you have an you. idea for a project.

PLACE holds members’ names and addresses and, where you have supplied them, e-mail addresses and telephone numbers. These are only used to communicate with you about PLACE affairs or events. We do not hold any personal data supplied to us from other sources and we never share personal data with other individuals or organisations. Please remember to let us know if any of your contact details change!

If you wish to change the way we communicate with you at any time, please contact the PLACE Office. The trustee with responsibility for data protection at the moment is David Hawtin. Should you have a complaint about the way we handle your personal data, please contact him via the PLACE Office.

All our events are open to the general public. Children are welcome, provided they are accompanied by a parent or guardian. Dogs on leads are allowed on some outings, subject to the agreement of the leader (please ask in advance).

We sometimes take photographs at events for publicity purposes. If you do not wish to be photographed, please tell the event organiser at the time.

To contact PLACE: PLACE Board and Officers 2019 By post: PLACE Office, N.B. This is a Chief Executive: York St John University, ‘virtual’ office Dr Margaret Atherden Lord Mayor’s Walk, and is not York, staffed. Trustees: Dr Michael Hopkinson YO31 7EX. Ms Linda Blenkinship (Treasurer)

Ms Aileen Bloomer Mr Philip Mander By phone or text message: 07989 095924 (Chair) Dr Hilary Moxon (NB this is the Chief Executive’s mobile Dr Jean Dixon (Company Secretary) number – for emergency use only, please) Mr David Hawtin Dr George Sheeran

Mr Brian Walker By e-mail: [email protected]

Elections for trustees take place at the AGM each Website: www.place.uk.com year.

The next newsletter is due in April 2019