DOCSLIB.ORG

Ukrainian Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ukrainian Revolution THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION, 1917-1920 A STUDY IN NA TIONALISM -($' By JOHN S.YHETAR, JR. /'- PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 1952 , ... 4-:: Copyright, 1952, by Princeton University Press London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press (92 Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Princeton University Research Fund i Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey TO MY MOTHER AND FATHER Preface HIS study is an attempt to do justice to a sorely neglected aspect of the Russian Revolution- the Ukrainian effort to attain independent state- hood which commenced in 1917 and ended in failure in 1920. English and American students Thave described and analyzed with adequate care events which occurred in Moscow and Petrograd, but there have been no comparable efforts to study the peripheries of the Russian Empire. In the case of Ukraine this negligence was due to a general unawareness of the existence of a people in Southern Russia distinct Erom those in the North. The fact that both the Ukrainians and the Russians claim the same early history has been a source of considerable consternation to the uninitiated observer. In the past vari- ous Russian writers, among them Prince Alexander Vol- konsky and Prince Serge Obolensky, have written polemics based on the thesis that there is no Ukrainian nation but only a Little Russian branch of the Russian nation. Ukrain- ian historians and polemicists have countered with the assertion that the Muscovite tsars usurped Ukraine's ancient name of Rus. An attempt to disentangle the various claims and counter- claims advanced by the Russian and Ukrainian historians would go beyond the scope of this study and would be of no practical value because the distinctiveness of the Ukrain- ians is now generally recognized. The fact that Ukraine enjoys the status of a separate republic as well as member- ship in the United Nations is indicative of the recocgnition which has been accorded it. The four years of painful suffering and bloodshed, of chaos and anarchy, and of un- derstandable but harmful compromises described in the following pages did not lead to independent statehood. There is much in this story that is heroic, and there is also the shabby, the tragic, and the ironic. In a narrow sense this is the study of a failure because the men who led the Ukrainian movement were defeated. Yet when viewed in vii 1; PREFACE its historical perspective, the Ukrainian Revolution of 1g 17- 1920 was not without effect for it compelled Russia's Com- munist rulers to acknowledge the existence of the Ukrain- ian people. This was no mean achievement. I The person who undertakes to describe and evaluate the events of this period of civil war and revolution cannot but be aware of the large number of works with an anti- Ukrainian bias which have come from the pens of Soviet and anti-Bolshevik Russian writers. Yet if the story of the national movement is to be told accurately it must be based primarily on the accounts of the men who made it possible. There are many questions which cannot be fully answered. Personal animosities and the usual desire of participants to avoid responsibility for errors have contributed to the difficulties encountered in this enquiry. Human motives and the causes of failures are not easily determined. If the present writer has been unjust to any of the participants in the events dealt with in this study he requests only that those who would pass harsh judgment upon him recall the complexity of this period before doing so. Transliteration is invariably a problem because those who are philologically inclined demand a system which incorporates every subtlety while for the average scholar the main function of a system of transliteration is to enable the reader who knows the language to consult a specific source. This writer has not distinguished between the IJkrainian "H" and "is' by rendering one as "y" and the other as '5"; nor has he transliterated "'i" as "yi" or "e" as "ye." This has been done in order to maintain simplicity and also for aesthetic reasons since if "i"' were to be ren- dered as "yi" it would necessitate spelling "Ukraina" as "Ukrayina." In the case of names of Ukrainians who have been living in exile for a considerable period of time an attempt has been made to render the person's name in the form which he himself has employed more or less con- sistently in his writings in the Western European languages. Whatever merit this work may possess is due in no small measure to the aid and encouragement which I have re- viii PREFACE ceived from my former teachers and from my associates and colleagues. The Social Science Research Council in granting me a pre-doctoral fellowship enabled me to be released from a considerable portion of my teaching duties. I am heavily indebted to Professor Rupert Emerson of the Department of Government at Harvard University and to Professor Philip E. Mosely of the Russian Institute at Co- lumbia University, without whose generous support this study could not have been undertaken. Professor Mykola Haydak placed his excellent private library of rare Ukrain- ian materials at my disposal, and the since deceased Pro- fessor Dmitro Doroshenko, during two delightful summer afternoons and evenings in Winnipeg, provided me with invaluable reminiscences. Professor Harold Sprout and Professor George Graham, my colleagues at Princeton, graciously consented to the lightening of my teaching du- ties. My former teachers-Professors Merle Fainsod and Michael Karpovich-contributed, each in his own way, to my graduate education and to the preparation which pre- ceded the writing of my doctoral dissertation from which this study emerged. I should like to express my gratitude to the staff members of the Widener Library at Harvard, the Columbia Uni- versity Library, the Princeton University Library, the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, and the Hoover Library at Stanford University for the many serv- ices rendered in connection with the research for this study. In addition, the publications gathered by the late Harold Weinstein, and bequeathed to Columbia University follow- ing his death in World War 11, were of inestimable value to me. The many persons who have contributed in so many different ways to this study are too numerous to be fully acknowledged. I do, however, wish to express my apprecia- tion to Professor Hans Kohn for providing me with certain background information with regard to various of the Jewish groups in Ukraine; to Katherine Reshetar and Marie Kalina for their typing of the manuscript with such PREFACE care and efficiency and for their aid in the preparation of the index; to Miriam Brokaw of the Princeton University Press who made innumerable suggestions in connection with the preparation of the manuscript for publication; to Helen Van Zandt for preparing the map; and to Marianne Ehrenborg for aiding in the proofreading. In accordance with custom, I must state that I alone.bear full responsibility for the conclusions expressed and for any errors of fact or interpretation which may have oc- curred. Publication of this study was aided substantially by a generous subvention from the Prince ton University Re- search Fund for which I am very grateful. JOHN S. RESHETAR, JR. Princeton December, 1951 Table of Contents I. INCIPIENT NATIONHOOD 1 11. THE RISE OF THE CENTRAL RADA 45 111. THE DEMISE OF THE RADA 87 IV. THE INTERLUDE OF THE HETMANATE 143 V. THE REPUBLICAN REVIVAL 209 VI. THE DEBACLE 261 VII. IN RETROSPECT 317 BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 INDEX 349 A map of Ukraine will be found on pages 220 and 221. CHAPTER I Incipient Nationhood And Ukraine shall rise from her grave and shall again appeal to all brethren Slavs, and they shall heed her call, and Slavdom shall rise and there shall remain neither tsar nor tsarevich, neither tsarina nor prince, neither count nor duke, neither Illustrious Highness nor Excellency, neither sir nor nobleman, neither serf nor servant; neither in Muscovy nor in Poland, neither in Ukraine nor in Czechia, neither in Croatia nor in Serbia nor in BU~~~~~~.-NICHOLASKOSTOMAROV, The Book of Genesis of the Ukrainian People (1846) We know that the struggle will be long and bitter, that the enemy is strong and unsparing. But we also know that this is the final conflict, not to be followed by another opportune moment for a new struggle. The night has been long, but the dawn has approached and we shall not allow the rays of na- ' tional freedom to shine on our chains: we shall break them before the rising of the sun of liberty. For the last time we shall enter the arena of history and either succeed or die. We no longer wish to bear foreign rule and indignities in our , own land. Numerically we are small, but in our love of Ukraine we are strong! . Let the cowards and renegades go, as they have in the past, to the camp of our enemies. They have no place among us, and we shall denounce them as enemies of the Fatherland. All in Ukraine who are not for us are against us. Ukraine for the Ukrainians! So long as a single foreign enemy remains on our territory we do not have the right to lay down our arms.-~~c~o~~sMIKHNOVSKY, Independent Ukraine (1900) HE collapse of the Russian Empire in February 191 7 led to one of the richest and most costly periods of political experimentation in mod- ern history-costly in human as well as in ma- terial terms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oleh Gerus Fonds (MSS 367)
    University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections Finding Aid - Oleh Gerus fonds (MSS 367) Generated by Access to Memory (AtoM) 2.4.1 Printed: May 11, 2020 Language of description: English University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections 330 Elizabeth Dafoe Library Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 Telephone: 204-474-9986 Fax: 204-474-7913 Email: [email protected] http://umanitoba.ca/libraries/archives/ http://umlarchives.lib.umanitoba.ca/index.php/oleh-gerus-fonds Oleh Gerus fonds Table of contents Summary information ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Administrative history / Biographical sketch .................................................................................................. 3 Scope and content ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Notes ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Access points ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Series descriptions ........................................................................................................................................... 5 - Page 2 - MSS 367 Oleh Gerus fonds Summary information Repository: University of Manitoba
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease in the Southern Ukraine
    — !!!cifra_MNJ_№5_(tom16)_2020 01.07. Белоусова 07.07.Евдокимова ОРИГІНАЛЬНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ /ORIGINAL RESEARCHES/ UDC 616.858-036.22 DOI: 10.22141/2224-0713.16.5.2020.209248 I.V. Hubetova Odessa Regional Clinical Hospital, Odesa, Ukraine Odessa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease in the Southern Ukraine Abstract. Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disease with accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the formation of Lewy bodies inside nerve cells. The prevalence of PD ranges from 100 to 200 cases per 100,000 population. However, in the Ukrainian reality, many cases of the disease remain undiagnosed, which affects the statistical indicators of incidence and prevalence. The purpose of the study is to compare PD epidemiological indices in the Southern Ukraine with all-Ukrainian rates. Material and methods. Statistical data of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, public health departments of Odesa, Mykolaiv and Kherson regions for 2015–2017 were analyzed. There were used the methods of descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Results. Average prevalence of PD in Ukraine is 67.5 per 100,000 population — it is close to the Eastern European rate. The highest prevalence was registered in Lviv (142.5 per 100,000), Vinnytsia (135.9 per 100,000), Cherkasy (108.6 per 100,000) and Kyiv (107.1 per 100,000) regions. The lowest rates were in Luhansk (37.9 per 100,000), Kyrovohrad (42.5 per 100,000), Chernivtsi (49.0 per 100,000) and Ternopil (49.6 per 100,000) regions. In the Southern Ukraine, the highest prevalence of PD was found in Mykolaiv region.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Archival and Manuscript Collection of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., New York City
    Research Report No. 30 A GUIDE TO THE ARCHIVAL AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U.S., NEW YORK CITY A Detailed Inventory Yury Boshyk Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Edmonton 1988 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Occasional Research Reports Publication of this work is made possible in part by a grant from the Stephania Bukachevska-Pastushenko Archival Endowment Fund. The Institute publishes research reports periodically. Copies may be ordered from the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E8. The name of the publication series and the substantive material in each issue (unless otherwise noted) are copyrighted by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. PRINTED IN CANADA Occasional Research Reports A GUDE TO THE ARCHIVAL AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U.S., NEW YORK CITY A Detailed Inventory Yury Boshyk Project Supervisor Research Report No. 30 — 1988 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Dr . Yury Boshyk Project Supervisor for The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Research Assistants Marta Dyczok Roman Waschuk Andrij Wynnyckyj Technical Assistants Anna Luczka Oksana Smerechuk Lubomyr Szuch In Cooperation with the Staff of The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. Dr. William Omelchenko Secretary General and Director of the Museum-Archives Halyna Efremov Dima Komilewska Uliana Liubovych Oksana Radysh Introduction The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States, New York City, houses the most comprehensive and important archival and manuscript collection on Ukrainians outside Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Ukraine Advisory Board
    THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE Paul Kubicek The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kubicek, Paul. The history of Ukraine / Paul Kubicek. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096 –2095) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 – 0 –313 – 34920 –1 (alk. paper) 1. Ukraine —History. I. Title. DK508.51.K825 2008 947.7— dc22 2008026717 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Paul Kubicek All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008026717 ISBN: 978– 0– 313 – 34920 –1 ISSN: 1096 –2905 First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48 –1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1989, No.9
    www.ukrweekly.com Ukrainian Week v Vol. LVII No. 9 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1989 50 cents Cancers increase in Ukraine Gorbachev's visit to Ukraine in area of Chornobyl plant spurs detentions, angry protests JERSEY CITY, N.J. - The lasting ed. JERSEY CITY, N.J. — Soviet leader residents the day before. after-effects of the tragic Chornobyl In the Narodychy district, where the Mikhail Gorbachev's visit to Ukraine Mr. Gorbachev's visit to the nuclear reactor explosion are being felt Petrovsky collective farm is located, last week prompted detentions and Ukrainian capital on Monday, in Ukraine, as cancer cases have dou­ eight percent of the population is demonstrations in Lviv and Kiev, February 20, was preceded by a mass bled in the area around the plant, contaminated at a rate of 3 to 10 micro- reported the press service of the public rally on Sunday which, Moscow News reported on February curies, although Soviet radiologists Ukrainian Helsinki Union and The according to Reuters, attracted some 15. have determined that a level of 4.4. Washington Post. 2,000 people to October Revolution Almost three years after the explos­ micro-curies of Cesium 137 can cause Seven leading Ukrainian national Square in the city's center. The meeting ion, more than half the children in a "major modifications" in the body. rights activists were detained for more was reportedly organized by the Kiev district 31 to 56 miles from the reactor Moscow News stated that the Ukrain­ than six hours during the Soviet branch of the Ukrainian Helsinki Union are suffering from a thyroid gland ian authorities have divided the area president's brief swing through the and the Hromada society in accordance disease and the number of cancers, near the plant into "clean" and "non- western Ukrainian city of Lviv on with a recent notice in Izvestia allowing mostly esophagus and mouth cancers, clean" zones and have allocated to February 21, reported the UHU.
    [Show full text]
  • “Politics, Ballyhoo, and Controversy”: the Allied Clandestine Services, Resistance, and the Rivalries in Occupied France
    “Politics, Ballyhoo, and Controversy”: The Allied Clandestine Services, Resistance, and the Rivalries in Occupied France By Ronald J. Lienhardt History Departmental Undergraduate Honors Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder April 8, 2014 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Martha Hanna Department of History Defense Committee: Dr. John Willis Department of History Dr. Michael Radelet Department of Sociology 1 Song of the Partisans By Maurice Druon Friend, can you hear The Flight of the ravens Over our plains? Friend, can you hear The muffled cry of our country In chains? Ah! Partisans, Workers and peasants, The alert has sounded. This evening the enemy Will learn the price of blood And of tears.1 1 Claude Chambard, The Maquis: A History of the French Resistance Movement (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. , 1976), vii. 2 Table of Contents Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Chapter 1: Impending War, the fall of France, and the Foundations of Resistance---------------------8 France’s Initiative becomes outdated: The Maginot Line-------------------------------------------------------11 Failures to Adapt to the Progress of War: The Invasion and the fall of France----------------------------14 Collaboration and Life Under Occupation-------------------------------------------------------------------------20 Organization
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1991
    iished by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit association! rainian Weekl Vol. LIX KNo. 4 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, 1991 v 50 cents The other side of separatism: Ukrainian Independence Day recalled in Kiev Crimea votes for autonomy Somber tone prevails in commemorations loving people who have perished in their Though Moscow has balked at re­ by Marta Kolomayets by Kathleen Mihalisko struggle for independence. They also storing national-territorial autonomy Radio Liberty came to hear today's democratic leaders to the deported Crimean Tatars, a KIEV — Celebration marking the 73rd anniversary of the proclamation of - Dmytro Pavlychko, Mykhailo MUNICH - The inhabitants of program was implemented in 1989 to the Ukrainian National Republic Horyn, Larysa Skoryk, Volodymyr Crimea Oblast, the scenic peninsula on help resettle those who wish to return to (UNR) and the 72nd anniversary of the Yavorivsky and Volodymyr Cherniak Ukraine's Black Sea coast whose popu­ their homeland. The influx of Crimean unification of Ukrainian lands into one to name a few - address the problems lation swells each year at vacation time Tatars, who now account for more than independent state took on a somber of the future. with Kremlin VIPS and legions of 100,000 of the oblast's 2.5 million tone in the shadow of recent aggression The ceremonies, which took place ordinary citizens, were called to the inhabitants, has exacerbated housing by Soviet troops in Lithuania. polls on January 20 to participate in a and job shortages on the peninsula. against the backdrop of the golden More than 15,000 citizens of Ukraine referendum on the future status of their Clashes between Slavs and the re- domes of St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Bible and the Valuev Circular of July 18, 1863
    Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 28, pp. 1‒21 Articles The Ukrainian Bible and the Valuev Circular of July 18, 1863 Andrii Danylenko On July 18 of 1863, a circular sent by Pёtr Valuev,1 Russia’s minister of internal affairs, to the censorship committees imposed restrictions on Ukraini- an-language publications in the Russian Empire. In accordance with this docu- ment, the Censorship Administration could “license for publication only such books in this language that belong to the realm of fine literature; at the same time, the authorization of books in Little Russian with either spiritual content or intended generally for primary mass reading should be ceased.”2 The gen- esis of this circular, which was incorporated into a later act limiting Ukrainian- language publishing, namely, the so-called Ems Decree of May 18, 1876, has been the focus of numerous studies. Various historians (Fedir Savčenko, David Saunders, Alexei Miller, Ricarda Vulpius) tackled the emergence of the Valuev Circular from various points of view that appear sometimes complementary, sometimes kaleidoscopic, while covering loosely related aspects of the prob- lem. In this paper, the Valuev Circular will be addressed in the context of the appearance of modern translations of the Holy Scriptures into vernacular Ukrainian, thus expanding conventional approaches to the initiation of pro- hibitive measures against the Ukrainian language. ON THE GENESIS OF THE CIRCULAR Among circumstantial theories, premised on some secondary aspects of the genesis of the Valuev Circular, deserving of attention is Remy’s recent at- tempt to treat the appearance of anti-Ukrainian edicts as an incidental intru- sion of the individual into the historical chain of events.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1988, No.47
    www.ukrweekly.com Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc I I c. a fraternal non-profit association j rainian Y Vol. LVI No. 47 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, NOVEMBEHR 20,1988 50 cents Thousands gather in Kiev Makar freed from Lviv prison to protest ecological hazards Remains under investigation JERSEY CITY, N.J. - Demanding featured speakers from the Ukrainian JERSEY CITY, N.J. - Thirty-one- a clean-up of the environment in U- Writers' Union, including Dmytro year-old Ukrainian national rights kraine, thousands of Ukrainians jam­ Pavlychko, who called for the forma­ activist Ivan Makar, widely known as med Kiev's Central Stadium Square, on tion of a Ukrainian National Front to the first political prisoner of the glasnost Sunday, November 13, reported the Promote Perestroika. Similar organiza­ era, was released from the Brygidky Associated Press. tions have been created in various cities prison in Lviv, Ukraine on the evening The ecological crusade — reportedly throughout the Soviet Union and have of November 9, reported several a reaction to a chemical factor explo­ become powerful voices for economic sources. sion in Uman, located southwest of and cultural autonomy. Mr. Makar, a construction engineer Kiev, on Friday evening, November 11 The Kiev crowd, according to one and Communist Party member from — was organized by the Club Spad- participant interviewed via telephone the village of Halivka in the Lviv region, shchyna (Heritage), founded by the by the AP, swelled to 20,000. The was imprisoned since August 4, when he capital city's scientists; the Hromada people stood for more than three hours was arrested hours before one of a series Society of Shevchenko State Univer­ in freezing weather, listening to speakers of mass public rallies held in Lviv this sity; the informal association Noosfera; express concern over the environmental summer in support of official reform and the Zeleniy Svit (Green World) damage in the republic, including the attempts was violently dispersed by riot Association.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the UOCC
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF CANADA UOCC Cathedral pictureThe seed of the Orthodox Faith was sowed on the Canadian land, not by missionaries, but by simple peasants, who came from Ukraine and established themselves on the Canadian prairies. It is indeed on this simple, but at the same time deep, faith of the Ukrainian peasants-pioneers that the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada was established. Most of the first Ukrainian settlers came to Canada from Halychyna (where they were Greek Catholics) and from Bukovyna (where they belonged to the Orthodox Church). The Halychany, settling in Canada, where visited once in awhile by Greek-Catholic priests, but the Vatican wished to attached them to the Roman-Catholic Church already in existence, which would have assimilated them. The Bukovynians arriving in North America usually incorporated themselves into the Russian Orthodox Mission, which was already in existence. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian immigrants desired to have a Church with a Ukrainian character, which would be closer to the spiritual and cultural needs of the Ukrainian people, and this led to the formation of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada. In July 1918 a confidential conference of disenchanted lay Catholics from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta created a Ukrainian Orthodox Brotherhood — its goal — to organize the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada. Although the Ukrainian settlers who took part in the organization of this Church body were not theologians, they were conscious of the canon law that a Church body cannot exist without a bishop. Thus, the brotherhood contacted Archbishop Alexander, an ethnic Ukrainian in the Russian Orthodox Mission in North America, who initially accepted to become the temporary bishop of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada (U.G.O.C.C.) and to preside at its first Sobor, but later refused.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the Beginning of the ХХІ Century
    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE OF UKRAINE FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES AND PEDAGOGY Department of History and Political Sciences N. KRAVCHENKO History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the beginning of the ХХІ century Textbook for students of English-speaking groups Kyiv 2017 UDК 93/94 (477) BBК: 63.3 (4 Укр) К 77 Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine (Protocol № 3, on October 25, 2017). Reviewers: Kostylyeva Svitlana Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History of the National Technical University of Ukraine «Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»; Vyhovskyi Mykola Yuriiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of Historical Education of the National Pedagogical Drahomanov University Вilan Serhii Oleksiiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Political Sciences of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Аristova Natalia Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of English Philology of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Author: PhD, Associate Professor Nataliia Borysivna Kravchenko К 77 Kravchenko N. B. History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ - the beginning of the ХХІ century. Textbook for students of English-speaking groups. / Kravchenko N. B. – Куiv: Еditing and Publishing Division NUBiP of Ukraine, 2017. – 412 р. ISBN 978-617-7396-79-5 The textbook-reference covers the historical development of Ukraine Statehood in the ХХ- at the beginning of the ХХІ century. The composition contains materials for lectures, seminars and self-study. It has general provisions, scientific and reference materials - personalities, chronology, terminology, documents and manual - set of tests, projects and recommended literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection, Located at 59 East 2Nd Street in Manhattan, As a New York City Landmark
    October 10, 2008 Hon. Robert Tierney, Chair NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission 1 Centre Street, 9th Floor New York, NY 10007 Dear Chairman Tierney, We write to request that the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission consider the designation of the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection, located at 59 East 2nd Street in Manhattan, as a New York City Landmark. The stately Russian Orthodox Cathedral (at 74’ across, it stands the width of 3 city lots), is one of only three Russian Orthodox Cathedrals in Manhattan. The different phases in the building’s history speak to both the greater immigrant experience in New York, and more specifically to the experience of the Russian Orthodoxy in the first half of the 20th Century. The cathedral, made of rock‐cut Kentucky limestone, was designed in the gothic style by the renowned architect Josiah Cleveland Cady, who would later build such iconic New York City landmarks as the original Metropolitan Opera House, and the West 77th Street frontage and auditorium of the American Museum of Natural History, among others. The history of the cathedral dates back to 1867, when houses stood in its place. That year, the New York City Mission Society converted the house on the easternmost lot into the Olivet Chapel. The church catered to the local immigrant population, offering services in German, Hungarian, Italian, and Russian. In 1891, Cady laid the cornerstone for the current cathedral, which was originally named the Olivet Memorial Church. At this time, the Mission Society was focusing on a new institutional approach, consolidating its programming into churches which provided ample space and resources to serve needy communities.
    [Show full text]