DOCSLIB.ORG

BIOCHEMICAL and COLORIMETRIC STUDY of FLOWER COLOR in PHLOX SPECIES THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BIOCHEMICAL and COLORIMETRIC STUDY of FLOWER COLOR in PHLOX SPECIES THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements BIOCHEMICAL AND COLORIMETRIC STUDY OF FLOWER COLOR IN PHLOX SPECIES THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andres Bohorquez-Restrepo, B.S Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2015 Thesis Committee: Dr. Pablo Jourdan, Co-Advisor Dr. Joseph Scheerens, Co-Advisor Dr. Michelle Jones Copyrighted by Andres Bohorquez-Restrepo 2015 ABSTRACT Flower color is arguably the most important phenotypic feature of ornamental plants and extensive selection and breeding is done to develop new colors. Variation in flower color can be caused by different factors such as the composition and concentration of pigments, vacuolar pH and the presence of cofactors. The same color in two flowers may be the result of different mechanisms. Yet quantifying color variation can be challenging. Digital imaging coupled with analytic software is a powerful tool that can transform qualitative measurements of phenotypic characters like color and shape into quantitative data. Such a tool permits both a more objective analysis of traits that can be difficult to measure, as well as integration with molecular and biochemical data. In this study, a germplasm collection of Phlox was examined both for flower color variation as well as for anthocyanidin pigment composition. Phlox is a genus native to North America that includes an array of colorful flowers often described as purple, lilac, pink, red, orange and blue. The principal pigments of Phlox flowers are anthocyanins, but little is known about pigment variation in this genus. Tomato Analyzer (TAn) software was used to examine the variation in color from digital images of flowers of 89 Phlox accessions from the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center. These accessions included representatives of 17 ii species distributed across the three major sections of the genus. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify the flower color in the sampled population into ten different clusters based on colorimetric data. These clusters provide an objective color category system that can be used to describe the variation in flowers within Phlox. The most frequent color in the germplasm collection was the commonly described “phlox purple” or “pink”, here named Red-Purple, that could be separated into three clusters that distinguished subtle variations in lightness within this group. The Red-Purple group accounted for around 80% of the accessions and was widely distributed across the three sections of the genus. Another color cluster, named Lavender, was primarily found in numerous samples within a single section. The species with most variation in color were P.subulata, P.pilosa, P.carolina, P.ovata and P.paniculata. To complement the colorimetric analysis, anthocyanidin pigments were extracted from the flowers and the relationship between pigments and colorimetric parameters was analysed. All six main anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and peonidin) were found in the population. Delphinidin and cyanidin were the major anthocyanidins in most of the samples; petunidin and malvidin often co-appeared; malvidin and delphinidin were often found in an inverse relationship. Pelargonidin and peonidin were absent in the majority of samples, but the presence of pelargonidin resulted in color that identified a different cluster. Variation in lightness within the Red-Purple group of clusters coincided with fluctuations in petunidin and malvidin content. Linear regressions suggested iii petunidin may be an important component of variation in colorimetric parameters, possibly due to its relationship to malvidin and delphinidin. While general trends in anthocyanidin pattern and color were observed, different pigment composition could result in the same color, and nearly identical pigment composition could yield different colors. Thus, flower color in Phlox is only partly influenced by anthocyanidin composition and other factors play an important role. This work presents the most extensive color survey in Phlox to date, from both a biochemical and colorimetric perspective. The defined color clusters provide a useful objective system to describe flower color in the genus and facilitate more extensive characterization of an expanding germplasm collection. The anthocyanidin patterns provide a tool to identify potentially interesting parents in crosses aimed at modifying flower color. The findings provide information relevant for the study of anthocyanin biology in Phlox and for breeding improved cultivars of this important ornamental genus. iv Dedication A los Abicaru v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and most important my parents Rodrigo and Amanda, for their eternal support. There are not enough words to explain how thankful I am. I love you. Ian, I also fall short in words to express my gratitude. You have been on this trip with me since the beginning, thank you for your never ending patience, love and unconditional support. Joe and Pablo, your guidance through this journey is invaluable. It warms my heart to see you guys teaching with so much passion after all these years. My colleagues and friends from the Grotewold lab: Isa, Katherine, Katja and Bettina. I guess you are all my big sisters now, thank you for your friendship and continuous support, I’ve learned quite a lot from all of you! Erich, I thank you as well for introducing me to the extraordinary world of the anthocyanins. OPGC members, you guys rock! It has been very entertaining sharing my work space and all those lunches with you guys. Special thanks to Peter (Phlox wizard), Steven, Michelle (Third committee member), Dominic and all the unsung heroes that contributed one way or another to this process. Muchisimas gracias. vi VITA March 23, 1985 ..............................................Born, Medellin, Colombia 2009 ...............................................................B.S. Biology, Universidad de Antioquia 2010-2011 ......................................................Research Assistant, Grotewold Lab The Ohio State University 2011 to present .............................................Graduate Teaching Assistant/Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Pourcel L., Irani N., Bohorquez-Restrepo A. & Grotewold E. (2012) Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, Transport and Regulation: New Insights from Model Species. In Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research, Volume 3. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. Pp. 143-154. Pourcel L., Irani N., Koo A., Bohorquez-Restrepo A., Howe G. & Grotewold E. (2013). A chemical complementation approach reveals novel genes and interactions of flavonoids with other pathways. Plant J. 74:383-397. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................vi VITA ............................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................x LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................xiii Chapters: 1. Digital Imaging to Classify Phlox Flowers by Colorimetric Parameters .................1 Introduction ...................................................................................................1 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................10 Results ............................................................................................................12 Discussion.......................................................................................................15 2. Anthocyanidins in Phlox and Their Relationship to Flower Color..........................31 Introduction ...................................................................................................31 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................37 Results ............................................................................................................40 viii Discussion.......................................................................................................45 Conclusions and Future Prospects .............................................................................72 Appendices: Appendix A Colorimetric Analysis Data and Scans ........................................76 Appendix B Chromatography Data ................................................................122 Appendix C Multiple Linear Regressions in R ................................................127 Appendix D Relative Abundance and Concentration of Anthocyanidins in Minor Species ...........................................................................................................131 References .................................................................................................................135 ix LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Representative flower color variation in Phlox. Left: range of flower shapes and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amorpha Canescens Pursh Leadplant
    leadplant, Page 1 Amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant State Distribution Best Survey Period Photo by Susan R. Crispin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Status: State special concern the Mississippi valley through Arkansas to Texas and in the western Great Plains from Montana south Global and state rank: G5/S3 through Wyoming and Colorado to New Mexico. It is considered rare in Arkansas and Wyoming and is known Other common names: lead-plant, downy indigobush only from historical records in Montana and Ontario (NatureServe 2006). Family: Fabaceae (pea family); also known as the Leguminosae. State distribution: Of Michigan’s more than 50 occurrences of this prairie species, the vast majority of Synonym: Amorpha brachycarpa E.J. Palmer sites are concentrated in southwest Lower Michigan, with Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Cass counties alone Taxonomy: The Fabaceae is divided into three well accounting for more than 40 of these records. Single known and distinct subfamilies, the Mimosoideae, outlying occurrences have been documented in the Caesalpinioideae, and Papilionoideae, which are last two decades from prairie remnants in Oakland and frequently recognized at the rank of family (the Livingston counties in southeast Michigan. Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Papilionaceae or Fabaceae, respectively). Of the three subfamilies, Recognition: Leadplant is an erect, simple to sparsely Amorpha is placed within the Papilionoideae (Voss branching shrub ranging up to ca. 1 m in height, 1985). Sparsely hairy plants of leadplant with greener characterized by its pale to grayish color derived from leaves have been segregated variously as A. canescens a close pubescence of whitish hairs that cover the plant var.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Applied and Basic Research
    Understanding the Powdery Mildew Disease of the Ornamental Plant Phlox: Combining Applied and Basic Research Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Coralie Farinas Graduate Program in Plant Pathology The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Dr. Francesca Peduto Hand, Advisor Dr. Pablo S. Jourdan Dr. Thomas K. Mitchell Dr. Pierce A. Paul Dr. Jason C. Slot Copyrighted by Coralie Farinas 2020 1 Abstract The characterization of plant germplasm has tremendous potential to help address the many challenges that the field of plant health is facing, such as climate change continuously modifying the regions of previously known disease occurrence. The worldwide trade of the plant genus Phlox represents an important revenue for the horticultural industry. However, Phlox species are highly susceptible to the fungal disease powdery mildew (PM), and infected materials shipping across borders accelerate the risk of disease spread. Through collaboration with laboratories in the U.S., we investigated the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of a PM population to better understand its capacity to adapt to new environments and new resistant hosts. To do this, we developed tools to grow and study PM pathogens of Phlox in vitro, and then used whole genome comparison and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis to study the genetic structure of the population. Additionally, we explored Phlox germplasm diversity to identify a range of plant responses to PM infection by comparing disease severity progression and length of latency period of spore production across a combination of Phlox species and PM isolates in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Phlox Nivalis Subspecies Texensis)
    Species Status Assessment Report for Texas Trailing Phlox (Phlox nivalis subspecies texensis) Photo: Suzzanne Chapman, Mercer Arboretum and Nature Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Texas Coastal Ecological Services Field Office Houston, Texas Version 3.1 – January 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This document was prepared by Amber Bearb, Texas Coastal Ecological Services Field Office- Clear Lake and Jennifer Smith-Castro, Southwest Regional Office, both with The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank the landowners and land managers for providing access to survey the Texas trailing phlox populations and for their review and input including: Wendy Ledbetter and The Nature Conservancy staff; Herbert Young, Jr., Andrew Bennett, and The Big Thicket National Preserve staff; Ragan Bounds, Hancock Forest Management; Jennifer Smith, Resource Management Services; Campbell Timber staff; and, Jerry Rashall, Village Creek State Park. Valuable input was provided by Anita Tiller and Suzzanne Chapman, Mercer Arboretum and Botanical Gardens; Anna Strong, Jason Singhurst, and Bob Gottfried, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; Suzanne Walker, Azimuth Forestry Services; Matt Buckingham, Texas Department of Transportation; Dawn Stover, Stephen F. Austin State University; John Fisher, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publications coordinator; Dr. Lawrence Gilbert, University of Texas-Austin; Dr. Carolyn Ferguson, Kansas State University; and, Dr. James Locklear, Lauritzen Gardens. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2020. Species Status Assessment Report for Texas Trailing Phlox (Phlox nivalis subspecies texensis), Volume 3.1. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 81 pages. An electronic copy of this report will be made available at: https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/. Throughout this document, the first use of scientific and technical terms are underscored with dashed lines; these terms are in the glossary in Appendix A.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2015/981 ON THE COVER Photo of the Tallapoosa River, viewed from Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Photo Courtesy of Elle Allen Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2015/981 JoAnn M. Burkholder, Elle H. Allen, Stacie Flood, and Carol A. Kinder Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology North Carolina State University 620 Hutton Street, Suite 104 Raleigh, NC 27606 June 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants a Gardener’S Guide for Missouri Landscaping with Native Plants a Gardener’S Guide for Missouri
    Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants A Gardener’s Guide for Missouri Landscaping with Native Plants A Gardener’s Guide for Missouri Introduction Gardening with native plants is becoming the norm rather than the exception in Missouri. The benefits of native landscaping are fueling a gardening movement that says “no” to pesticides and fertilizers and “yes” to biodiversity and creating more sustainable landscapes. Novice and professional gardeners are turning to native landscaping to reduce mainte- nance and promote plant and wildlife conservation. This manual will show you how to use native plants to cre- ate and maintain diverse and beauti- ful spaces. It describes new ways to garden lightly on the earth. Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants provides tools garden- ers need to create and maintain suc- cessful native plant gardens. The information included here provides practical tips and details to ensure successful low-maintenance land- scapes. The previous three chap- ters include Reconstructing Tallgrass Prairies, Rain Gardening, and Native landscapes in the Whitmire Wildflower Garden, Shaw Nature Reserve. Control and Identification of Invasive Species. use of native plants in residential gar- den design, farming, parks, roadsides, and prairie restoration. Miller called his History of Native work “The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Landscaping Design”. One of the earliest practitioners of An early proponent of native landscap- Miller’s ideas was Ossian C. Simonds, ing was Wilhelm Miller who was a landscape architect who worked in appointed head of the University of the Chicago region. In a lecture pre- Illinois extension program in 1912. He sented in 1922, Simonds said, “Nature published a number of papers on the Introduction 3 teaches what to plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Germplasm Collection, Characterization, and Enhancement of Eastern Phlox Species
    GERMPLASM COLLECTION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ENHANCEMENT OF EASTERN PHLOX SPECIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Peter Jeffrey Zale, M.S. Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Pablo Jourdan, Advisor Dr. Mark Bennett Dr. David Francis Dr. John Freudenstein Copyrighted by Peter J. Zale 2014 ABSTRACT Plants from the genus Phlox have become a staple of gardens worldwide since their introduction to cultivation about 200 years ago, and are admired as versatile garden and landscape plants, container plants, and cut flowers. Their long-lasting, intensive floral displays in a variety of colors, forms, and seasons rank them among the most widely recognized hardy perennials and annuals. The floral beauty has resulted in extensive breeding and selection in three primary species: the annual Phlox drummondii, and the hardy perennials P. paniculata, and P. subulata. Among these three, hundreds of cultivars have been selected over the last 200 years, but the genus includes other species that may have ornamental potential. Phlox L. (Polemoniaceae) consists of ca. 65 species primarily endemic to North America; 20-23 species occur in the eastern U.S.A. and 40-45 in the west. The western taxa occur primarily in arid, mountainous habitats whereas the eastern taxa occur in a different range of diverse ecosystems and habitats. The eastern species are a polymorphic group arranged into 6 subsections within the genus; this group includes the three main cultivated species and also up to 20 related species that exhibit ornamental characteristics, yet are rarely cultivated.
    [Show full text]
  • Letničky Přehled Druhů Zpracováno Podle: Větvička V
    Letničky Přehled druhů Zpracováno podle: Větvička V. & Krejčová Z. (2013) letničky a dvouletky. Adventinum, Praha. ISBN: 80-86858-31-6 Brickell Ch. et al. (1993): Velká encyklopedie květina a okrasných rostlin. Príroda, Bratislava. Kašparová H. & Vaněk V. (1993): Letničky a dvouletky. Praha: Nakladatelství Brázda. (vybrané kapitoly) Botany.cz http://en.hortipedia.com a dalších zdrojů uvedených v úvodu přednášky Vývojová větev jednoděložných rostlin monofyletická skupina zahrnující cca 22 % kvetoucích rostlin apomorfie jednoděložných plastidy sítkovic s proteinovými klínovitými inkluzemi (nejasného významu)* ataktostélé souběžná a rovnoběžná žilnatina listů semena s jednou dělohou vývojová linie Commelinids unlignified cell walls with ferulic acid ester-linked to xylans (fluorescing blue under UV) vzájemně však provázány jen úzce PREZENTACE © JN Řád Commelinales* podle APG IV pět čeledí Čeleď Commelinaceae (křížatkovité) byliny s kolénkatými stonky tropy a subtropy, 40/652 Commelina communis (křížatka obecná) – pěstovaná letnička, v teplých oblastech zplaňuje jako rumištní rostlina Obrázek © Kropsoq, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Commelina_communis_004.jpg/800px- PREZENTACE © JN Tradescantia Commelina_communis_004.jpg © JN Commelina communis (křížatka obecná) Commelinaceae (křížatkovité) Commelina communis (křížatka obecná) Původ: J a JV Asie, zavlečená do S Ameriky a Evropy Stanoviště v přírodě: vlhká otevřená místa – okraje lesů, mokřady, plevel na polích… Popis: Jednoletá dužnatá bylina, výška až 70 cm, lodyhy poléhavé až přímé, větvené, listy 2řadě střídavé, přisedlé až 8 cm dlouhé a 2 cm široké; květy ve vijanech skryté v toulcovitě stočeném listenu, K(3) zelené, C3: 2 modré, třetí okvětní lístek je bělavý, kvete od července do září; plod: 2pouzdrá tobolka Pěstování: vlhká polostinná místa Výsev: teplejší oblasti rovnou ven, jinak předpěstovat Substrát: vlhký propustný, humózní Approximate distribution of Commelina Množení: semeny i řízkováním communis.
    [Show full text]
  • Erigenia : Journal of the Southern Illinois Native Plant Society
    JNIVERSITY OF iLLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN NAT M!<5T "^ijRV. Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2010 witii funding from Biodiversity Heritage Library littp://www.arcliive.org/details/erigeniajournalo1519821985sout SOUTHERN ILLINOIS GEOLOGY NAT URAL H I S T O RY SIIRVEY APR 8 1985 2 THE UBMKY a ' THE N0V2 1 84 «c„°;'^, EKiGQIA JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1983 JOumaL OF THC SOUT>«l« LLMOn NAT1VC RJtffT SOOKTY President: David Mueller Vice President: John Neumann NUr«ER 2 issued: APRIL 1983 Secretary: Keith McMullen Treasurer: Lawrence Stritch CCNTDfTS: soothern Illinois geology Editorial 1 ERIGENIA Paleozoic Life and Climates of Southern Illinois 2 Editor: Mark U. Mohlenbrock Field Log to the Devonian, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology Mississlppian, and Pennsyl- Arizona State University vanian Systems of Jackson and Union Counties, Illinois . 19 Co-Editor: Margaret L. Gallagher Landforms of the Natural Dept. of Botany & Microbiology Divisions of Southern Arizona State University Illinoia Al The Soils of Southern Illinois . 57 Editorial Review Board: Our Contributors 68 Dr. Donald Biasing Dept. of Botany Southern Illinois University The SINPS is dedicated to the preservation, conservation, and Dr. Dan Evans study of the native plants and Biology Department vegetation of southern Illinois. Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia Membership includes subscription to ERIGENIA as well as to the Dr. Donald Ugent quarterly newsletter THE HAR~ Dept. of Botany BINGER. ERIGBilA , the official Southern Illinois University journal of the Southern Illinois Native Plant Society, is pub- Dr. Donald Pinkava lished occasionally by the Society. Dept. of Botany & Microbiology Single copies of this issue may Arizona State University be purchased for $3.50 (including postage) .
    [Show full text]
  • Phlox Certificate in Native Plants Program Graduate
    Hydrangea NativeSCAPE quercifolia Published by the Georgia Native Plant Society April 2015 Volume XI, Number 2 Exceptional Native Plant Garden Celebrates 25th Anniversary By Sharon Blumer Page 3 Celebration of a botanist’s vision for a native plant garden. President’s Message 2 Native Criss-Cross Puzzle Plant Rescue News 14 Page 4 Chapter News 16 An interactive word puzzle. Clues to the puzzle answers are found in this issue. Upcoming GNPS Events 20 Previous issue’s answers given. Membership Renewal 22 Favorite Native plant -- Phlox By Ken Gohring Page 5 Newsletter Editor A comprehensive discussion of the phlox. Rhonda Barlow Newsletter Staff Proofreaders Certificate in Native Plants Program Graduate Pat Smith Ellen Honeycutt Interview Keith Jones Nadyne M. Neff By Rhonda Barlow Page 12 Discussion of a valued program and a recent graduate talks about her journey to NativeSCAPE is published becoming a native plant expert. quarterly by the Georgia Native Plant Society. A subscription is included 2015 Spring Plant Sale with membership in the GNPS. Page 19 Going native just got easier with the annual plant sale. Come out and enjoy Copyright 2015 by the fellowship with fellow gardeners, while taking advantage of great finds. Georgia Native Plant Society. All rights reserved. Articles may not be reprinted without permission of the author. 2 Georgia Native Plant Society P.O. Box 422085 NativeSCAPE April 2015 Atlanta, GA 30342-2085 www.gnps.org 770-343-6000 President’s Message By Jacqueline McRae GNPS Board of Directors President Spring has arrived with no formal announcement from Jacqueline McRae GNPS required! Instead, I’ll take this opportunity to announce the arrival of our new state of the art website Vice President which, like Spring, has been getting ready to burst into Lane Conville-Canney Smith Naomi by Photo bloom after long months out of sight.
    [Show full text]
  • Illustration Sources
    APPENDIX ONE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES REF. CODE ABR Abrams, L. 1923–1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ADD Addisonia. 1916–1964. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Reprinted with permission from Addisonia, vol. 18, plate 579, Copyright © 1933, The New York Botanical Garden. ANDAnderson, E. and Woodson, R.E. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted with permission of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. ANN Hollingworth A. 2005. Original illustrations. Published herein by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth. Artist: Anne Hollingworth. ANO Anonymous. 1821. Medical botany. E. Cox and Sons, London. ARM Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1889–1912. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. BA1 Bailey, L.H. 1914–1917. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. The Macmillan Company, New York. BA2 Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Reprinted with permission from William Crepet and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. BA3 Bailey, L.H. 1900–1902. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. BB2 Britton, N.L. and Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British posses- sions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. BEA Beal, E.O. and Thieret, J.W. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Reprinted with permission of Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 2020 February
    NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS N e w s Native Plant Society of Texas, North Central Chapter P Newsletter Vol 32, Number 2 S February 2020 O ncc npsot newsletter logo newsletter ncc npsot © 2018 Troy & Martha Mullens & Martha © 2018 Troy Purple Coneflower — Echinacea sp. T February 6 Meeting Pruning February Program By Steve Chaney Normal Meeting Times: by "Pruning" 6:00 Social, 6:30 Business Steve Chaney 7:00 Program Tarrant County Extension Agent – Redbud Hall Home Horticulture Deborah Beggs Moncrief Garden Center Fort Worth Botanic Garden See page 4 for bio and program information Chapter of the Year (2016/17) Chapter Newsletter of the Year (2019/20) Visit us at ncnpsot.org & www.txnativeplants.org Index Chapter Leaders President's Corner by Gordon Scruggs ..................... p. 3f February program and speaker bio ........................... p. 4 President — Gordon Scruggs Flower of the Month, Prairie Phlox [email protected] by Josephine Keeney ........................................ p. 5f Past President — Karen Harden NPAT and Paul Mathews Prairie Vice President & Programs — By JoAnn Collins ............................................ p. 7ff Morgan Chivers Activities & Volunteering for February 2020 Recording Secretary — Debbie Stilson by Martha Mullens ....................................... p. 13f Archiving Eden, Seeds Project Treasurer — Vanessa Wojtas by Martha Mullens .......................................... p. 15 Hospitality Chair — Corinna Benson, Obedient Plant, NICE! Plant of the Season Traci Middleton by Dr. Becca Dickstein ..................................... p. 16 Membership Chair — Beth Barber Answer to last month’s puzzle and a new puzzle ...... p. 17 Events Chair — Chairperson needed “February Calendar” Page by Troy Mullens ............. p. 18 NICE! Coordinator — Shelly Borders Butterflies in the Garden Tickets ............................... p. 19 Plant Sales Coordinators - Gordon Scruggs Butterflies in the garden volunteer help ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Inventory and Plant Community Classification for Mammoth Cave National Park
    VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY AND PLANT COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION FOR MAMMOTH CAVE NATIONAL PARK Report for the Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories: Appalachian Highlands and Cumberland/Piedmont Network Prepared by NatureServe for the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office February 2010 NatureServe is a non-profit organization providing the scientific basis for effective conservation action. A NatureServe Technical Report Prepared for the National Park Service under Cooperative Agreement H 5028 01 0435. Citation: Milo Pyne, Erin Lunsford Jones, and Rickie White. 2010. Vascular Plant Inventory and Plant Community Classification for Mammoth Cave National Park. Durham, North Carolina: NatureServe. © 2010 NatureServe NatureServe Southern U. S. Regional Office 6114 Fayetteville Road, Suite 109 Durham, NC 27713 919-484-7857 International Headquarters 1101 Wilson Boulevard, 15th Floor Arlington, Virginia 22209 www.natureserve.org National Park Service Southeast Regional Office Atlanta Federal Center 1924 Building 100 Alabama Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30303 The view and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report consists of the main report along with a series of appendices with information about the plants and plant communities found at the site. Electronic files have been provided to the National Park Service in addition to hard copies. Current information on all communities described here can be found on NatureServe Explorer at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ Cover photo: Mature Interior Low Plateau mesophytic forest above the Green River, Mammoth Cave National Park - Photo by Milo Pyne ii Acknowledgments This report was compiled thanks to a team including staff from the National Park Service and NatureServe.
    [Show full text]