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Health Research Journal The East African HEALTH RESEARCH JOURNAL EAST AFRICAN HEALTH RESEARCH COMMISSION The basis for better health policy and practice Research for Health and Prosperity Volume 2 | Issue 2 | November 2018 ISSN 2520-5277July 2017 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Victims and Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexually Active Youth in a Community With a High HIV Prevalence in Western Kenya Barbara Burmen, George Olilo, Ester M Makanga . The Implementation of Governance Attributes in Health in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya Jackline Sitienei, Mabel Nangami, Lenore Manderson . Perceptions of Mental Disorders and Help-Seeking Behaviour for Mental Health Care Within the Maasai Community of Northern Tanzania: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Monica Daniel, Bernard Njau, Chauka Mtuya, Elialilia Okelo, Declare Mushi . Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission and Early Real-Time DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Results Among HIV-Exposed Infants in Bujumbura, Burundi Joseph Nyandwi, Sylvestre Bazikamwe, Désiré Nisubire, Pontien Ndabashinze, Mohamed Elsayed Shaker, Eman Said . "ssessing Factors Associated With Survival Among Cervical Cancer Patients in Kenya: A Retrospective Follow-up Study Damar Osok, Simon Karanja, Yeri Kombe, Eliud Njuguna, Jim Todd . Factors Associated With Contraceptive Use Among Antenatal Care Clients With 3 or More Children at a Central Hospital in Burundi: A Cross-Sectional Study Sylvestre Bazikamwe, Prosper Niyongabo, Salvator Harerimana . “Should We Take Them or Leave Them?” A Qualitative Study to Understand the Social, Cultural, and Ethical Issues Associated With the Lifecycle Management of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Tanzania Prince P Mutalemwa, Dennis J Massue, William J Kisoka, Michael A Munga, Bilali Kabula, William N Kisinza . Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease Among Anaemic Children Attending Mbeya Referral Hospital in Southern Tanzania Augustine M Musyoka, Kavavila Zebedayo, Blandina T Mmbaga . Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Salmonella typhi Infection and Coinfection and Their Association With Fever in Northern Tanzania Jau Chilongola, Sophia Kombe, Pius Horumpende, Rebeka Nazareth, Elias Sabuni, Arnold Ndaro, Eliakimu Paul . Demographic Factors Driving Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases in Milola Ward, Lindi District, Tanzania: A Useful Guide for Launching Intervention Programmes Jared Bakuza . Food Safety, Health Management, and Biosecurity Characteristics of Poultry Farms in Arusha City, Northern Tanzania, Along a Gradient of Intensication Emmanuel Sindiyo, Ruth Maganga, Kate M Thomas, Jackie Benschop, Emmanuel Swai, Gabriel Shirima, Ruth N Zadoks . www.eahealth.org Photos top to bottom: (1) Bakuza: Sample collection materials distributed to participants at their homes in Tanzania, (2) Sitienei: Patients’ rights poster in health facility in Kenya and, (3) Zadoks: Broiler poultry production. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Gibson Kibiki, MD, MMed, PhD Fabian Mashauri, MSc, PhD Executive Secretary Principal Health Officer East African Health Research Commission, Tanzania East African Health Research Commission, Tanzania ASSOCIATE EDITORS Evans Amukoye, MD, MMed Vincent Mutabazi, MBChB, MSc Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Rwanda Bennon Asiimwe, PhD Joseph Nyandwi, MBChB, PhD, MSc Mbarara University, Uganda University of Burundi, Republic of Burundi Jean De Dieu Ngirabega, MD, MSc, PhD Ndekya Oriyo, PhD, MSc East African Health Research Commission, Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research, Tanzania EDITORIAL BOARD Frank Møller Aarestrup, DVM, PHD Stephen Gillespie, MD, FRCP Kisali Pallangyo, MD, MMed Technical University, Denmark University of St Andrews, UK Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Peter Arimi, MD, MSc Ben Hamel, MD, PhD Sciences, Tanzania USAID/East Africa Mission, Kenya Radboud University Medical Center, Kihumbu Thairu, MBChB, FRCP, PhD Prince Ngongo Bahati, MS, MBA The Netherlands University of Nairobi, Kenya Intl. AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Kenya Eric Houpt, MD Thor Theander, MD, DSc Muhammad Bakari, MD, MMed, PhD University of Virginia, USA University of Copenhagen, Denmark Ministry of Health, Tanzania Stephen N. Kinoti, MBChB, MMed, MPSID Gabriel Upunda, MD, MPH John Bartlett, MD Fio Corporation, USA Tanzania Medical Council, Tanzania Duke University, USA Andrew Kitua, MD, PhD Andre Van Der Ven, MD, PhD Leodegal Bazira, MD, PhD USAID, Uganda Radboud University Medical Centre University of Burundi, Burundi Harriet Mayanja-Kizza, MBChB, MMed, PhD The Netherlands Agnes Binagwaho, MD, MMED, PhD Makerere University, Uganda Fred Were, MBChB, MMed, PhD University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda Patricia Munseri, MD, MMED, PhD University of Nairobi, Kenya Martin Boeree, MD, PhD Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Alimuddun Zumla, MD, FRCP Radboud University Medical Center Sciences, Tanzania University College London, UK The Netherlands MANAGING EDITOR CONSULTING MANAGING EDITOR Harriet Nabudere, MBChB, MPH Natalie Culbertson Uganda National Health Research Organisation, Uganda Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, USA The East African Health Research Journal is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at www.eahealth.org. It is published two times per year by the East African Health Research Commission, an institution of the East African Community, P.O. Box 1096, Arusha, Tanzania. The journal is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (www.usaid.gov) through the Knowledge for Health Project (www.k4health.org) and the East African Community (www.eac.int). EAHRJ is editorially independent and does not necessarily represent the views or positions of the East African Community. The East African Health Research Journal is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For further information, please contact the editors at [email protected]. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Victims and Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexually Active Youth in a Community With a High HIV Prevalence in Western Kenya Barbara Burmen,a George Olilo,a Ester M Makangaa a Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya Correspondence to Barbara Burmen ([email protected]). ABSTRACT Background: Physical intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important risk factor for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. We set out to determine the prevalence and correlates of IPV among youth aged 15 to 24 years – in a community with a high HIV prevalence – with a view to recommending strategies to address IPV. Methods: We analysed data from an HIV seroprevalence survey, which included participants aged 13 years and above and was conducted between November 2012 and December 2014 in Gem Subcounty, Siaya County, Western Kenya. Participants between 15 and 24 years old (youth) were described as “perpetrators of IPV” if they had done anything to physically hurt their sexual partners in the previous year and as “victims of IPV” if they had been physically hurt by a sexual partner in the same timeframe. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with being either a victim or perpetrator of IPV. Results: Of 1,957 participants included in the analysis, 142 (7%) were victims of IPV, and 77 (4%) were perpetrators of IPV. Victims were likely to be women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 7.9; 95% CI, 3.6 to 17.5), in a relationship or married (AOR 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8 to 5.4), and to have had multiple lifetime sexual partners. Victims of IPV were also more likely than not to have been subjected to sexual violence in the past (AOR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.4) or recently (AOR 3.9; 95% CI, 2.2 to 6.8). Perpetrators were likely to be men (AOR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.7), with 5 or more lifetime sexual partners (AOR 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.3), and to have committed sexual violence recently (AOR 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.7). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of IPV among sexually active youth in this rural community. Study participants were recurrent victims or perpetrators and reported behaviours that put them at risk of HIV acquisition. Health programmes should screen for IPV victims and perpetrators using identified characteristics. Existing policies regarding gender-based vio- lence should be enforced, and future research should focus on the impact of IPV prevention programmes. INTRODUCTION intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important risk factor for sexually transmitted infection and HIV transmission.4,5 n 2017, 1.8 million new HIV infections and 36.9 mil- Research has shown that interrelationships between IPV I and other forms of violence also increase the risk of HIV lion people living with HIV were reported worldwide. 6 Two-thirds of those new infections and 25.7 million of transmission. In Zambia, among ever-married women, the people living with HIV were from in sub-Saharan those who had experienced any form of IPV were twice as Africa.1 Youth aged 15 to 24 years accounted for likely to be HIV-positive compared with those who had not 7 42% of new HIV infections in people aged 15 years and experienced IPV. IPV has also been linked to poor HIV 8 older. In 2012, globally, young women aged 15 to testing and antiretroviral therapy uptake as well as poor 24 years had
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