Insects on Flower

/^^^

Ci-Ut^ 'ff CONTROLLING INSECTS ON FLOWER

AGRICULTURE INFORMATION BULLETIN NO. 237

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Insects shown on front covei Top ¡eft, Japanese beetle; t right, cabbage looper; bottc left, rose chafers; bottom right, saddleback caterpillar

Aphids ON FLOWERS By Floyd F. Smith, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service

Every year, insects and related pests cost florists and home flower gardeners many millions of dollars in time, labor, and money. Most pests that attack flowering and ornamental-foliage plants can be controlled by using insecticides and by following good cultural practices. This bulletin tells how to recognize the more common pests, and sug- gests what can be done to keep them from damaging plants and gardens. It discusses only the insecticides that do not require unusual precautions in handling.

CONTENTS

Page Page Insects 3 Using insecticide—con. General feeders 3 Sprays 67 Specific feeders 16 Application equipment 69 Beneficial insects 64 Precautions 72 Using insecticide 67 Other control measures 72 Dusts 67 Index 75 HOW TO USE THIS BULLETIN

To get maximum benefit measures. Materials used to from this bulletôn^ familiarize combat plant insects, and di- yourself with its arrange- rections for their prepara- ment as indicated in the tion, are also discussed in table of contents. this section. If you know the name of If you encounter insect an insect that is injuring your problems not discussed here, plants, refer to the index write to your county agricul- (p. 75) to find the page on tural agent, to the agricul- which it is discussed. Sug- tural college or experiment gested measures for control station in your State, or to are given at the end of the the U.S. Department of Agri- discussion on each pest. culture, Washington 25, D.C. If you do not know the in- When writing for informa- sect's name, look under the tion about insects or plant name of the plant on which injury, send specimens of you found it (p. 16 to p. 63) the insects in a small bottle and attempt to identify it. of rubbing alcohol. In the If you are not able to iden- same package, send injured tify an insect, or if it is not parts of plants, wrapped in listed here, consult the sec- waxed paper or cellophane tion on insecticides (p. 67 to to prevent drying out or p. 72) for general control breaking. INSECTS

Some insects and related pests attack many different plants, showing little or no partiality. These are called general feeders. Other insects and pests prefer specific plants. These are called specific feeders. General feeders are described in alphabetical order on the pages that immediately follow. Specific feeders are described in the alphabetical list of plants, starting on page 16. For each pest is given an account of how it damages flowers, where it occurs, and what you can do to control it.

GENERAL FEEDERS

Ants plants. Ants feed on honeydew pro- duced by the aphids and, in return, care for them during hibernation, protect them from enemies, and excavate chambers around plant roots and trans- port the aphids to them. Infested plants are disturbed by bur- rowing activities of ants and feeding of Description.—Many species. Small aphids; the plants dry out, become necks and waists; black, brown, yellow, dwarfed, and sometimes die. or red ; % 6 to % inch long. Ants usu- Ants often occur in large numbers on ally live in colonies—in lawns, culti- peony buds, attracted to them by vated areas, or beneath stones or walks. secretions from glandular areas around Damage.—Only a few ant species bases of the buds, but they do not actually attack flowering plants. Ex- damage either buds or flowers. amples: The small, black pavement ant, Distribution,—Throughout United commonly found in lawns and nesting States. under stones, eats roots, and girdles What to do,—^Apply chlordane dust tender stems; it digs up and destroys or spray to nests or infested areas; or newly planted seeds and seedlings. The apply a chlordane drench around in- red harvester ant lives in large colonies, fested plants. To drench 30 square feet deep in the soil; in gardens, it clears of soil surface, use 1 level teaspoon of away all plants in circular areas several 50-percent wettable chlordane powder feet in diameter. mixed with 3 gallons of water. Apply Often, ants are indirectly responsible with a sprinkling can. Apply % tea- for plant damage done by certain spoon of 50-percent chlordane wettable aphids and mealybugs. Ants are fond powder to the openings of individual of the honeydew excreted by those in- nests, and water well. jurious insects, and protect them for the To control ants on peony buds, dust food they supply. Example: The corn- or spray the plants with chlordane. field ant and other ants distribute root Also, apply chlordane dust lightly to aphids on China-aster, aster, marigold, soil surface around base of plants, zinnia, and many other flowering Malathion dust or spray will kill ants that are present, but will not give lon^ the growth of black fungus or sooty lasting protection as does chlordane. mold. Distribution.—Throughout United Aphids States. What to do,—Apply malathion dust or spray, or lindane dust (p. 67). Aphids feeding on the roots of asters or other plants can be controlled by killing the ants that put them there ; see recommendations for controlling ants (p. 3). To kill aphids already present on roots of infested plants, scoop a depression in the soil around each plant Description.—^Many species. Aphids stem and pour in 1 or 2 cups of lindane spray mixture (see Root Aphids, p. 19). are sucking insects. They have soft, For control of aphids on specific rounded or pear-shaped bodies; some flowering plants, refer to : have wings. Most species have a pair of Page tubes, or cornicles, projecting from the Chrysanthemum aphid 24 abdomen. Some aphids appear woolly Delphinium aphid 32 or powdery because of a waxy covering. Foxglove aphid 22 Adults and young are green to blade, Goldenglow aphid 37 sometimes red, and are /^s to % Green peach aphid 33 inch long. (See inside front cover for Lantan aphid . 43 natural-color illustration.) Leaf-curling plum aphid 27 Damage.—Aphids cause curled and Lupine aphid 44 distorted leaves. Root-feeding aphids Melon aphid 39 Nasturtium aphid 42 stunt or kill infested plants. Some Purple-spotted lily aphid 43 aphids transmit virus diseases of Root aphids 19 flowering plants. Spirea aphid 58 Aphids excrete a colorless honeydew Tulip bulb aphid 60 which, in most species, attracts ants. In Tulip leaf aphid 60 some species, honeydew is a medium for Waterlily aphid 61

Armyworms

Description.—Caterpillars ; several species. Light tan to dark green or black; white stripes on side and back; white, inverted Y on front of head; up to 2 inches long. Damage.—Feed chiefly on grasses, Aphids on underside of leaf. but destroy flowers of gladiolus, dahlia, chrysanthemum, and other fall-bloom- to protect plants with cheesecloth or ing plants. mosquito netting. Distribution.—Central and Eastern United States. Cabbage Looper What to do,—Âpply DDT dust or Description.—Measuring worm; pale spray (p. 67) to infested plants and to green, light stripe along each side of grasses and weeds around the garden, body; up to l^/^ inches long; doubles Malathion dust or spray is also effective, up, or loops, when it crawls. (See front but is not long lasting. cover for natural-color illustration.) Damage.—Feeds from underside of Asiatic Garden Beetle leaves, producing large, ragged holes; leaves dark pellets of excrement. Dam- Description, — Oval-shaped beetle ; ages calendula, chrysanthemum, gera- brown; % inch long. Hides in soil by nium, snapdragon, mignonette, and day, and feeds at night. Its white, German ivy plants. grublike larvae are found in the soil. Distribution.—Throughout United Damage.—Âdults eat ragged notches States; most troublesome in warmer in foliage of aster, azalea, chrysanthe- parts of country. mum, dahlia, delphinium, rose, zinnia, What to o?o.—Apply DDT, malathion, and many other flowering plants. Lar- or toxaphene dust. Handpick and de- vae feed on roots of grass and many stroy the larvae where only a few plants flowering plants during autumn and are infested. If the loopers are resistant spring months. to DDT, apply toxaphene dust. Distribution.—Northeastern United States. Carrot Beetle What to do.—Use same control as for Japanese beetle (p. 9). Description.—Broad, oval, reddish brown beetle; % inch long; lives in soil Blister Beetles during winter and spring. Larva is whitish grub; lives in soil during Description. — Many species. Slen- summer and fall. der; gray, black, or striped; ^2 to % Damage.—Adults and larvae attack inch long. One species is metallic blue, roots and underground stems of amar- wingless, and 1% inches long. anthus, dahlia, lily, Japanese iris, Damage.—Adults eat leaves of China- sunflower, and other garden plants. aster, Japanese anemone, calendula, Distribution. —Throughout United chrysanthemum, gladiolus, clematis, States, except northernmost areas. dahlia, dianthus, delphinium, phlox, What to do.—Clean up decaying and zinnia plants. plant material. To control grubs, apply Distribution.—Localized infestations 6-percent chlordane dust in soil at rate throughout United States, usually of 165 pounds of total dust per acre. occurring from August to October. For small areas, apply 4 pounds of 6- What to cô,—Apply DDT dust or percent chlordane dust to each 1,000 spray (p. 67) as soon as the beetles square feet of soil surface, and work appear; repeat application as needed. into top 3 inches. Do not apply exces- Screen valuable plants. Handpick the sive amounts of chlordane to the soil. beetles; wear gloves while doing so because the beetles discharge a caustic Cicada-Killer fluid that may blister the skin. In cases Description,—Wasp ; yellow and dark of heavy infestation, it may be necessary brown; 1% inches long. Damage,—Kills injurious insects, but plants near soil surface, and may pull is damaging when colonies become them into the openings of their burrows. established in gardens. Tunnels in soil Some cutworms climb plants and cut along paths, terraces, banks, or flower- off leaves, buds, or petals in flowers. beds; makes small mounds of excavated earth ; disfigures gardens ; causes annoyance by flying through gardens in a disturbing manner. Distribution.—Northern and Eastern States. What to do,—Kill adults by applying chlordane dust in the burrows which adults excavate to stock with cicada bodies as food for their young.

They are destructive to many flowering Corn Earworm plants, particularly to early-season plantings of China-aster, chrysanthe- 4* mum, carnation, dahlia, rose, marigold, zinnia, and gladiolus. Distribution,—Throughout United Description,—Larva is a caterpillar ; States. green, brown, or pink; light and dark What to ¿o.^Apply 10-percent DDT stripes along sides and on back; up to or methoxychlor dust to soil surface 1% inches long. Adult moths lay eggs when garden is being prepared for in flower parts at night. planting. Where an insecticide is unde- Damage,—The earworm is primarily sirable, place a cardboard collar about a pest of vegetables and cotton. How- 3 inches high around stems. Push col- ever, the caterpillars eat holes in gladi- lar into soil about 1 inch, and allow it to olus flower spikes and buds, and in protrude about 2 inches. flowers and stems of dahlia, chrysanthemum, rose, sunflower, abutilón, ager- Earthworms atum, amaranth, nasturtium, phlox, poppy, sweetpea, canna, carnationj Description,—Several species. Slen- geranium, hibiscus, and morning-glory der, cylindrical, soft bodies, composed plants. of many round segments, usually taper- Distribution. — Throughout United ing at front end, and flattened at rear States. end. Pink, brownish, or grass green What to do,—Dust or spray with color; 2 to 10 inches long, capable of DDT or methoxychlor (p. 67). great body extension. Oriental earthworm has bad odor when crushed. Cutworms Damage,—The earthworm is beneficial to man because it tunnels deep into Description.—Many species. Stout, soil, aiding water and root penetration. soft bodied, smooth; dull gray, brown, It hastens the breakdown of organic or black; may be striped or spotted; matter by eating and digesting leaf up to 1% inches long. They curl up mold and making it available for plant tightly when disturbed; are active at growth. night; hide in soil during day. When earthworms are abundant, Damage.—Cutworms cut off young their castings are a nuisance on golf courses and lawns. They may damage brown; up to % inch long; hides dur- growing plants by tearing ofE leaves ing day and feeds at night; emits a which they pull into their burrows to foul odor. eat. Rosette leaves lying close to the ground are most subject to attack. Rud- beckia, geum, petunia, delphinium, and columbine plants are damaged in this way. Earthworms also cause damage by loosening soil around the roots of young plants. Damage.—This insect is chiefly a Distribution.—Various species occur health hazard and public nuisance. It in moist soil throughout United States. hides in furniture, and in flowers Oriental earthworm occurs in Eastern brought into the house; feeds on tender States from Connecticut to Florida. young plant shoots ; eats holes in bases What to do.—For plants in flower of petals and stamens. pots, mix 1% tablespoons of 50-percent Distribution. — Northwestern and chlordane wettable powder in each gal- Northeastern States; infestation is lon of water; water plants with this localized ; more serious in coastal areas. mixture. For common earthworm in What to do.—Apply DDT or chlor- the garden, apply 1 pound of 50-percent dane dust or spray (p. 67) to infested chlordane wettable powder to each soil and ornamental plants. Apply also 1,000 square feet of soil surface, and to walks, fence rows, bases of buildings, dig or water it in. For oriental earth- trees, shrubbery, and woodpiles. worm, mix 1 quart of 50-percent chlordane emulsion in 10 gallons of water, Field Cricket and apply to each 1,000 square feet of infested area. Description.—Rounded, grasshopper- like body; prominent antennae; black European Chafer or brown; % to 1 inch long. Female has swordlike ovipositor. This cricket Description.—Adult is beetle; oval; hides by day in trash or under boards ; yellowish brown, darker bands at inner chirps and feeds at night. edge of wing covers; % inch long. Damage.—Eats foliage, flowers, and Appears in swarms at dusk during June tender growth of iris and other flower- or July. Larva is white ; lives in soil. ing plants, especially seedlings. Damage.—^Adults cause slight foliage Distribution.—Throughout United damage by feeding at night. Larvae States. feed chiefly on grass roots, and on roots What to do.—Apply chlordane dust of coreopsis, chrysanthemum, and many or spray (p. 67). other garden and lawn plants. Distribution.—Localized in North- Fig Beetle eastern United States. See Green June Beetle, page 8. What to do.—Use same control as for Japanese beetle (p. 9). Fuller Rose Beetle European Earwig Description.—Adult: Beetle; short, broad snout; grayish brown; cream- Description. — Adult and nymph : colored stripe on each side; Vs inch Prominent forceps at tail end; reddish long. Active at night; hides by day among twigs and foliage, or in flowers. Damage.—Feed on any available veg- Larva: curved; yellowish; brown head; etation ; when abundant, they may com- lives in soil. pletely destroy plants. Distribution. — Throughout United States; especially troublesome in Cen- tral and Northwestern States. What to do.—Apply DDT or chlordane dust to all ornamental plants and all weed patches within and surrounding the garden. Protect valuable plants by covering them with coarse, mesh cloth.

Damage.—Adults eat ragged areas Green June Beetle and Fig Beetle from margins of many outdoor plants, Description.—^Two similar species in including abutilón, acacia, azalea, be- United States. Adult: Beetle; flat, gonia, camellia, canna, cape-jasmine, broad; green; bronze, coppery, or vio- carnation, chrysanthemum, cissus, dra- let markings; 1 inch long. Larva: cena, fuchsia, gardenia, geranium, gold- Large grub; crawls on back when englow, hibiscus, lily, pahn, penstemon, brought to surface of soil; occurs in plumbago, primrose, rose, scabiosa, and compost piles, and in beds or coldf rames vinca. Larvae feed on roots, and girdle rich in organic matter. underground stems, causing yellowing Damage.—^Adults feed on ripening or death of plants. fruits. Larvae actively tunnel through Distribution. — Southern United soil; uproot plants, loosen their roots, States and California; a greenhouse or cover young seedlings. pest in North. Distribution. — Green June beetle What to do.—^Apply malathion or occurs east of Mississippi ; fig beetle in chlordane dust when adults are present. Southwest. Applying DDT to soil, as for Japanese What to do.—Avoid having piles of beetle control (p. 9), is effective. Do grass clippings, manure, or compost, in not apply DDT to azalea or camellia. which adults lay eggs, and from which larvae may move to nearby garden or Grasshoppers lawn. To destroy larvae in compost or beds, apply DDT or chlordane in soil, as for Japanese beetle (p. 9). lîand- pick and destroy adults.

Imported Fire Ant Description.—Winged and wingless forms. Have powerful mandibles for biting; can painfully sting; reddish, to blackish red ; Vs to % inch long. Work- Description.—^Many species. Adults ers are wingless. Thousands of workers and nymphs: Strong hindlegs for jump- occur with only a few winged forms. ing; brown, gray, black, or yellow; up Live in hard-crusted mounds about 15 to 2 inches long. Most grasshoppers inches in diameter and 10 inches high. are strong flyers. Tunnels from the living quarters lead

8 to openings some distance from the plants; rapidly becoming a common mound. garden pest. Damage.—Adults feed on germinat- ing seeds, stems of young, succulent plants just below the ground surface, and on roots, stalks, and buds of older plants. They feed also on bird eggs, and young birds and animals. They damage lawns and flowering plants ; are a serious annoyance because of their painful stings. Distribution.—Eastern United States ; spreading rapidly. What to do.—Dust or spray infested plants with chlordane (p. 67).

Japanese Beetle Description,—Adult: Oval; shining, Distribution,—Imported from South metallic green; coppery-brown wings; America; established in 10 Southeast- patches of white hairs at tip and sides ern States. of abdomen; l/^ inch long. Larva: What to do,—Break open hard sur- Grub; dirty white; brown head; about face of each mound. Use a sprinkling 1 inch long; lives in soil. can to pour into the mound 3 gallons of Damage,—Adults destroy flowers water containing 4 tablespoons of 45- and foliage of rose, zinnia, polygonum, percent chlordane emulsifiable concen- canna, hollyhock, mallow, marigold, trate. Or, you may apply 1 to 2 cups rose of Sharon, turquoise vine, and of 5-percent chlordane dust, and work many other plants. Larvae feed on it in with a rake. Repeat the treatment roots of turf grass. in 2 weeks if some ants survive. Distribution,—Eastern United States. To treat lawns or flower gardens, What to do.—Dust or spray plants spray each 1,000 square feet of infested with DDT or malathion (p. 67). To area uniformly with 3 to 6 gallons of protect roses and other prized blooms water containing 3 tablespoons of 45- from attack by adults, cut buds before percent chlordane emulsifiable concen- petals unfold, and allow them to open trate. Then, sprinkle treated area with in the house—or erect frame over water to wash spray material into the plants, and cover it with netting. To soil. control larvae, apply 4 pounds of 6- percent chlordane dust, or 11 pounds Imporfed Long-Horned Weevil of 5-percent DDT dust to each 1,000 square feet of soil surface, and work Description,—Adult: Slender; broad into top 3 inches. snout; long antennae; wingless; black, Caution.—Do not apply excessive covered with greenish-gray scales; % amounts of chlordane to soil. For a inch long. Crawls about actively dur- natural control, apply dust containing ing day. spores of bacteria that cause milky dis- Damage.—Eats irregular areas in ease of larvae. Follow manufacturer's leaf edges on many ornamental garden directions. June Beetles are partially decayed; they also attack seeds. What to do.—Dust or spray with DDT (p. 67). Eliminate millipede hiding places.

Description,—Many species. Beetles : Reddish brown or black; % to % inch long. Larvae: Curved grubs; dirty white, or cream colored; brown heads; Description.—Several species. Adults live in soil. and nymphs: Short, stout front legs; Damage,—Adults feed at night on shovellike feet; beady eyes; light foliage of many plants. Larvae feed on brown; up to 1^2 inches long. living roots of turf grasses, and on roots Damage, — Burrow in soil ; uproot of many plants; they often destroy rose, plants; one species eats seeds. azalea, and camellia plants. Distribution,—Southeastern and At- Distribution, —Throughout United lantic Coast States. States. What to do.—Apply 2 pounds of 6- What to do,—To control adults, ap- percent chlordane dust to each 1,000 ply DDT dust or spray (p. 67) on foli- square feet of soil surface ; work it into age. To kill larvae, apply in soil 25 the upper 6 inches before planting. pounds of DDT per acre, or 10 pounds of chlordane per acre. For small areas, Nematodes (Eelworms) apply 4 pounds of 6-percent chlordane dust to each 1,000 square feet of soil Description,—Many species. Thread- surface, and work it into upper 3 inches like; translucent; sharply pointed at before planting. both ends; usually microscopic in size. Damage,—Stunt plant growth, and Millipedes damage root systems. If root-knot nematodes are present, roots have distinct galls ranging from size of pinhead to 1 inch in diameter. Root-gall damage commonly occurs in peony, clematis, tuberose, and gladiolus plants. Most Description,—Several species. Worm- other flowering plants are attacked. like; hard-shelled; many pairs of legs; Distribution. — Throughout United brown or grayish; 1 to 1^ inches long States. when full grown. Found under boards, What to do.—If soil is heavily in- flowerpots, and other sheltered places, fested, move garden to another area, or in compost piles. if practicable. If not, treat soil with one Damage. — Feed on roots, tubers, of the available nematocides. Consult bulbs, and fleshy stems, which usually your State agricultural experiment

10 Station for information on the use of when full grown. Slugs and snails hide these materials in your area. in damp places by day and feed at night.

Puss Caterpillar Description,—Broad, flat; covered with long, soft, reddish-yellow hairs, Slug and stinging spines; up to 1 inch long. Damage, — Destroy seedlings ; eat Damage,—Chiefly a pest of trees, but ragged holes in leaves of many plants ; feeds on rose, ivy, and other garden leave glistening trails of slime. Attack ornamentals. iris, hollyhock, coleus, cineraria, gera- Distribution.—Southern States, from nium, marigold, primrose, saxifrage, Virginia to Texas. violet, and many other plants that have What to do.—Handpick and destroy; foliage close to the ground. wear gloves. Dust or spray with DDT Distribution,—Throughout United or malathion (p. 67). States. Caution,—Contact of skin with spines of this caterpillar causes severe irritation and swelling; injures children more seriously than adults.

Serpentine Leaf Miner Description.—Larva : Yellow ; % inch long; lives in leaves. Fly: Tiny; black Snail and yellow. Several generations of What to do,—Clean up garden and this insect occur during a summer. surrounding areas to eliminate hiding Damage.—Larvae make long, slen- places, which may include mulches. der, winding, white tunnels in leaves of Look for slugs hiding under shingles many ornamentals. or pieces of board, and destroy them Distribution.—Common throughout each day. United States. Dust foliage with chlordane to dis- What to do.—Remove and burn in- courage feeding by slugs. fested leaves. Dust or spray plants Use a commercially prepared bait weekly with lindane or malathion (p. containing metaldehyde and chlordane, 67). or calcium arsenate, to attract slugs and snails from their hiding places and Slugs and Snails poison those feeding on it. Sprinkle Description.—Many species. Worm- pellets of the bait on soil, or place bait like, legless, slimy. Snails have shells, in small piles, according to directions slugs do not. on the label. If it is necessary to protect Shells of snails vary from ofl white pets and persons who might inadvert- to brown or black, and may be striped ently come in contact with this bait, or mottled with contrasting colors; % place it under small boards or similar to 1% inches in diameter when full cover, or near the bases of plants. grown. Metaldehyde dust, or a spray con- Slugs are usually mottled with shades taining a metaldehyde liquid suspen- of gray, but may be whitish yellow, sion, is also effective against slugs and brown, or black; % to 4 inches long snails. Apply this material on orna-

11 mental plants and on the soil surface, or spray (see page 67) at weekly inter- but not on plants to be eaten. Follow vals. Or, apply a spray containing directions on container labels. fcelthane or tedion. If thoroughly applied, sprays may be more effective Sowbugs and Prltbugs than dusts. Syringe plants frequently with a forceful spray of water, to wash off mites and to break webs. Destroy chickweed, mustard, and other weeds on which spider mites overwinter or survive between crops.

Spotted Cucunrber Beetles

Description,—Several species. Oval, flattened bodies; seven pairs qf legs; dark gray; up to % inch long. Hide under boards, trash, in compost piles, or in manure piles. Some species roll up and look like pills when disturbed. Description,—Two similar species. Damage.-^—YGGA on roots and tender Greenish yellow; 12 black spots; black plant parts, especially on seedlings. head; ^ incklong. Distribution, —Throughout United Damage,—Aàulln feed on flowers of States. China-aster, canna, chrysanthemum, co- What to do,-—Look for and eliminate reopsis, cosmos, dahlia, garden balsam, hiding places. Apply DDT dust or spray lily, morning-glory, rose, Shasta daisy, (p. 67) to the soil of infested places. sweetpea, and zinnia plants. Larvae Spider Mites (Red Spiders) feed underground on roots of corn. Í)¿s¿r¿¿)Mí¿on.—Throughout United Description,—Several species. Adults States. and young: Tiny—barely visible to What to do.—Dust or spray with naked eye ; red, or greenish red^ found DDT or malathion (p. 67), on underside of leaves. They occur in all gardens. SpringtaHs Damage,—YQMOW, stippled areas on leaves ; fine webs on leaves and flowers. Entire leaves become yellowed, gray, or brownish. Flowers are discolored and faded. Plants become stunted; are more severely attacked in dry areas. Roses become defoliated. Spider mites commonly overwinter on hollyhock, Description,—Msmj species. Vari- phlox, primrose, and violet plants, and ously colored: (milky white, gray, or on weeds that remain green. In sum- other color) ; |^5 to %e inch long. A mer, they attack many other plants, in- common species is the garden spring- cluding annuals and perennials. tail which has small, rounded, soft Distribution,—Throughout United body, and distinct head. It is dark States. purple, and has yellow spots. Propels What to do,—Apply malathion dust self with taillike appendage when dis-

12 turbed. Occurs in seedbeds and out- attack plant stakes or other wood in door gardens, especially in damp places. contact with soil. They feed on roots Damage.—Springtails chew holes in and stems of woody plants by girdling leaves and stems of young seedlings, or tunneling. Commonly injured plants and in tender plant parts close to the include chrysanthemum, heliotrope, ground. begonia, geranium, poinsettia, cosmos, Distribution.—Throughout United pansy, and oleander. States. Distribution.—Throughout warmer What to do. — Dust or spray with parts of United States ; range is extend- malathion (p. 67). ing in the Northern States. What to do.—Clean up stumps, roots Termites and other woody material in contact with soil, cuid on which termites feed. Description.—Worker termites that Use redwood or other termite-resistant damage plants are known as white ants. wood for stakes and posts, or treat They are wingless, slow-moving, ant- wood flats, stakes, and coldframes with like insects; milky white; about %6 one of the commercial wood preserva- inch long; found in injured plants or tives containing copper naphthenate or pieces of wood beneath soil surface. a similar material. Termites avoid light. Winged forms To deter termite attack on growing are present at swarming time. plants in beds, mix chlordane in the soil before planting. Apply 4 pounds of 6- percent chlordane to each 1,000 square feet of bed area, as for control of white grubs (p. 14).

Whitefly Description.—Several species. Adults : Damage.—Termite damage to living Wedge shaped; white; %6 inch long. plants in gardens is greater in warmer They fly like snowflakes when dis- parts of country. Usually, it is more turbed. Young: Rounded; flat; scale- severe in recently cleared woodland or like; pale green; waxy threads on in land rich in humus. Termites usually spines; stay motionless on underside

Immature whiteflies on underside of leaf.

13 of leaves. Live outdoors in warmer clude chrysanthemum, dahlia, daisy, parts of country, and in greenhouses false indigo, iris, lily, marigold, in winter in the North; are carried, or morning-glory, amaranth, sunflower, fly, to plants in gardens during the flowering tobacco, violet, and zinnia. summer. Distribution,—A serious pest, im- Damage.—Leaves of infested plants ported from South America. Occurs become pale, mottled, or stippled; in the Southeastern United States and plants lack vigor, turn yellow, and die. in New Jersey. Any newly found in- Leaves become sticky with honeydew, festations should be reported promptly, and often are coated with black sooty so that eradication measures can be mold. Whiteflies attack many plants applied. including gourds, ageratum, heliotrope, What to do,—Look for larvae in soil aster, begonia, calceolaria, calendula, around roots of wilting or sickly plants, chrysanthemum, columbine, cineraria, especially seedlings during spring coleus, fern, fuchsia, geranium, golden- months. During summer, look for saw- glow, hibiscus, Jerusalem-cherry, Ian- tooth cuts in edges of leaves; look for tana, lupine, mallow, morning-glory, beetles on the plants or in the loose primrose, sage, and zinnia plants. mulch around their base. If you find Distribution,—Throughout United what appear to be adults or larvae, send States. them in a bottle of rubbing alcohol to What to do,—^Apply malathion, DDT, your county agricultural agent or State or lindane in dust or spray, (p. 67). entomologist, and ask his advice on control measures. White-Fringed Beetle If infestation is definitely present, destroy larvae in the soil by applying 1 pound of 15-percent DDT, or % pound of 50-percent chlordane wettable powder, in about 3 gallons of water, to each 1,000 square feet of soil surface before planting. Or, apply 4 pounds of 5-percent DDT dust, or 4 pounds of 6-percent chlordane dust to each 1,000 square feet, and work the insecticide thoroughly into top 3 inches of soil. Treat all vegetation with DDT dust or Description,—Several species. Adult : spray (p. 67) every 2 or 3 weeks. Snout beetle; dark gray; white fringe White Grubs or band along outer edges of body; %6 inch long. Larva: Curved, fleshy; Description,—Larvae of the common, yellowish white; brown head; up to -(^ brown May beetle. Several species. inch long; lives in soil. Curved; white or yellow; hard brown Damage,—Larvae feed on roots of heads; % to 1^ inches long when full many ornamentals, vegetables, and field grown; live in soil. (See inside front crops. They sever the slender roots, and cover for natural-color illustration.) gouge out or bore into fleshy roots. In- Damage.—^White grubs feed on roots fested plants redden, turn yellow, or and underground parts of plants; cut wilt and die. Adults feed on foliage by off herbaceous plants entirely; eat the chewing out notches in edges of leaves. bark of roots of some plants, such as Ornamental plants subject to attack in- roses. Adult beetles generally feed on

14 tree foilage, occasionally on flowering white; dark heads and tails; ^2 to 1% plants. inches long when full grown. (See in- Distribution, — Throughout United side front cover for natural-color illus- States. tration. ) Damage.—VunctuiG many kinds of plants and ornamentals such as aster, chrysanthemum, dahlia, gladiolus, iris, lily, and phlox. Some species eat seeds, and feed on underground parts of seedlings. Distribution.—Throughout United States. What to do.—Avoid planting garden in infested soil. Before planting, apply 11 pounds of 5-percent DDT dust to each 1,000 square feet of soil surface, What to do.—Grassland is likely to or apply 4 pounds of 6-percent chlor- be infested with white grubs; avoid dane. Work the insecticide into the planting flower-garden plants in newly upper 6 inches of soil. plowed grasslands. Apply 4 pounds of Dust gladiolus corms with 6-percent 6-percent chlordane dust to each 1,000 chlordane in trench at planting time. square feet of planting area, and work Or, treat corms before planting with into the upper 3 inches of soil before one of the commercial mixtures con- planting. taining dieldrin and thiram, as recom- Wîreworms mended for wireworm and scab control. Follow directions on container Description,—Many species. Slender, labels of commercial preparations sold resembling a jointed wire; yellow to for this purpose.

r^L,

15 SPECIFIC FEEDERS

In this section each pest is discussed only once—under the name of a plant on which it is likely to occur. Other insects that commonly attack the plants are named in bold face type, with reference to the pages on which they are discussed. An asterisk (^) before a reference indicates that the pest is particularly injurious to the plant under which it is listed.

Damage.—Suck juices from stems ABUTIION and leaves, stunting or killing plants. Black, sooty mold often grows on honeydew deposited by mealybugs. Wide Abutilón Moth variety of plants are attacked, includ- Description,—Larva is a caterpillar; ing amaryllis, camellia, cineraria, cras- light green; narrow, whitish stripes on sula, cactus, chrysanthemum, crotón, back; up to 1% inches long. daphne, dracena, heliotrope, ivy, Jeru- Damage.—Eats ragged holes in leaves salem-cherry, lantana, oleander, orchid, of abutilón, hollyhock, hibiscus, and poinsettia, rubber plant, umbrella plant, mallow. yucca, bottlebrush, strelitzia, plumbago, Distribution.—Scattered throughout passion-flower, wandering Jew, acacia, United States. Shasta daisy, petunia, thyme, begonia, What to do.—Handpick and destroy calla, coleus, fern, moonflower, pan- caterpillars, or dust plants with DDT danus, primrose, geranium, hollyhock, or malathion. stock, narcissus, aster, and pansy. Distribution.—Throughout United Com Earworm. See page 6. States. Some species survive only in * Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. greenhouses in the North, and are taken Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. to the garden on plants; other species *Whitefly. See page 13. survive out-of-doors. What to do,—If only a few mealybugs are present, pick them off with a ACACIA toothpick, or kill them with a swab of cotton or a matchstick dipped in alcohol. Spray plants with malathion (p. Mealybugs 68) ; repeat applications two or three times at 2-week intervals, or until Description.—Several species includ- infestation is under control. ing Mexican mealybug, longtailed mealybug, solanum mealybug, Corn- Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. stock mealybug, and citrus mealybug. *Oleander Scale. See page 47. Female: Soft-segmented, oval body; covered with powdery wax; waxy filaments projecting from sides and pos- AGERATUM terior; gray, creamy white, or tan; % inch long. Eggs are contained in waxy Greenhouse Leaf Tier sacs beneath posterior of female, that is often attended by ants. Description.—Larva: Caterpillar; 16 pale green ; up to % inch long. Adult : Distribution,—Throughout United Moth; wings wedge-shaped, and flat States. when at rest; brown; % inch long; What to do,—Cut off webbed branches active at night. and destroy. Apply DDT or malathion Damage,—Caterpillar eats holes in dusts or sprays (p. 67). leaves and stalks. Rolls and folds leaves; ties them together with webs, and fills them with fecal pellets. At- AMARANTH US tacks abutilón, ageratum, anemone, canna, China-aster, carnation, cineraria, Carrot Beetle. See page 5. chrysanthemum, dahlia, daisy, gera- Corn Earworm. See page 6. nium, heliotrope, kenilworth ivy, lantana, lobelia, nasturtium, passion- flower, sweetpea, rose, snapdragon, wandering-Jew, violet, and many other AMARYLLIS plants. Distribution.—Throughout United Narcissus Bulb Fly States; overwinters in North only in greenhouses; found out-of-doors in warmer parts of country. What to i/o.—Dust or spray with DDT or malathion. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Corn Earworm. See page 6. "^Greenhouse Whitefly. See page 38. "^Mealybugs. See page 16. ^Spider Mites. See page 12. Stalk Borer. See page 30. Description,—Adult: Hairy fly; resembles bumblebee ; black, or brownish yellow ; % inch long ; usually occurs in AITIRNANTHERA May and June. Larva: Maggot; dirty white; up to % inch long. Webworms Damage.—^A single larva feeds inside one bulb, and destroys it. Commonly Description,—Many species. Cater- attacks narcissus and amaryllis. Also pillars; feed in groups, protected by attacks galanthus, leucojum, sprekelia, webs. Most common are fall web- vallota, and zephyranthes. worms: Pale green or yellow; dark Distribution.—Localized in many stripe down back ; yellow stripe on each States where narcissus is grown. side; covered with tufts of long gray What to do.—Dust bulbs with 5- hairs. percent chlordane before planting; Damage,—Groups of caterpillars en dust them again before covering with velop branches with webs, and skele soil. Dig established plantings, destroy tonize leaves of dahlia, rose, verbena infested bulbs, and treat plantings with castorbean, clematis, alternanthera heptachlor before replanting. Apply morning-glory, wandering-Jew, violet, 5-percent chlordane dust in foliage of and zinnia plants. established amaryllis, or narcissus in

17 May. Try to get dust into soil cracks dañe in June and July to kill adults in around plants, and between leaves, to foliage. In July, treat soil with chlor- destroy young larvae that are hatching dane to destroy young larvae: Apply S from eggs and attempting to descend pounds of 6-percent chlordane dust to to the bulb. Two annual treatments each 1,000 square feet of soil surface. may be necessary.

"^Bulb Scale Mite. See page 45. ANCHUSA Gladiolus Thrips. See page 35. ''Lesser Bulb Fly. See page 40. ^Mealybugs. See page 16. Stx-spotted Leafhopper. See page 24. ^Spider Mifes. See page T2. AMPELOPSIS ANiMONf Black Vine Weevil

*Aphids. See page 4. Blister Beetles. See page 5. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16.

ARBUTUS Description,—Adult: Rough; broad snout; black; scattered tufts of yellow Greenhouse Thrips hairs; % inch long. Hides among foliage during day ; feeds during night. Description,—Adult; Winged; black- Larva: Curved; dirty white; bro^vn ish brown; tip of abdomen is reddish; head. % 5 inch long. Larva : Wingless ; milky Damage,—Adults scallop leaves and white; usually carries droplet of fecal flowers, notch margins, cut off needles, matter on back. chew off or girdle some stems. Larvae Damage,—Adults and larvae cause feed on young roots in fall ; later girdle coarse, stippled areas, and deposit larger roots or cut them off; gouge out black, fecal matter on leaves. They bulbs or crowns of herbaceous plants. attack many plants in northern More than 80 host plants include greenhouses, and out-of-doors in areas strawberry, azalea, taxus, rhododen- having warm climates. Plants attacked dron, ampélopsis, begonia, cyclamen, include arbutus, aster, azalea, carissa, gloxinia, geranium, gardenia, ferns, crotón, cyclamen, cypress, eugenia, primrose, spirea, and wisteria. hibbertia, rose, statice, dahlia, ferns, Distribution,—In cooler parts of the fuchsia, gloxinia, nasturtium, chrysan- United States^—chiefly in Northwestern, themum, orchid, palm, and rubber North Central, and Northeastern States. plant. It is extending its range southward Distribution,—Throughout United from Northeastern States to Washing- States. ton, D. C. What to do.—Dust plants with chlor- What to do.—Dust or spray with

18 DDT or malathion (p, 67) or dust with tions by ants making chambers for dieldrin. aphids cause the plants to dry out. Infestable plants include aster, brow- allia, buttercup, calendula, chrysanthe- ASPARAGUS FERN mum, cosmos, dahlia, erigeron, primrose, sweetpea, and zinnia. Distribution. — Throughout United Onion Thrips States. What to do.—See ants (p. 3) for Description. — Adult: Slender; control of root aphids with chlordane. winged; active; yellow or brownish; To kill aphids on roots of infested about %5 inch long. Larva: Wingless; plants, scoop a depression in soil about similar to adult, but smaller; white. plant stem, and pour in 1 or 2 cups of Winter hosts are weeds, hollyhocks, lindane spray mixture (p. 68). digitalis, and other plants that remain green throughout cold months. Damage,—Adults and larvae suck AZALEA juices from plants. White, stippled areas or blotches appear on leaves ; tips of leaves wither and die; flower petals Azalea Bark Louse become spotted and streaked with white. These thrips transmit spotted wilt virus disease to tomato, calla, and dahlia plants, and to many ornamentals. They infest rose, carnation, asparagus, calla, fern, campanula, hollyhock, chrysanthemum, digitalis, dahlia, gaillardia, gloxinia, migonette, Jerusalem-cherry, and sweetpea plants. Distribution. — Throughout United States. What to do.—Dust or spray with DDT, or dust with malathion or dieldrin (p. 67). ^Mealybugs. See page 16. '^Spider Mites. See page 12.

ASTSR

Description. — Resembles mealybug Root Aphids (p. 16) ; up to ^ inch long. Female Description.—Several species. Bluish and egg sac are covered with matted, green or white; %e inch long; usually white, waxy filament; sac remains after covered with powdery wax. Occur with female dies and the eggs hatch. Occurs ants on roots and crowns of plants. in axils of twigs or leaves. Damage.—Suck juices from roots. Damage. — Infested plants become Infested plants turn yellow, cease to unthrifty and ragged in appearance as grow, and wilt in bright sun. Excava- branches weaken and die.

19 Distribution.—Widespread on azal- yellow; % inch long; lives in mines eas. Most common in Southern States. that it makes between surfaces of azalea What to do,—Apply white-oil emul- leaves or in rolled edges or tips of sion (p. 68) about July 15 to destroy leaves. Adult: Small moth; narrow, the partly grown insects. Cut out and burn weakened branches.

Azalea Lacebug

purple and yellow wings, % inch across. Damage,—Larvae feed between leaf surfaces, and cause blisters. Later, they roll the tips, or edges of leaves, and feed within rolls. Distribution,—In most States where azaleas are grown. What to do,—Spray with malathion Description,—Adult: Lacy wings; or lindane (p. 68) to destroy larvae and brown and black markings; % inch adults. DDT in dust or spray will also long. Nymph: Spiny; colorless at first, kill adults, but it will injure some becomes black later. Life cycle lasts 35 varieties of azalea. days; 2 or more generations a year. Damage.—Nymphs and adults suck Azalea Stem Borer sap from underside of azalea and rhododendron leaves. This causes gray, Description.—Slender beetle; gray- blanched, or coarse-stippled appearance ish; yellow head; yellow thorax bearing of upper surface, and reduces plant two black spots; % inch long. Larva is vitality. Underside of leaves become yellow, up to 1 inch long; lives in twigs. discolored by excrement and cast skins. Damage,—KAxüíX^ girdle twigs in two Plants in the sun are more severely places, % inch apart, and deposit eggs damaged than those in the shade. between girdles, in the bark. Larvae Distribution.—Throughout United bore down stems and trunks to ground ; States. stems wilt; branches die. What to do,—Dust or spray with Distribution.—^Eastern United States. lindane or malathion (p. 67). Time What to do,—Cut and burn infested the application to destroy young twigs and branches. nymphs about June 1 in the North, and earlier in the South. If you use a Azalea Whitefly spray, mix 1 tablespoon of 25-percent Description, — Adults: Wedge lindane wettable powder in each gallon shaped; white winged; %6 inch long; of water. Repeat application in 10 days, fly out in a cloud when disturbed. and again several weeks later. Repeat Nymphs: Oval; pale, greenish white; applications, if needed, throughout the usually present in great numbers. summer. Adults migrate from neigh- Damage,—^Adults and larvae suck boring plants, and may make the repeat treatments necessary. sap from leaves, which become pale yellow, sticky with honeydew, and often blackened with sooty mold. They infest Azalea Leaf Miner hairy-stemmed azaleas, including the Description, — Larva : Caterpillar ; snow azalea and other species.

20 Distribution,—Present wherever host lar; gray with darker, raised central azaleas are grown. spot; %o iîich in diameter. Malescale: What to do,—Spray with diluted Smaller, slender, white. white-oil emulsion (p. 68) before adults Damage.—Heavy infestation com- emerge in spring. Spray in summer pletely encrusts leaves of cacti, weakens with malathion (p. 68) at weekly in- and kills plants. tervals, to destroy adults. Distribution.—Common in South- west, and in cactus gardens in other Peony Scale States. Description.—Grayish-brown scale ; What to do.—To destroy newly Yi 0 iïich in diameter ; found in swollen hatched scales, apply malathion spray areas in bark of stems. (p. 68) at 2-week intervals. White-oil Damage.—Sucks sap from plant emulsion (5 tablespoons per gallon of stems; causes depressions in feeding spray) is also effective, but some species area that may persist for several years of cactus are susceptible to injury by on larger stems, and cause death of oil sprays. Treat susceptible varieties small twigs. Attacks shrub peony, by rubbing scales off with a stiff brush. azalea, camellia, and rhododendron plants. Distribution.—Widely distributed in CALENDULA warmer parts of United States. What to do,—-Prepare a spray containing 10 tablespoons of white-oil Flea Beetles emulsion in each gallon of water ; apply Description,—Many species. Adults: before growth starts in spring. Apply Jumping beetles, black, brown, metallic malathion emulsion spray (p. 68) in blue, or striped; /46 to % inch long. May and June to control young scales. Larvae: Tiny; white; feed on roots of Greenhouse Thrips. See page 18. plants and seldom are seen. Japanese Weevil. See page 34. Damage.—Adults eat numerous tiny holes or pits in foliage of plants in early spring. Particularly damaging to Kili calendula, love apple, heliopsis, nico- tian a, petunia, phlox, primrose, stock, sunflower, wallflower, rockcress, and "^ Aphids. See page 4. violet. Larvae feed on young roots Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. and stems. * Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. Distribution. — Throughout United Flower Thrips. See page 48. States. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. What to do.—Dust or spray with "^Mealybugs. See page 16. DDT or malathion (p. 68). Termites. See page 13. *Whitefty. See page 13. Lygus Bugs Description.—Several related species CACTUS including tarnished plant bug. Flat, oval; mottled with white, yellow, and black splotches that give it a tarnished Cactus Scale appearance; ^ inch long. When dis- Description.—Female scale: Circu- turbed, these active insects fly or move

21 to opposite side of stems; are seldom ing black or bronze ; ^4 inch long. Ac- seen. (See inside front cover for tive only at night. natural-color illustration.) Damage,—-Adults eat long, narrow Damage, — Adults suck juices from holes, or slits, in foliage. plants, and introduce a toxin. This Distribution, — Throughout United causes deformity of leaves, blackened States east of Rocky Mountains. or dwarfed shoots, and imperfect flow- What to do,—Apply methoxychlor ers. Plants subject to attack include spray (p, 68). Do not apply DDT to chrysanthemum, dahlia, calendula, camellias. cosmos, gladiolus, garden balsam, marigold, poppy, sage, Shasta daisy, sun- Tea Scale flower, zinnia, verbena, and many others. Most serious injury is to chrysan- Description. — Hard elongate scale; themum, which develop short branches, light yellow when young, later dark slightly swollen nodes, and deformed brown; %g inch long. Lives on twigs flowers. Dahlia buds and flower stems and leaf surfaces. become blackened and distorted- Damage,—-Yellowish blotches appear Distribution, — Throughout United on upper surface of camellia leaves, States. Leaves drop prematurely; plants weak What to do,—Dust or spray with en; flower production decreases; cut DDT or malathion (p. 67). For best tings may die before roots develop, results, do this early in the morning Tea scale attacks many other plants in when insects are less active. Clean up eluding ferns, palms, and orchids. and destroy weeds and trash in the fall, Distribution, — Southeastern States to prevent overwintering. and west coast. What to do,—Before growth starts in Blister Beetles. See page 5. spring, apply spray containing 5 table- Root Aphids. See page 19. spoons of white-oil emulsifiable concen- * Six-Spotted Leaf hopper. See page trate in each gallon of water. After 24. growth starts, apply malathion spray Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page (p. 68) at monthly intervals, to destroy 12. young scales. *Whîtefty, See page 13. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See * Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. page 27. June Beetles. See page 10. "^Mealybugs. See page 16. "^Oleander Scale. See page 47. CAUA LItY "^Spider Mîtes. See page 12.

*Bulb Mite. See page 45. ^Greenhouse Thrîps. See page 18. CAMPANULA "^Mealybugs. See page 16. Onion Thrips. See page 19. Foxglove Aphid CAMELLIA Description,— Shining, light green; dark green patch around base of cornicles ; about % 5 inch long. Rhabdopterus Beetles Damage.—Feeding on flower hosts Description,—Several species. Shin- results in yellowed or blanched spots, 22 sometimes leaf curling, and a distortion times tinted pink; %6 inch across. of leaves that resembles virus disease. Lives on stems of plants. These aphids attack campanula, colum- Damage.—Infested plants become bine, chrysanthemum, evening prim- stunted; heavily infested branches die. rose, foxglove, geranium, gladiolus, Scale attacks many shrubby plants; also lily, pansy, penstemon, physostegia, attacks the perennials, anthurium, cape- scarlet sage, verbena, and violet plants. jasmine, crotón, fern, oleander, pome- Distribution.—^Widespread in many granate, and poinsettia. Northern and Western States. Distribution.—Southeastern States, What to do,—Spray or dust with from Maryland southward. malathion (p. 67). What to do.—Before growth starts in spring, apply spray containing 5 *Onion Thnps. See page 19. tablespoons of white-oil emulsifiable Slugs. See page 11. concentrate in each gallon of water. After growth starts, apply malathion spray (p. 68) at monthly intervals to CANNA destroy young. * Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Canna Leaf Rollers Whitefly. See page 13. Description.—Two species of caterpillars: One is pale green, has a dark orange head; up to 1% inches long. CARNATION Other is greenish white, 1 inch long. Damage.—^These insects fold or roll ^Aphids. See page 4. canna leaves; tie leaves with webs, and Cabbage Looper. See page 5. feed within them. Foliage becomes ragged, brown, and often dies. Cutworms. See page 6. Distribution.—Southeastern States, ^Flower Thrtps. See page 48. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. south of Washington, D. C. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16, What to do.—Kill caterpillars in ^Mealybugs. See page 16. rolled leaves by pressing leaves with fingers. Dust with DDT before they Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See begin folding or rolling leaves. Clean page 51. Slugs. See page IT. up and burn dead trash and infested * Spider Mites. See page 12. plant parts in fall. Com Earworm. See page 6. *Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. CASTORBEAN Goldsmith Beetle. See page 51. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Saddleback Caterpillar. See p. 55. Garden Webworm Description. — Larva : Caterpillar ; light green; small, dark green spots over body; 1 inch long; conceals self in silken tube on ground. Adult: Moth ; Florida Wax Scale bu£F colored; grayish markings. Description.—Thick, white waxy cov- Damage.—Caterpillars spin light ering on reddish-brown body; some- webbing over plants, and feed on foli- 23 age underneath. They attack castor- *Blister Beetles. See page 5. hean, verbena plant, weeds, grasses, * Cutworms. See page 6. and several vegetables. Flower Thrips. See page 48. Distribution.—Thvoughout most of Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. United States. Garden Symphylan. See page 26. What to do.—-Dust or spray with Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. DDT or malathion. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21, Army worms. See page 4, Potato Flea Beetle. See page 44. Corn Earworm. See page 6. Potato Leafhopper. See page 40. Potato Leaf hopper. See page 40. Root Aphids. See page 19. Serpentine Leaf Miner. See page 11. *Spider Mites. See page 12. Spider AAifes. See page 12. * Spotted^ Cucumber Beetles. See page 12. Stalk Borer. See page 30. White Grubs. See page 14. Wireworms. See page 15.

Sfx-Spotted Leafhopper Description, — Adult and young: CHINESE LANTERN Slender, wedge shaped; greenish yellow to gray; % inch long. Adult is very Tortoise Beetles active; has 6 black spots on head; pre- fers open areas. Descripfion,—Several species. Tor- Damage,—Spieads the virus of aster toise-shaped; gold and black, or bright yellows from diseased to healthy China- red with hlack spots. Larvae are spiny, asters, and to many other oramental bjown or yellow, and carry excrement plants including alyssum, anchusa, bro- and cast skins on their backs. wallia, cape-imarigold, cornflower, cal- Damage,-—Feed on foliage of morn- endula, chrysanthemum, cineraria, ing-glory, moonflower, and Chinese clarkia,, coreopsis, cosmos, dahlia, gail- lantern. lardia, gladiolus, gypsophrla, lobelia, Distribution.—Throughout United mignonette, petunia, phlox, poppy, rud- States. beckia, scabiosa, schizanthus, straw- What to do.—Dust or spray with flower, sweet-william, vinca, and zinnia. malathion ar DDT. Varying symptoms include general yel- * Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. lowing of foliage, clearing oi leaf veins, * Imported Long-Horned Weevil. See excessive branching, and greening of page 9. flower petals. ^Japanese Weevil. See page 34. Distribution. —■ Throughout united Striped Cucumber Beetles. See page States. 30. What to do,—Plant in sheltered areas near buildings or hedges. Destroy diseased plants. Dust or spray with DDT CHRYSANTHEMUM or malathion at 5-day intervals (p. 67). If plants are highly valued, protect them w^ith cheesecloth or special shade Chrysanthemum Aphid cloth on wooden or wire frames. Description, — Shiny dark brown, Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. almost black; about %o inch long. 24 Lygus bug damage to chrysanthemum: Left, normal flower; right, flowers injured in varying degrees.

Occurs on stems, leaves, and flowers of ing buds are distorted, stems and leaves chrysanthemum. are twisted, by groups of galls. The Damage. — Dense clusters feed on gall midge attacks all varieties of tender shoots of growing plants and chrysanthemums. flowers. They stunt growth, and cause Distribution.—Scattered infestations slight leaf curling. Sometimes the in many States. plants die. When cut flowers with What to do. — Spray in evening with aphids on them are brought into the lindane (p. 68). Repeat application house, aphids leave them and crawl three times at 5-day intervals, to kill about; they leave dark stains when emerging adults and larvae in galls. crushed. Distribution. — Throughout United Chrysanthemum Lacebug States, where chrysanthemums are grown. Description. — Adult: Lacy wings What to do. — Apply malathion dust and hood; 1/4 inch long. Nymph: or spray (p. 67). Make regular ap- Spiny, resembling azalea lacebug. plications of the general purpose spray Damage. — Lacebugs bleach foilage, (p. 68) for control of both insects and and injure stems of chrysanthemum, diseases on chrysanthemums. aster, and scabiosa; they breed on weeds. Chrysanthemum Gail Midge Distribution. — Common in many areas throughout United States. Description. — Adult is a two-winged What to do. — Apply lindane dust, gnat; orange; ^/^r, inch long. Adults or malathion dust or spray (p. 67). emerge after midnight, and by morning lay orange-colored eggs, tucking many Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner of them into crevices of tip growth. Larva is a white- or orange-colored Description. — Adult : Minute, black maggot. fly. Larva : Pale, yellow maggot ; occurs Damage.— Larvae bore into tender in leaf mines; leaves large black specks tissue of young leaves, stems, or buds of excrement. of chrysanthemum; create cone-shaped Damage. — Groups of larvae feed galls in which they develop. Develop- in petioles, and between leaf surfaces;

25 cause large, irregular, blisterlike mines ; appearance. Plants become stunted; leaves often drop. Hosts include chrys- may die. Damages many plants includ- anthemum, cineraria, eupatorium, ing sweetpea, China-aster, snapdragon, daisy, Shasta daisy, and marguerite. chrysanthemum, rose, aster, and lily. Distribution,—Widely distributed in Distribution. — Throughout humid many States. areas of United States. What to do.—Spray with lindane (2 What to do.—Where vegetables are teaspoons of 25-percent emulsion in not to be grown, apply 1 pound of lin- each gallon of spray) or with malathion dane dust to each 1,000 square feet, (p. 68). work into soil, and water heavily. Where both vegetables and ornamentals Climbing Culworm are to be grown, apply 10 pounds of DDT dust to each 1,000 square feet; Description.—Caterpillar ; stout, soft work into soil before planting. bodied, smooth; mottled brown; 1^ inches long. Hides in soil by day; Spittlebugs active at night. Damage.—Climbs plants at night; feeds in tip leaves, or bores into flower buds or blossoms and cuts off petals. Distribution.—Northern States. What to do.—To destroy cutworms crawling from hiding places to plants, apply % pound of 5-percent DDT dust to each 1,000 square feet of soil surface. If only a few plants are involved, scratch the soil surface and destroy Description. — Several species. larvae as they are exposed. Nymphs are pinkish to yellowish green; up to %e inch long; usually found under Garden Symphylan masses of white froth or spittle, which they produce. They hatch in spring from eggs which were laid the previous fall by variably marked brown or gray leafhopperlifce adults. Damage.—Nymphs suck plant juices. This causes stunting and distortion of plants including chrysanthemum, rose, Description.—Slender ; % inch long ; stock, and geum. Adults cause no visi- constantly moving long antennae; 12 ble damage. pairs of legs on adult (fewer legs on Distribution.—Northern States. larva) ; white; fragile; active. Found What to do.—Dust with DDT, meth- in moist soils that contain decayed hu- oxychlor, or lindane. Malathion is in- mus, particularly near greenhouses. effective. Travels through cracks and openings in soil. White-Marked Tussock Moth Damage.—Eats numerous tiny pits, or holes, in underground parts of Description.—Caterpillar; red head; plants ; eats tiny roots and root hairs. 2 slender tufts of black hairs project Roots of injured plants have blunted forward, 1 large black tuft at rear, 4

26 Distribution.—Widely distributed in United States. What to do.—Apply DDT dust or spray (p. 67). Pick off and destroy larvae if only few are present. *Aphids. See page 4. Armyworms. See page 4. Blister Beetles. See page 5. *Cabbage Looper. See page 5. *Corn Earworm. See page 6. European Chafer. See page 7. *European Corn Borer. See page 29. *Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Goldsmith Beetle. See page 51. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Greenhouse Orthezia. See page 28. *Greenhouse Thrips. See page 18. Harlequin Bug. See page 33. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Mealybugs. See page 16. *Onion Thrips. See page 19. Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See page Spider mite injury on 52. chrysanthemum. *Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page 24. bunches of white hairs on back; up to *Termites. See page 13. iy¿ inches long. Whitefly. See page 13. Damage.—Usually many caterpillars feed together. They skeletonize leaves of many plants including geranium, CINERARIA German ivy, rose, chrysanthemum. Distribution.—United States east of Colorado. Leaf-Curling Plum Aphid What to do.—Apply DDT dust or Description.—Adult and nymph are spray (p. 67). Pick off and destroy flat backed; pale green; shining; %g infested leaves and groups of larvae. inch long; found in crevices of plant tips. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar Damage. — Severe distortion, and stunting of growth. Infested leaves are Description.—Caterpillar; hairy; yel- covered with white, crystalline droplets low, or straw colored ; has longitudinal of honeydew. Winter host is plum. black lines; 2 inches long. Summer hosts include aster, chrysan- Damage.—General foliage feeder on themum, cynoglossun, cineraria, dahlia, many plants including canna, dahlia, erigeron, eupatorium, gerbera, helio- hollyhock, lily, morning-glory, rose, trope, lobelia, mertensia, marguerite, sunflower, calendula, coleus, chrysan- and sunflower plants. themum, fuchsia, calla, moonflower, Distribution.—Throughout United petunia, sage, verbena, and violet. States. Occurs throughout year in

27 greenhouses, or on summer hosts in fringe around body; long, fluted egg warm areas. sac; % inch long. What to do,—Spray with malathion. Damage,—Adults suck juices from Direct spray into growing points and plants, which become sickly and die. cupped leaves, to reach deeply concealed Favorites among 125 recorded hosts are aphids. Pick o£E badly curled leaves and lantana, coleus, chrysanthemum, cactus, tips before spraying, heliotrope, periwinkle, petunia, sage, silver lace vine, and verbena plants. * Cabbage Looper. See page 5. Distribution, — In greenhouses in Cutworms. See page 6. most States; in gardens in warmer sec- Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. tions of the country. ''Greenhouse Whitefly. See page 38. What to do,—Spray with malathion ^Mealybugs. See page 16. (p. 68), Destroy less valuable and Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page badly injured plants. 24. "^Siugs. See page 11. * False Spider Mite. See page 33. ^Spider Mites. See page 12. ^Mealybugs. See page 16. *Whitefly. See page 13. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See CiEMATIS page 27.

Clematis Borer COIUMBINI Description,—Larva: Dull white; brown head; up to % inch long. Damage.—Larvae hollow out stems, Columbine Borer tunnel crown and roots of clematis and Description.—Larva is a caterpillar; virgin's-bower. Vines become stunted ; salmon colored; pale stripe down back; branches die. up to 1% inches long. Adult is large, Distribution,—Locally, where host is brown moth that lays eggs in late fall, grown. near columbine plants; eggs overwin- What to do,—Cut out and burn inter; larvae hatch in spring and go to fested stems; dig out larvae in crowns. columbine plants. To destroy young larvae, apply DDT dust or spray (p. 67) in early spring. Damage,—-Larvae bore in petioles and stems of wild and cultivated colum- "^ Buster Beetles. See page 5. bine in April or May; later they bore "^Nematodes (Eelworms). See page in crowns and roots. Sawdustlike cast- 10. ings near entrance holes indicate borers Oystershell Scale. See page 46. at work. Infested plants wilt and die. Soft Scale. See page 50. Distribution,—^Where columbine is Webworms. See page 17. grown. What to do,—Cut off infested stems, COLEUS or destroy infested plants. Clean up beds in spring; scrape away soil surface around plants to remove overwintering Greenhouse Orthezia eggs. To destroy hatching larvae, dust Description, — Adult female: Pale with DDT at weekly intervals in late brown or dark green; white, waxy April and early May.

28 Columbine Leaf Miner Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Root Aphids. See page 19. Description,—Adult: Fly; brownish; 'Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page % inch long. Larva: Maggot; pale, 24. yellowish green. Termites. See page 13. Damage,—Larvae mine leaves ; create winding tunnels filled with black bits of excrement. Several generations occur each season. DAHLIA Distribution. — Common wherever columbine is grown. What to do. — Apply a double- Cocklebur Billbug strength lindane spray, or use mala- Description.—Adult: Weevil; long, thion spray (p. 68) to destroy larvae in curved snout; reddish; 13 black spots mines. When infestation is light, pick on back; % inch long. Larva: Legless; off and destroy infested leaves. curved; white; brown head. Gmpe Mealybug. See page 35. Damage.—Larvae bore in pith, and Stmk Bugs. See page 58. hollow out stems for a foot or more Whitefly. See page 13. near base of plant. Insect infests dahlia, sunflower, chrysanthemum plants, and several weeds including cocklebur, ragweed, thistle, and joe-pye-weed. Distribution.— In Southeastern United States. What to do.—Stake dahlia plants to European Corn Borer prevent breaking of stems. Postpone planting dahlias until June to escape the adult billbugs which appear in May. Destroy weed hosts such as ragweed, thistle, and joe-pye-weed, near gardens.

Description. — Larva: Caterpillar; Giant Hornet flesh colored, black spots, dark-brown head; about 1 inch long; wriggles ac- Description. — Adult: Dark, reddish tively when exposed. Adult: Moth; brown; orange markings on abdomen; yellowish brown; 1 inch long. 1 inch long. Large, paper nests are lo- Damage.—Larvae bore in stems of cated in hollow trees, or attached to aster, dahlia, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, porches or eaves of buildings. cosmos, zinnia, and many other orna- Damage. — Adults tear bark from mental plants. stems of shrubs and flowering plants Distribution.—^Eastern and Northern including dahlia, lilac, and rhododen- States; rapidly extending into Rocky dron. They use bark to build nests Mountain and Southern States. during August and September. What to do.—Clean up and burn or Distribution.—Eastern United States, bury stalks and weeds in which larvae from Massachusetts to North Carolina, could spend winter. To destroy young and west to Ohio. larvae before they enter stems, apply What to do.—If possible, locate and DDT dust to foHage every 5 to 7 days destroy nests, or dust nest openings during July and August. with 6-percent chlordane. Apply chlor-

29 dañe dust or spray to stems of affected dahlias; also feed on leaves and stems plants, or apply spray containing 2 of gourds and other cucurbits. Trans- tablespoons of 50-percent DDT in each mit cucurbit wilt to gourds, melons, and gallon of water. Note : This is twice the cucumbers. strength of DDT spray (see p. 68). Distribution. — Two similar species Apply insecticide before serious plant throughout United States; one species injury occurs. occurs on each side of Rocky Moun- tains. What to do.—Dust dahlia and other Stalk Borer flowering plants with DDT, methoxychlor, or lindane (p. 67). Do not apply DDT to gourds. Protect young gourd plants from beetles by using paper or plastic plant covers, called hotkaps ; or, cover plants with coarse netting or Description, — Slender; up to ll^ screen-covered frames until they start inches long. Young borer: Creamy to produce vines. white; dark purple band around body; several brown or purple stripes running Armyworms. See page 4. length of body. Full-grown borer: Blister Beetles. See page 5. Creamy white to light purple; no band Carrot Beetle. See page 5. or stripes. *Corn Earworm. See page 6. Damage. — Young borers hatch in * European Corn Borer. See page 29. early spring from eggs laid on grasses Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. and weeds ; bore in grass stems at first, Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. then search for larger, stemmed plants. Greenhouse Thrips. See page 18. They bore in stems of aster, dahlia, goldenglow, hollyhock, iris, and lily plants. Distribution. — Common east of Rocky Mountains. What to do,—Remove and destroy nearby weeds; insect breeds in weeds and moves to cultivated plants. Some- times, infested plants can be saved by splitting the stems and destroying borers. Stake and bind split stems and keep plants watered. Dust nearby plants V\^ith DDT to destroy borers moving from one plant to another.

Striped Cucumber Beetles Description.—Several species. Elon- gate; yellowish; 3 black stripes; % inch long. Damage.—Feed on pollen and petals lefU Dahlia stem cut open to show of many flowers and plants including stalk borer at work. RighU stem gourds, Chinese lanterns, lilies, and showing exit hole.

30 to be oval or elongate, caramel colored, about 34 0 0 inch long, and slow moving Young are smaller, and milky white. Eggs are oval and pearly white.

Üama/^e.—Infested delphinium plants are seriously distorted; leaves are cupped or curled, often blackened; flower spikes become stunted, blackened. Florets may not open; if they do, they are streaked with darker color, or blackened. Dislrihution.—In many States; most Dahlia stem, cut open to show larva abundant in cooler regions of the con- of pith-nesting bee in tunnel. tinent.

*Lygus Bugs. See page 21. *Nasturtium Aphid. See page 42. Ï *Onion Thrips. See page 19. Pith-Nesting Bees. See page 52. * Potato Leaf hopper. See page 40. Root Aphids. See page 19. Rose Chafer. See page 52. Saddleback Caterpillar. See page 55.15. *Siix-Spotted Leafhopper. See page 24.14. *Spider Mites. See page 12. *Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page 12. Webworms. See page 17. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar, See page 27.

DELPHINIUM

Cyclamen Mite

Description. — Invisible to unaided Cyclamen mite injury to eye. When magnified, adults are seen delphinium.

31 What to do.—A very difficult pest to Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. control, once established in a crop. De- Mealybugs. See page 16. stroy heavily infested plants. Mites on Nematodes (Eelworms). See page valuable plants can be destroyed by 10. digging plants and immersing them in * On ion Thrips. See page 19. water at 110° F, for 15 minutes. Cut "^Spider Mites. See page 12. out badly infested shoots. Spray plants *Stalk Borer. See page 30. at weekly intervals using a spray containing 2 teaspoons of Kelthane emulsifiable concentrate in each gallon of water. Avoid transporting mites on hands, clothing, or tools. Florida Fern Caterpillar Delphiniunri Aphid Description, — Rounded, shiny orange body; dull black head; dusky brown legs and antennae; ^5 inch long. Lives on underside of leaves, and between buds in flower spikes. Damage,—Heavy infestations cause curling and cupping of leaves, and dwarfing of shoots; flower spikes become stunted; florets fail to open. In- jury resembles that done by cyclamen mite, but is less severe, and lacks the blackening symptoms of mite injury. Distribution, — Scattered infestation on wild species of delphinium; occasionally becomes established in cultivated plants of both annual larkspur Description,—Caterpillar ; resembles and perennial delphinium. cutworm; young are pale green, older What to c?o.—Apply malathion spray ones are velvety black; 1% inches long. (p. 68) to lower side of foliage. They hide by day along midrib or in crown of plant; feed at night. ^Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Damage,—-Eat young leaves of ferns, Blister Beetles. See page 5. and strip leaflets from old growth. "^Cutworms. See page 6. Chief hosts are nephrolepis and adian- Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. tum ferns. Gladiolus Thrips. See page 35. Distribution, — A tropical species, Millipedes. See page TO. widely distributed in Florida; has been Potato Leaf hopper. See page 40. introduced into northern greenhouses "^Slugs. See page 11. on infested plants. What to do, — Dust or spray with DIGITALIS DDT or malathion (p. 67), (Foxgiove) Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. Florida Wax Scale. See page 23. "^Greenhouse Thrips. See page 18. ''Âphids. See page 4. ^Mealybugs. See page 16. 32 Oleander Scale. See page 47. the green peach aphid, and the crescent- Onion Thrips. See page 19. marked lily aphid. Winged or wingless ; "^Soft Scale. See page 50. green body; dusky patch or cross mark- Tea Scale. See page 22. ings on back; about % inch long. Whîtefly. See page 13. Damage.—Stunt growth by feeding on stems ; cause distortion, curling, and yellow spotting of leaves by feeding on FLOWERING KALE foliage. Distribution. — Widely distributed wherever freesia is grown. Harlequin Bug What to do.—Dust or spray with malathion (p. 67). Bulb Mite. See page 45. "^Gladiolus Thrips. See page 35. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page 10.

rUCHSIA

Adulf Nymph False Spider Mite Description.—Adult and nymph: Description.—Cannot be seen with- Shield shaped ; black, brilliantly marked out magnifying lens. Flat, oval, dark with red or yellow; up to % inch long. red, slow moving. Young mites, and Overwinters near old cabbage remnants. shiny round eggs, are bright red. Mites Damage. — Sucks sap from plants, occur along veins on underside of which wilt and turn brown as if scalded. leaves. Primarily a pest of vegetable crucifers Damage. — Feeding causes fine, but feeds on flowering plants including spotted-bronze or rusty-brown areas chrysanthemum, rose, sunflower, and along veins or over entire leaves on flowering kale. fuchsia, coleus, ageratum, privet, and Distribution.—Localized in southern many other plants. Infested plants may part of country, from California to Vir- lose their foliage. ginia. Distribution.—Widespread through- What to do.—Spray with malathion out United States. (p. 68). Handpick bugs in spring. What to do.— Spray with Kelthane ^Aphids. See page 4. (p. 68) taking care to wet the lower "^Cabbage Looper. See page 5. leaf surface thoroughly. Add ^ tea- ^Diamondback Moth. See page 59. spoon of a common household detergent to each gallon of spray to increase wet- ting qualities. FREESIA Fuchsia Flea Beetle

Green Peach Aphids Description.—Adult: Beetle; bluish- green; % inch long. Description.—At least two species- Damage.—Adults eat pits in leaves, S3 causing ragged appearance of foliage * Florida Wax Scale. See page 23. which becomes deformed and drops; Flower Thrips. See page 48. plants become stunted. ^Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Distribution, — Abundant in many Greenhouse Orthezra. See page 28. areas where fuchsias are grown. ^Mealybugs. See page 16. What to do,—Dust or spray with "^Nematodes (Eelworms). See page DDT or malathion. 10. Soft Scale. See page 50. "^Aphidis. See page 4. * Spider Mites. See page 12. *Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. Whitefîy. See page 13. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. "^Greenhovse Thrips. See page 18. ^Mealybugs. See page 16, Nemafodes (Eelworms). See page GERANIUM 10. *Whitefîy. See page 13. Japanese Weevil Yellow WooHybear Caterpillar. See page 27.

GAILLARDIA

Aphicls. See page 4. "Âsiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. Description. — Adult: Dark brown; Onion Thrips. See page 19. diffused^ lighter brown cross bands on ^Six-Spotted Leaf hopper. See page broad wing covers make insect incon- 24. spicuous; about %6 inch long. Hides * Spider Mites. See page 12. in vegetation during day ; feeds at night. Stalk Borer. See page 30. Damage.—Âdults are sometimes very numerous on single plants in a garden ; eat broad, rounded notches in leaf mar- GARDEN BALSAM gins. Flower-garden hosts include rose, azalea, veronica, geranium, and many shrubs. Aphids. See page 4. Distribution,—Âbundant from Con- Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. necticut to Washington, D. C. ^Japanese Beetle. See page 9. What to do,—Dust or spray with "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. chlordane two or three times from May Nematodes (Eelworms). See page to July to destroy adults before they 10. lay eggs. Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. 12. "^Cabbage Looper. See page 5. *Corn Earworm. See page 6. *Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. GAROENIA Earthworms. See page 6. *False Spider Mite. See page 33. ^ False Spider Mite. See page 33. Foxglove Aphid. See page 22.

34 * Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7, What to do. — Apply DDT dust to Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. growing plants at weekly intervals, from Imported Long-Horned Weevil. See time foliage is 6 inches high until page 9. flowering. After harvesting and cur- Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See ing gladiolus corms, shake them in sack page 51. with small amount of DDT dust (1 Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See page teaspoon for each 100 corms) ; store 52. as usual. * Slugs. See page 11. Untreated corms found to be infested Termites. See page 13. at planting time should be soaked in a Webworms. See page 17. Lysol solution for 3 hours; use 1% tea- * White-Marked Tussock Moth. See spoons of Lysol in each gallon of water. page 26. Plant immediately after soaking to avoid corm injury from the chemical.

fcïî3Sïiï:Slï:iî;Î;S.îiM'::i. Wear rubber gloves when handling treated corms.

Grape Mealybug Aphids. See page 4. Description. — Female: Soft, oval, ^Cyclamen Mites. See page 31. segmented body; white, powdery wax, Flower Thrips. See page 48. and waxy filaments at posterior; *Nematodes (Eelworms). See page brownish cream colored; about 1/4 inch 10. long. White, cottony filaments cover *Onion Thrips. See page 19. masses of eggs at posterior. Adult * Serpentine Leaf Miner. See page male: Winged; does not feed. 11, Damage. — Female attacks many ornamentals including gladiolus corms, calla roots and tops, California poppy, GLADIOLUS coleus, columbine, carnation, English ivy, and passion-flower. Sucks juices from roots and stems of many plants, Gladiolus Thrips causing dwarfing of growth. Mealybug Description. —Adult: Black; creamy feeding on stored gladiolus corms and band across base of wings; %6 inch calla roots causes them to shrivel and long. Larva: Wingless; pale yellow to die before planting time. Ants contrib- orange; is present with adults. ute to the damage by distributing Damage, — Thrips feed and breed mealybugs to favorable food sources. on foliage and flowers of gladiolus, Distribution.—Throughout United States. aster, carnation, amaryllis, narcissus, What to do.—Spray infested plants freesia, delphinium, hollyhock, and with malathion (p. 68). Soak infested poker plants. Foliage becomes streaked gladiolus corms and calla roots in or silvered; flowers become deformed; malathion spray for 30 minutes. De- buds may fail to open ; petals are flecked with white. Overwinters on corms stroy ants by applying chlordane. (See Ants, p. 3). which become russetted and corky, and may fail to sprout when planted. Zebra Caterpillar Distribution. — Throughout United States. Description. —Velvety-black cater- 35 pillar; 2 bright yellow stripes on each *Aphids. See page!4. -.. side; many fine, yellow, transverse Armyworms. See page 4. lines; % inch long. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Damage.—Feeds on many plants * Blister Beetles. See page 5. including gladiolus, lily, and sweetpea. '^Bulb Mite. See page 45. Distribution.—Widespread in *Corn Earworm. See page 6. Northern States. Cutworms. See page 6. What to do.—Apply DDT spray or * European Corn Borer. See page 29. dust (p. 67) to young caterpillars. Flower Thrips. See page 48. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page 10. Seed-Corn Maggot. See page 59. * Six-Spotted Leaf hopper. See page 24. Slugs. See page 11. *Spider Mites. See page 12. *Stalk Borer. See page 30. Webworms. See page 17. White-Marked Tussock Moth. See page 26.

GLOBE THISTLE

Four-Lined Plant Bug Description. —Flat; slender; greenish-yellow; four black stripes down back; 1/4 inch long. Quickly dodges out of sight or flies away when disturbed. (See inside front cover for natural-color illustration.) Damage.—Damages plants in early spring; causes numerous brown or black circular spots, ]'\ c inch across, on young leaves. Infests many plants including aster, Chinese lantern, globe thistle, phlox, dahlia, zinnia, and several woody shrubs. rà Dislribulion.—Widely distributed in Northern States. What to do.—If practical, eliminate currantlike shrubs in which eggs are laid and overwinter. Dust or spray plants in early spring with DDT or malathion (p. 67). Repeat applications every 7 to 10 days until early July. Corn earworm feeding in gladiolus flower buds. Aphids. See page 4.

36 Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. ^Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. page 51. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. ^Painted Lady Butterfly. See page Lygus Bugs. See page 21. 40. ^Stalk Borer. See page 30. Whitefly. See page 13.

GLOXINIA GOURDS

Aphids. See page 4. ^ Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. Pickleworm Greenhouse Thrîps. See page 18. Description.—Yellowish white; Onion Thrips. See page 19. brownish head; has dark spots when young; up to % inch long. Damage.—Feeds on flowers and leaf GOLDENGLOW buds ; tunnels flowers, vines, and fruits of gourds and other cucurbits. Distribution.—Southeastern United Goldenglow Aphid States, sometimes as far north as Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. Description, — Long legged ; bright Winters in Florida and Texas; spreads red ; % inch long. Occurs on stems and northward each summer. flower buds. What to do.—Grow crop early to Damage.—Sucks sap from plants, avoid infestation. At first sign of in- causing dwarfing of growth; produces jury, spray or dust with lindane or objectionable honeydew deposits. Sevin; repeat application each week; Chrysanthemum, goldenrod. Fuller's worms m.ust be killed before they enter teasel, sunflower, and lettuce are fruits. attacked by this aphid or by species closely resembling it. Squash Beetle Distribution.—Wherever goldenglow Description. — Adult : Yellow ; 14 is grown. black spots; % inch long; resembles What to do.—Âpply malathion dust Mexican bean beetle, but is larger. or spray, or lindane dust. Larva: Spiny; yellow. Damage.—Adults and larvae feed on Goldenglow Sowfly gourds and related cucurbits. Distribution.—East of Rocky Description.—Larva: Light gray; Mountains. darker gray stripes; two rows of black What to do.—Âpply malathion dust spots along back ; % inch long. Usually or spray (p. 67). found coiled on leaves. Damage.—Larvae occasionally Squash Bug defoliate goldenglow. Distribution.—Wherever goldenglow Description.—Adult: Brownish, flat- is grown. backed stink bug; % inch long. What to do.—Dust or spray with Nymph : Varies from bright green with DDT or malathion. red head and legs to dark greenish gray 37 with black head and legs ; up to % inch Damage,—In feeding, insect injects long. Egg clusters are shiny, brick red; toxic substance into plant; causes dis- found on leaves. easelike symptom of yellowing or red- Damage.—Âdults and nymphs feed dening; causes rolling or distortion of in colonies; live on gourds and other foliage. Attacks Chinese lantern and cucurbits; suck sap from leaves and groundcherry. stems. Plants wilt and die. Distribution,—Rocky Mountain Distribution,—Throughout United States, from Texas and Arizona States, northward to Wyoming and Nebraska. What to do,—Apply dieldrin dust. What to rfo.—Dust with DDT. Elimi- nate weed hosts as much as possible. Squash Vine Borer Aphids. See page 4. "^Flea Beetles. See page 21. Hornworms. See page 51.

Description,—Adult : Wasplike moth ; clear, copper-green wings; orange and black body; lays eggs on gourd and squash vines. Larva: White; lives in Helenium Snout Beetle stems. Description,—Adult: Black, shining Damage,—Larvae bore into gourd beetle; up to %6 inch long. Larva; and squash vines ; eat holes in stems Small, curved weevil grub; white; near bases of plants. Vines wilt and die. Distribution.—East of Rocky brown head. Damage,—Adults feed on growing Mountains. tips of helenium in May and June. What to do.—Apply methoxychlor, Larvae bore into stems, killing plants, malathion, or lindane dust or spray (p. 67) at 7-day intervals from June 15 to or weakening them so that flowering is July 15 in the North, and for a longer prevented. Distribution.—^Locally abundant in period in the South. Slit stems and de- many areas. stroy larvae. Mound earth over cut What to do.—Dust or spray with stems to encourage rooting and growth. DDT at weekly intervals to destroy *Melon Aphid. See page 39. adults. This wiU prevent egg laying "^Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page and development of larvae. 12. ^Striped Cucumber Beetles. See page 30. Whitefly. See page 13.

Greenfiouse Whitefly Description,—Adult: Wedge shaped; white; %6 inch long; adults fly like snowflakes when disturbed. Young: Potato Psyllid Rounded; flat; scalelike; waxy threads Description.—Adult: Green or black; on spines ; pale green. Stays motionless white margins; %o i^^^h long. on underside of leaves. Lives out-of- 38 doors in warmer parts of country, in new plants before setting them in your greenhouses in winter in North; is garden. taken or flies to plants in gardens Flower Thrips. See page 48. during summer. Imported Long-Horned Weevil. See Damage,—Leaves of infested plants page 9. become pale, mottled, or stippled; Slugs. See page 11. sticky with honeydew ; often are coated Spider Mites. See page 12. with black, sooty mold. Plants lack Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page vigor, turn yellow, and die. Many hosts 12. include gourds, ageratum, heliotrope, Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See aster, begonia, calceolaria, calendula, page 27. chrysanthemum, columbine, cineraria, coleus, fern, fuchsia, geranium, goldenglow, hibiscus, Jerusalem-cherry, Ian- HIBISCUS (ROSEMALLOW) ; tana, lupine, mallow, morning-glory, primrose, sage, and zinnia plants. Distribution. —Throughout United Abutilón Moth. See page 16. States, ^Japanese Beetle. See page 9. What to do,—Dust with DDT, mala- Painted Lady Butterfly. See p. 40. thion, or lindane (p 67). *Whitefly. See page 13. *Greenn KeacnPeach Apnias.Aphids. Seedee page 33.^j. Greenhousehouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Greenhousenhouse Orfhezia. See ppage 28. Mealybugs.fVIC?«lybugs. See page 1^16. Spider Mites. See page 12. Melon Aphid Termites. See page 13.

Daylily Thrips

TC-7Û97 Description.—Dark brown, resem- Winged Wingless bling gladiolus thrips; yellow when young; %5 inch long. Description, — Adult and young: Damage,—Thrips feed on leaves and Sucking insect; soft, rounded body; flower stems, causing brown scarifica- some have wings, and pair of short, tions. They feed on flower buds, dark tubes projecting from abdomen; causing them to drop prematurely, pale green to dark green or almost before flowers open. Late flowering black; %6 inch long. varieties are most seriously affected. Damage.—Causes severe leaf curling, Distribution,—Florida and North- distortion of young leaves, and stunting eastern United States, west to Wisconsin. of growth. Deposits honeydew on foli- What to do,—Spray weekly with age; honeydew supports growth of malathion (p. 68) beginning as soon as black fungus or sooty mold. Damages injury is noted, and before flower spikes many plants including aster, begonia, are fully developed. This thrip is usu- California poppy, catalpa (on which it ally present on hemerocallis. Treat all overwinters in the North), chrysanthe-

39 mum, cineraria, cyclamen, gardenia, many plants. They cause hopper burn ; gourd, hydrangea, lily, nemesia, rose, brown spot at leaf tip and margin; sunflower, syringa, thistle, verbena, and yellowing, reddening, or bronzing of many vegetables and tropical fruits and leaf to midrib. Also cause curling weeds. downward, and severe stunting and kill- Distribution, — Throughout United ing of tips on dahlia and marigold. States; most serious in South. Flowering plants that suffer severe in- What to do,—Dust or spray with jury include marigold, dahlia, holly- malathion or lindane (p. 67). hock, rose, and lupine. Abutilón Moth. See page 16. Distribution.—Eastern half of United Aphids. See page 4. States. Related species in West and Corn Earworm. See page 6. Southwest. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. What to do,—Dust or spray with * Greenhouse Whîtefîy. See page 38. DDT or malathion. Japanese Beetle. See page 9. Abutilón Moth See page 16. Aphids. See page 4. "^European Corn Borer. See page 29. HOLLYHOCK Gladiolus Thrips. See page 35. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Mealybugs. See page 16. Painted Lady Butterfly Nematodes (Eelworms). See page Description, — Larva is caterpillar; 10. green or brown; mottled black; light- Onion Thrips. See page 19. yellow stripes on back and sides; gray- Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See page ish spines; 1% inches long. 52. Damage, — Feeds on foliage. Ties Rose Chafer. See page 52. together terminal leaves of hollyhock, *Slugs. See page 11. lupine, mallow, globe thistle, and ^Spider Mites. See page 12. sunflower. Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page Distribution, — Throughout United 12. States. "^Stalle Borer. See page 30. What to do.—Remove infested tips. Yellow WooMybear Caterpillar. See Dust plants with malathion or DDT. page 27.

Potato Leafhopper

Lesser Buib Fly Description.—At least three species. Adult: Blackish green; white markings on abdomen; % inch long. Larva: Description,—^Adult: Wedge shaped; Wrinkled; dirty grayish yellow; up to green; %6 inch long; jumps or flies y^ inch long; occurs in decaying bulbs. quickly when disturbed. Nymph: Damage.—This insect injures rotting Wingless ; resembles adult, but is small- bulbs; does not destroy healthy bulbs. er; crawls sideways, like a crab. Seventy-five or more larvae occur in a Damage,—^Adults and nymphs attack single bulb of narcissus, hyacinth, ama- 40 ryllis, iris, onion, or many other plants. ïiSiliiliiiiiW' Distribution.—In many States where îSilïiSlîiliiS bulbs are grown. What to do, — Destroy infested or Iris Borer Description. — Moth: Brown; black markings; 2-inch wingspread; lays eggs on old leaves of iris and nearby plants in fall; eggs overwinter, and larvae hatch in April and May. Larva: Slen- der; green at first; becomes pink, smooth, fat caterpillar; has rows of black spots on sides; 1^ inches long when full grown in July. Damage.—Young larvae feed in leaf sheaths and stems of iris in April and rotting bulbs. Plant only healthy bulbs May, then tunnel lower stems; in June and rhizomes. Treat bulbs with chlor- and July they gouge out large areas in dane as for narcissus bulb fly (p. 17). the rhizomes. Distribution, — Throughout United "^Bulb Mite. See page 45. States, where iris is grown. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page What to do.—To eliminate overwin- 10. tering eggs, clean up and destroy old Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See leaves, stems, and debris in fall or win- page 27. ter. To kill young, hatching larvae, dust iris beds with DDT at weekly intervals from time first growth starts until June 1. With aid of pointed stick or pencil, HYORANOEA locate and destroy borers in young leaf sheaths that escape dust treatment. Hydrangea Leaf Tier Transplant infested iris after it flowers ; destroy larvae and infested rhizomes Description, — Caterpillar; green; and chestnut brown pupae in soil before dark brown head ; % inch long. replanting. Community effort is impor- Damage,—Caterpillar webs terminal tant in iris borer control. leaves tightly around bud, and feeds on bud. Distribution,—In many States. Iris Thrips What to do. — Apply preventive Description. —Adult: Usually wing- sprays of DDT (p. 68) before larvae less; dark brown, almost black; %o web leaves together. Squeeze webbed inch long; slow moving. Larva: Soft- leaves to destroy larvae within, and bodied; white. tear open to permit development of Damage, — Rasps surfaces in leaf flower buds. sheaths, and rasps young leaves as they Aphids. See page 4. emerge. Causes russetting, blackening, "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. stunting, weakened growth, and death Rose Chafer. See page 52. of tops. Russetted or blackened flower *Spider Mites. See page 12. buds and stems often fail to open. This

41 *Aphids. See page 4. *Bulb Mite. See page 45. Carrot Beetle. See page 5. Flower Thrips. See page 48. Gladiolus Thrips. See page 35. *Lesser Bulb Fly. See page 40. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page 10. *Root Aphids. See page 19. *Rose Chafer. See page 52. *Slugs and Snails. See page 11. *Stalk Borer. See page 30. Whitefly. See page 13. Zebra Caterpillar. See page 35.

IVY, ENGLISH Snail injury to iris growth. Nasturtium Aphid insect is distributed to new garden plantings in basal leaves of plants. It Description.—Adult and young: Dull damages Japanese iris seriously, and black or dark green ; young are spotted attacks most other types of iris. with white wax; |/>5 inch long. Great Distribution.—Eastern United States. numbers occur on succulent leaves or What to do. — Dust or spray with tips. DDT (p. 67). Thrips in infested di- Damage.—Sucks juices from leaves visions can be destroyed by immersing and stems, which become curled, plants in water at 110° F. for 30 min- dwarfed, and yellowed. Attacks many utes. plants including globe thistle, dahlia, English ivy, oleander, poppy, zinnia, Iris Weevil and nasturtium. Overwinters on euonymus. Description. — Adult: Short snout; Distribution. — Throughout United black; yellow and white scales; % inch States. long. Larva: Thick body; milky white; What to do.—Dust or spray with mal- small, brown head. athion or Hndane (p. 67). Damage. — Larvae develop in seed pods of blue flag iris; cause puncture Aphids. See page 4. scars on pods of Japanese iris and Eu- Blister Beetles. See page 5. ropean iris. Cabbage Looper. See page 5. Distribution. — Locally abundant *Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. where native iris grows. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page What to do.—Destroy all flower heads 16. after flowers fade, or destroy seed pods Hornworms. See page 51. before young, adult weevils emerge. If *Mealybugs. See page 16. seeds are being saved for breeding, cov- Oleander Scale. See page 47. er blossoms with cheesecloth, or dust Puss Caterpillar. See page 11. with DDT. Rose Leafhopper. See page 53.

42 Saddleback Caterpillar. See page Nematodes (Eelworms). See page 55. 10. *Soff Scale. See page 50. "^Spider Mites. See page 12. Whitefly. See page 13. LARKSPUR, ANNUAL

IVY, GERMAN (SENECIO) Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. "Lygus Bugs. See page 21. "^Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page Aphids. See page 4. 24. Cabbage Looper. See page 5. "^Spider Mîtes. See page 12. "^Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. White-Marked Tussock Moth. See page 26. Lesser Bulb Fly. See page 40. * Narcissus Bulb Fly. See page 17. JERUSALEM-CHERRY

LILY "Âphids. See page 4. "^Greenhouse Whitefly. See page 38. "^Mealybugs. See page 16. Purple-Spotted Lily Aphid Onion Thrips. See page 19. Orange Tortrix. See page 51. Description,—Âdult and young: Yel- low; purple patch on back; % inch long. Damage, — Feeds on underside of LANTANA lower leaves, later on stems, and finally on buds and seed pods of lily. It most Lanfana Aphid frequently infests regal, formosanum, and speciosum lilies, and other late- Description,—Wingless: Dark brown flowering garden lilies. Causes direct disk; fringe of white wax; resembles feeding injury; foliage yellows; growth whitefly; ^ô i^ch long. of some varieties is killed prematurely. Damage,—Feeds on orchids, ferns, Distribution,—Eastern United States. palms, and lantana. What to do,—Dust or spray with ma- Distribution, — Localized in various lathion (p. 67). Cut off and burn in- parts of United States; carried through fested stems in October before females winter in northern greenhouses. lay eggs. If eggs are laid, they drop to What to do.—Spray with malathion the ground, and from them young (p. 68). aphids hatch the following spring. *Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. *Aphids. See page 4. "^Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. *Bulb Mite. See page 45. ^Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Carrot Beetle. See page 5. "^Greenhouse Whitefly. See page 38. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. ^Mealybugs. See page 16. "^Garden Symphylan. See page 26. 43 Saddleback Caterpillar. See page leaves of young plants; delays new 55. growth ; sometimes kills plants. Attacks "^Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page love apple, Japanese lantern, ground- 12. cherry, phlox, petunia, primrose, sun- ^Stalle Borer. See page 30. flower, and violet plants. Striped Cucumber Beetles. See page 30. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See page 27. Zebra Caterpillar. See page 35.

LOBELIA Distribution.—Throughout United States. Negro Bug What to do.—^Dust or spray with DDT (p. 67) when plants are set in Description.—Adult: Short; oval; garden. Repeat application after rains, large thoracic shield; resembles a bee- or until new growth appears and injury tle; black; %Q inch long. subsides. Damage,—Causes plants to wilt and die. Often occurs in great numbers on vegetables and other crops; attacks or- LUPINE namentals including lobelia and cardi- nal flower. Distribution.—Generally distributed Lupine Aphid east of Rocky Mountains. Description.—Long legs and corni- What to do.—Spray with malathion cles; green; covered with white, pow- (p. 68). dery wax; % inch long. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Damage.—InÎQst^ tips of perennial Nematodes (Eelworms). See page lupines in spring and early summer. 10. Distribution.—Localized where lu- Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See page pines are grown; Northeastern United 52. States, and other cool-summer areas. Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page What to do.—Spray or dust with ma- 24. lathion (p. 67). Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. * Painted Lady Butterfly. See page 40. LOVE APPLE * Potato Leafhopper. See page 40. Whîtefly. See page 13. Potato Flea Beetle Description.—Adult: Jumping beetle ; MARGUERITE rough surface; black or dark brown; % 6 inch long. "Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner. See Damage.—^Eats many small holes in page 25. 44 * Leaf-Curling Plum Aphid. See page ''Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See 27. page 27. Mealybugs. See page 16. "^Spider Mites. See page 12.

MAftlGOLD Aphids. See page 4. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Aphids. See page 4. Corn Earworm. See page 6. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. 5. ^Tortoise Beetles. See page 24. Blister Beetles. See page 5. Whitefly. See page 13. Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See "^Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. page 27. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Japanese Beetle. See page 9. "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. "^ Potato Leaf hopper. See page 40. Root Aphids. See page 19. *Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page Bulb Mite 24. Description, — Adult : Round ; glis- *Siugs. See page 11. tening white; two dark spots on back; * Spider Mites. See page 12. brown legs; size of pinhead. Eggs: * Stalk Borer. See page 30. Glistening white; round. Young mite Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See is similar to adult, but smaller. Under page 27. favorable conditions, young mites trans- form to brown, shining, turtle-shaped "hypopus" stage, and can live for a MIGNONETTf long time until transported to favorable food by insects or by other means. Damage,—Mites occur in weakened, Cabbage Looper. See page 5. decayed, or injured tissue; they rarely *Corn Earworm. See page 6. damage healthy bulb tissue but are Onion Thrips. See page 19. sometimes found in apparently healthy Potato Flea Beetle. See page 44. roots. They attack amaryllis, crocus, *Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page freesia, gladiolus, hyacinth, lily, nar- 24. cissus, tulip, peony roots, and a few *Spider Mites. See page 12. other plants. Distribution. — Throughout United States. MOONFLOWER What to do.—Discard rotting or soft bulbs containing bulb mites. Immerse remaining bulbs in hot water (110*^ F.) Greenhouse Orthezia. See page 28. for 3 hours. Mealybugs. See page 16. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page Bulb Scale Mite 10. ^Tortoise Beetles. See page 24. Description,—Invisible to unaided

45 eye. When adults are magnified, they are seen as elongate, tan, and about NEW JERSEY TEA %25 iïich long. White larvae and white oval eggs are found on healthy Oystershell Scale tissue in narcissus bulbs. Description,—Scale covering is oys- Damage,—Mites feed on surface of tershell shaped; curved; broadened at scales in bulbs, and on bases of young posterior ; dull gray or yellowish brown ; leaves and flower stems. They cause % inch long, ^^ inch wide. Living bronzed streaks on leaves and stems, transverse cracks and distortion, and scale is soft-bodied; yellow; found be- twisting. Injury is less serious to field neath the covering. (See inside front cover for natural-color illustration.) and garden plantings than to bulbs be- Damage,—Sucks juice from stems ing forced in the greenhouse. Mites and leaves ; causes yellowing of foliage, attack narcissus and amaryllis. Distribution,—On narcissus and am- and stunting or killing of shoots on herbaceous perennials. Attacks peony, aryllis in many States. What to do.—Immerse bulbs in water pachysandra, yucca, heather, New 110° F. for 3 to 4 hours. Jersey Tea, and clematis plants. Also attacks many ornamental shrubs, which "^Lesser Bulb Fly. See page 40. serve as source of infestations on per- ^Mealybugs. See page 16. ennials. * Narcissus Bulb Fly. See page 17. Distribution. — Widely distributed Nematodes (Eelworms). See p. 10. throughout United States. Onion Thrips. See page 19. What to do,—Scales overwinter as Tulip Bulb Aphid. See page 60. eggs under female shells. Before new growth appears in springs clean up and burn old, dead stems of peony and New NASTURTIUM Jersey Tea, Thoroughly spray nearby infested pachysandra and shrubs with white-oil emulsion at double strength Imported Cabbageworm (10 tablespoons in each gallon of water). Other dormant oil sprays may Description, — Caterpillar; velvety be used at strengths prescribed on green; up to 1% inches long. container labels. After growth starts, Damage, — Feeds on underside of spray with malathion to kill young leaves; produces ragged holes. Attacks scales. Spray again in late July. nasturtium, stock, and flowering kale. Distribution, — Throughout United Rose Chafer. See page 52. States. What to ¿o.—Dust or spray DDT or NIGOTIANA malathion on flowering plants. (Ftowaring TOIHICCO} Cabbage Looper. See page 5. *Corn Earworm. See page 6. Aphids. See pa^e 4. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. *Cutworms. See page 6. "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Flea Beetles. See page 2K Nasturtium Aphid. See page 42. Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. * Onion Thrips. See page 19. Hornworms. See page 51. "^Serpentine Leaf Miner. See page 11. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. ^Spider Mites. See page 12. * Slugs. See page 11,

46 Slugs. See page 11. Soft Scale. See page 50. ''Spider Mites. See page 12. Oleander Scale Description.—Female: Circular; flat- PACHYSANDRA tened; pale yellow, tinged with purple; (Sparge) %o iïich i" diameter; lives on stems and leaves. Male: Smaller; white. Euonymus Scale Damage,—Infested plants have encrusted scales on stems and twigs ; lose Description. — Female resembles color and vigor; may die. This scale dark-brown oystershell; %6 inch long. attacks acacia, aloe, azalea, cactus, Male is smaller, slender, and white. camellia, English ivy, fern, oleander, (See inside front cover for natural- orchid, poinsettia, rubber tree, and color illustration.) yucca plants. Damage. — In heavy infestations Distribution.—Throughout warmer stems and leaves become covered with States; survives in greenhouses in scales; leaves turn yellow; vines die. North. This scale attacks euonymus, pachy- What to do,—Prune out all encrusted sandra, ivy, and other ground covers. branches. In winter, apply white-oil Distribution. — Throughout United emulsion spray. In summer, apply States; less numerous in warm regions. malathion spray at monthly intervals. What to do. — In spring, before growth starts, apply dormant oil-emul- Aphids. See page 4. sion spray diluted as recommended on Florida Wax Scale. See page 23. container. In June, and again in Sep- * Mealybugs. See page 16. tember, apply DDT or malathion sprays *Soft Scale. See page 50. (p. 68) to control young scales. Cut Termites. See page 13. off and burn badly infested shoots before spraying. Spider Mites. See page 12.

Orchid Plant Bug Description. — Orange to red; steel- blue wings; % inch long. Damage.—Causes irregular stippling Thread Scale on underside of orchid leaves. Description. — Slender; brown or Distribution. — Warm areas where gray; % inch long; resembles oyster- orchids are grown. shell scale. What to ¿o.—Dust or spray with Damage. — Heavily infested plants DDT or malathion. yellow and die. Less heavy infesta- Aphids. See page 4. tions cause yellowing and stunting. *False Spider Mite. See page 33. Distribution.—In North on green- Flower Thrips. See page 48. house and house plants; common out- Lantana Aphid. See page 43. doors in warmer parts of United States. Mealybugs. See page 16. What to do.—Before growth starts in Ôleander Scale. See page 47. the spring, apply spray containing 5 47 tablespoons of a white-oil emulsifiable concentrate in each gallon. After PENSTEMON growth starts, apply malathion spray (p. 68) at monthly intervals to destroy young scales. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. * False Spider Mite. See page 33. Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. "^Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Green Peach Aphtds. See page 33. Greenhouse Orthezia. See page 28, Greenhouse Thrips. See page 18, :í■■i:iví■;#^;í.^:■mí;;.í«:;-:í;■á^ *Lantana Aphid, See page 43. w^mmmñ "^Mealybugs. See page 16. Onion Thrips. See page 19. Saddleback Caterpillar. See p. 55. Flower Thrips *Soft Scale. See page 50. *Tea Scale. See page 22, Description,—Ax least four species: Flower thrips, Florida flower thrips, and two western flower thrips. Adults : Slender; winged; lemon yellow to PANSY brown; %o inch long; active. Larvae: Wingless; lemon yellow to orange. Readily seen when infested flowers are Violet Sawfly shaken over a sheet of paper. Damage,—ôse and peony buds turn Description,—Larva: Smooth cater- brown; %o inch long; active. Larvae: pillar; blue black or olive green; white spots on back and sides; % inch long. and have brown edges on petals. Heavy Adult: Black and yellow; has 4 wings. infestations often occur on Japanese Damage.—^Larvae feed at nighty skel- iris, day lily, garden lily, carnation, etonize lower surface of leaves, later gladiolus, rose, and peony plants. eat holes in and defoliate plants. Distribution. — Flower thrips occur DwiriÔMiioTi.—Eastern United States. throughout States east of Rocky Moun- What to do. — Dust or spray with tains; other species occur in West or DDT or malathion (p. 67) in May and South. lune when larvae appear. What to do,—Effective control is difficult during migration period because *Aphids. See page 4. of reinfestatioHi Migration occurs dur- * Cutworms. See page 6. ing May and June in the vicinity of Flea Beetles. See page 21. Washington, D. C; it occurs later in Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. the North, and earlier in the South. Mealybugs. See page 16. Late spring and early summer flowers Nematodes (Eelworms). See p. 10. may be protected by coarse cloth cover- Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See p. 52. ing on a frame sprayed with dieldrin * Slugs. See page 11. (1 pound of 25-percent wettable pow- Sowbugs, See page 12. der in each 100 gaflons of water, or *Spider Mites. See page 12. 2 teaspoons in each gallon) .During mi- Termites. See page 13. gration period, roses and peonies may Wireworms. See page 15. be cut in tight bud stage, and opened Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See indoors. Spraying with malathion page 27. (p. 68) will give some protection for 1 48 but not more than 2 days. Later in sea- Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24. son, flower thrips are reduced in num- Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See p. bers by predators, and usually do not 12. cause serious flower injury. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See page 27. *Ants. See page 3. Oystersheli Scale. See page 46. Peony Scale. See page 21. PHLOX PERIWINKLE Phlox Bug (Viiica) Description.—Adult: Elongate; oval; flat back; dull orange; black median "Âphlds. See page 4. stripes on back ; ^ inch long. Nymph : Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Bright red; black wing pads. Greenhouse Orthezia. See page 28. Damage.—Nymphs and adults feed Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24. on upper surface of young leaves of perennial phlox; cause yellow, stippled areas, stunted growth, deformed blos- som heads; sometimes plant dies. PETUNIA Distribution.—Chiefly Northern States; locally, where perennial phlox Tomato Russet Mite is grown. What to do,—Clean up old phlox Description,—White; pear shaped; stems after frost in fall; burn them to invisible to unaided eye. destroy overwintering eggs. Dust or Damage,—Causes bronzing or rus- spray plants with DDT or malathion seting of surface of stems and leaves. (p. 67) to control nymphs and adults Injury appears suddenly because mites that appear during spring and summer. multiply rapidly. Attacks petunia, "Âsiatic Garden Beetle. See page groundcherry, and datura plants. 5. Distribution,—Throughout the year Blister Beetles. See page 5. in California and Southern States on Corn Earworm. See page 6. petunia, tomato, and related hosts. Dis- Flea Beetles. See page 21. tributed to other States on host plants. "^Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. What to do.—Ât first evidence of in- Nematodes (Eelworms). See page festation, apply sulfur dust, malathion 10. dust or spray (p. 67). Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24. "Âphids. See page 4. "^Spider Mites. See page 12. Âsiatic Garden Beetle. See page *Stalk Borer. See page 30. 5. Wireworms. See page 15. "^Flea Beetles. See page 21. * Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. Grasshoppers. See page 8. PHYSOTEGIA Greenhouse Orthezia. See p. 28. Hornworms. See page 51. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Âsiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. "^Mealybugs. See page 16. Foxglove Aphid. See page 22.

49 ^Japanese Weevil. See page 34. Distribution,—Many States in West Verbena Bud Moth. See page 60. and South. What to do,—^Make two or three applications of malathion spray (p. 68) at 3-week intervals to kill young scales. PIPEVINE Florida Wax Scale. See page 23. (Dutchmans Pipe) ^Mealybugs. See page 16. Oleander Scale. See page 47. Pipevine Swallowtail Root Aphîds. See page 19. Termites. See page 13. Description,—Caterpillar: Dark brown; four rows of orange- to coral- colored spots ; up to 2 inches long. Soft, hornlike projections appear suddenly when caterpillar is disturbed. Adult: POKER PLANT Butterfly; blue green; white, yellow, and orange spots in wings. Armyworms. See page 4. Damage,—Caterpillars feed on and Corn Earworm. See page 6. defoliate Dutchmans pipevine. Flower Thrips. See page 48. Distribution,—Locally abundant 'Gladiolus Thfips. See page 35. throughout United States. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. What to do. — Dust with DDT or malathion (p. 67). Onion Thrips. See page 19.

PLUMBAGO POMEGRANATE

* Florida Wax Scale. See page 23. *Fuiler Rose Beetle. See page 7. * Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Mealybugs. See page 16. Whitefly. See page 13.

POINSETTIA POPPY

Soft Scale Corn Earworm. See page 6. Description,—Flat; soft; oval; yel- Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. lowish green or greenish brown; % ^Green Peacli Aphids. See page 33. inch long; lives on stems and leaves. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Damage,—Plants become weakened and stunted. Honey dew and sooty mold Mealybugs. See page 16. appear on leaves. Damages many woody Nasturtium Aphid. See page 42. plants and others including abutilón, bougainvillea, cassia, clematis, clero- Rose Chafer. See page 52. dendron, palm, poinsettia, and rose. Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24.

50 horned projections at front; pointed at PORTULACA rear; grass green; ^ inch long. Damage,—Females cut curved slits in bark of rose twigs, making entrance Hornworms wounds for rose canker and other dis- Description,—Several species. Adult: eases. Also a pest on other shrubs, and Moth; narrow-winged; brown or gray; on fruit and ornamental trees. about 1% inches long; 2% inch wing- Distribution,—Widely distributed in spread; swift flying; resembles hum- Northern States. ming bird in flight; visits flowers at What to do, — Remove weeds and dusk. Larva: Caterpillar; prominent avoid planting favorable summer hosts horn or posterior; green or gray; di- such as alfalfa and sweetclover near agonal lines on side; up to 4 inches gardens. Apply DDT or malathion long. White-lined sphinx, which at- dust during June. tacks portulaca, is green or black; has yellow or orange spots. Goldsmith Beetle Damage, — Hornworms eat foliage, Description,—Hairy; lemon yellow; stems, and flowers of petunia, orna- bronze underneath; about 1 inch long; mental tobacco, portulaca, and other frequently attracted to lights. Larva ornamentals. Infested plants have a resembles white grub. Insect has life conspicuous accumulation of large pel- cycle of 2 or 3 years. lets of fecal matter. Damage.—Larvae feed on roots of Distribution,—Throughout United rose, canna, chrysanthemum, and other States; infestations localized. ornamentals. What to do,—Handpick worms. Dust Distribution,—Common in Eastern or spray with DDT or malathion (p. 68), States; more numerous in Southwest- ern States. What to do,—Use same control as PRIMROSE for Japanese beetle larvae (p. 9).

Aphids. See page 4. Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller *Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. Description,— Caterpillar: Pale Flea Beetles. See page 21. green ; black head ; up to % inch long. ^Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. Damage.—Chews holes in rosebuds; Mealybugs. See page 16. rolls up leaves and ties them together. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page Feeds on aster, carnation, geranium, 10. globe thistle, sunflower, and verbena Root Aphids. See page 19. plants. ^Spider Mites. See page 12. Distribution,—Abundant in many *Whitefly. See page 13. States. What to do.—Dust with DDT.

;:i|iiAiii?ï|i;gA:ïi tlllîlfiili Orange Tortrix Description.—Adult: Moth; gray or fawn; dark markings; % inch long. Buffalo Treehopper Larva: Caterpillar; dirty white; brown Description.—Adult : Triangular ; two head; up to % inch long.

51 i)amage.—Caterpillars feed on What to do,—There are no known webbed and rolled leaves of many trees measures for preventing foliage-cutting and shrubs; feed also on begonia^ by leaf-cutter bees. To prevent tunnel- cineraria, jobs-tears, fern, geranium, ing of canes by pith-nesting bees, insert Jerusalem-cherry, lantana, lavender, a flat-headed tack in the end of cut stem, penstemon, rose, and wandering-Jew. or cover end with grafting wax, putty, Distribution.—^ Warmer parts of or paraffine, or apply tree-wound paint. United States, especially Pacific coast areas. Red-Banded Leaf Roller What to do,—Destroy webbed leaves containing older larvae. Spray with Description. — Caterpillar : Slender ; DDT wettable powder to control young greenish; active; up to % inch long. larvae. Damage.—Rolls leaves, or ties them together with webs, and feeds within. Periodical Cicada Attacks chrysanthemum, rose, violet, De5cr¿píio71.—Robust; black body; geranium, zinnia, hollyhock, and lo- reddish eyes and legs; wings are clear, belia plants. and have red veins; 1 inch long. Males Distribution. — Northeastern States to sing shrilly. North Carolina and west to Texas, Damage. — Adults damage stems of What to do.—Handpick and destroy roses and other woody plants with their larvae in webbed leaves. Spray with ovipositors while laying eggs. TDE (2 pounds of 50-percent wettable Distribution.—Eastern United States, powder in each 100 gallons of water— at irregular intervals. or 4 teaspoons per gallon). What to do.—Cut ofE injured stems. To protect prized plants, construct frame Rose Chafer over plants, and cover it with light muslin or cheesecloth. Spray with Sevin, using one tablespoon of 50-percent wettable powder in each gallon of water. Pith-Nesting Bees (Leaf-Cutter Bees) Description.—Several species. Black, metallic green, or purple ; about ^ inch Description. — Adult: Beetle; long, long. spiny legs; gray or brown; reddish- Damage.—Females of some species brown head; % inch long. Larva: cut oval-shaped pieces from leaves of Curved; creamy white; brown head. rose and other plants. They store the (See front cover for natural-color il- leaves as food for their young, in cells lustration. ) excavated in the pithy stems of plants Damage.—Adults feed on foliage and such as rose or dahlia, or in tunnels in flowers of iris, hollyhock, dahlia, fox- wood. Other species collect aphids, or glove, oxeye-daisy, hydrangea, rose, certain other insects or spiders, and wisteria, poppy. New Jersey Tea, and store them in tunneled stems of grow- peony plants. Most serious in North, ing plants. and in sandy areas. Larvae feed on Distribution.—Throughout United humus, roots of weeds and grasses, or States. other living plants. Adults appear sud-

52 denly, damage plants for 4 to 6 weeks roots usually die. Mossy rose gall is a during June and July, then suddenly mass of green-to-purple filaments sur- disappear. rounding a cluster of hard cells con- Distribution, — Throughout North- taining larvae. Rose root gall is a con- eastern United States; occurs as far spicuous, rounded, lobed swelling 1 to west as Colorado. 2 inches in diameter at base of rose What to do, — Apply DDT dust to plant or below ground; numerous cells beetles; repeat applications as they with larvae distinguish it from crown come to newly opened flowers. Where gall infection. insecticides are ineffective because of reinfestation, protect prized flowers from beetle attack by using cheesecloth fence or canopy. Beetles seldom fly over the barrier even if it is open at top. Growing cultivated crops in wasteland breeding areas will reduce infestation.

Rose Curculio

Distribution, — In many States, on wild and cultivated roses. Description, — Curved beak; bright What to do,—No known effective in- red; black legs; black underneath; 1/4 secticide. Cut out and burn infested inch long. galls as they are discovered. Damage,—Adults eat holes in buds of wild and garden roses and peonies; Rose Leaf Beetle buds fail to open. White larvae develop on seeds and inside buds. Description,—Oval; shiny green; % Distribution.—Widespread through- inch long. out United States; most common in Damage.—Adult eats small holes in northern, colder regions; especially buds and flowers of rose, peony, and severe in North Dakota. iris. Larva feeds on roots of weeds What to cío.—Apply DDT dust or and plants in wasteland. spray (p. 67) to control adults. Collect Distribution,—New England States, dried buds and burn them before lar- south and west to Arizona and Mon- vae complete development and enter tana. soil to pupate. What to do,—Apply DDT or malathion dust. Clean up wasteland breed- Rose Galls ing places of larvae.

Description,—Two or more species. Rose Leafhopper Adults : Tiny, 4-winged wasps. Larvae : Resemble maggots ; live in cells of galls. Description,—At least two species: Damage,—Gall-infested stems or Rose leafhopper, and white apple leaf-

53 hopper. Adults : Narrow ; creamy white ; canes of climbing roses, hybrid perpét- Ys inch long; actively jump or fly; uais, various rose species, raspberries, found under leaf surface of rose and ap- and blackberries. ple plants. Nymphs: Smaller, whitish. Distribution,—Throughout United Damage,—Adults and nymphs suck States. juices from plant cells, cause white What to do,—^Remove and destroy stippling or yellowing of foliage. Roses infested canes. When plant growth is and apples are principal host plants of dormant, apply spray containing Y2 cup the rose leafhopper, an imported insect. of a white-oil emulsifiable concentrate White apple leafhopper attacks rose, in each gallon of water. Spray with apple, currant, gooseberry, and rasp- malathion at monthly intervals in sum- berry. Black dots of fecal deposit are mer (p. 68), found when this leafhopper is present. Distribution.—Widely distributed in Rose Slugs Northern and Eastern States. Description,—^Three species. Bristly What to do,—Dust with DDT or mal- rose slug: Long, stout bristles; green- athion. General-purpose spray (p. 68) ish white; % inch long; five to six gen- for insects, mites, and diseases on roses erations a year; breeds all summer. is also effective. Curled rose worm : Metallic green, white dots, yellow head; % inch long; one or Rose Midge two generations in spring. European Description,—Adult: Two-winged rose slug: Velvety; yellowish green; up fly; orange-red body; %o îîich long; to Y2 inch long; feeds on upper leaf active at night. Larva: White when surfaces; one generation in spring. young, becomes orange; %2 ^^ch. long Damage.—Young larvae skeletonize at maturity. leaves from either top or bottom side, Damage,—Twenty to thirty larvae leaving only brown network of veins feed together at base of rose flower or and one epidermis. Older larvae eat on upperside of young tip leaves or holes in leaves, or eat entire leaves. petioles. Injured parts become dis- Most damage occurs in early spring on torted, turn brown or black, and die. new foliage ; damage continues through Infestation develops suddenly, and all summer if bristly rose slug is present. flower buds and cell tip growths may All rose slugs seriously defoliate wild be destroyed. Damage occurs from and cultivated roses. summer to fall. Distribution,—Chiefly Northeastern Distribution,—Scattered infestations States, south to Virginia, west to Rocky in greenhouses and on outdoor roses in Mountains, and in California. many States. What to do.—^Prompt and early treat- What to do.—At first indication of ment is important to avoid serious dam- infestation, spray with DDT (p. 68) ; age. Dust or spray with DDT or mala- cover foliage and ground surface thor- thion (p. 67). Repeat treatments as oughly. Repeat in 7 to 10 days. Cut needed for continuing infestations of off and burn injured tips and buds con- bristly rose slug. taining larvae. Rose Stem Borers Rose Scale Description, — Two species. Rose Description.—Circular ; scaly ; white ; stem saw fly: Adult is transparent Ys inch in diameter. winged, wasplike; larva is slender, Damage.—Encrusts bark on older milky white, has a brown head, and is

54 y^ inch long. Raspberry cane borer: tating or poisonous to skin, and cause Slender, black- and yellow-striped severe irritation for several hours after beetle; about % inch long. Larvae are contact. yellowish white, have brown heads, are Distribution,—^Atlantic States. up to % inch long. What to do, — Dust or spray with Distribution, — Throughout United DDT or malathion (p. 67). States. Damage. — Raspberry cane borer Stinging Rose Caterpillar girdles tips of shoots, which wilt. Lar- Description,—Siuglike; marked with vae of both species bore downward into red, white, and violet stripes; seven pith of stems to crowns of plants in one pairs of large, spine-bearing processes ; or two seasons; infested canes die. up to % inch long. They usually occur What to do,—Cut off rose canes be- singly or scattered on undersides of low points of injury; burn all infested leaves. parts to destroy larvae. Where prac- Damage,—Larvae feed on rose and ticable, apply the same control measures other ornamentals, including shrubs. to raspberry, an alternate host of these Contact with poisonous spines causes pests. painful burning sensation for several Rose Stem, Girdler hours. Distribution,—Locally distributed in Description, — Greenish beetle; % many states. inch long. Lays eggs under bark of What to do,—Clean up refuse in fall rose and raspberry stems in summer; to eliminate overwintering cocoons. slender, white larvae develop beneath Dust or spray with DDT or malathion bark. to destroy caterpillars (p. 67). If your Damage,—Larvae make spiral mines skin becomes irritated, ask your phar- around canes which swell, sometimes macist to recommend a soothing oint- split, usually die. Roses of the rugosa ment. and hugonis types are preferred hosts ; other roses also are attacked. Strawberry Rootworm Distribution,—Eastern United States. Description,—Adult: Shining Dark What to do.—Cut off and burn in- brown; Ys inch long; feeds at night; fested canes in spring before adults hides in crinkled leaves during day. emerge. Dust with DDT in June and Larva: Small; white; brown spotted; July to destroy adults before they de- brown head; lives in soil. posit eggs. Damage.—Adults riddle leaves with small shot-holes, eat young buds and Saddleback Caterpillar bark of new shoots. Larvae feed on Description,—Spiny ; reddish brown ; roots of rose, strawberry, and other green dorsal patch in middle of back hosts in spring. Attack rose, apple, contains brown area edged with white; blackberry, mountain ash, peach, pyra- 1 inch long. Usually found singly or cantha, raspberry, and strawberry. in scattered groups on underside of Distribution, — Throughout United leaves. (See front cover for natural- States. color illustration.) What to cío.—Dust with 5-percent Damage, — Feeds on canna, dahlia, chlordane to kill adults on foliage. Do ivy, lily, palm, rose, and many other this when roses first bloom in spring, plants. Stinging hairs on spines are irri- and again in July and August.

55 Tent Caterpillars What to do. — Spray or dust with DDT or chlordane (p. 67). Description. — Several species. Un- sightly nests or tents of caterpillar webs *Aphids. See page 4. are found in spring on roadside trees or Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. unsprayed trees. A nest may be in- Corn Earworm. See page 6. habited by a hundred or more cater- European Earwig. See page 7. pillars. Caterpillar is sparsely hairy; * Flower Thrips. See page 48. black; has white and blue markings on Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. upper side; white stripe along middle of Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. back; 1% inches long when mature. Garden Symphylan. See page 26. Cocoons are yellowish white. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. Damage. — Nests are unsightly. Greenhouse Thrips. iiiripa. See jcc page pug«? 18. Caterpillars eat foliage on trees, espe- Greenhouse Whitefly.••"■■" See' page 38. cially wild cherry; appear less frequent- Harlequin Bug. See page 33. ly on apple, plum, peach, pear, haw- * Imported Long-Horned Weevil. See thorn, and other trees. Caterpillars page 9. may leave nest and wander in various *Japanese Beetle. See page 9. directions in search of food, damaging *Japanese Weevil. See page 34. rose, spirea, flowering almond, and June Beetles. See page 10. other garden plants. Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page Distribution. — Throughout United 10.in States. Onionv^nion Thrips.inrips. See page 19. What to do.—Destroy nests as soon as Oystershell Scale. See page 46. they are seen ; tear out by hand or with a brush or pole and crush caterpillars on ground. Do not burn nests in trees. Spray trees with DDT wettable powder (p. 68) before caterpillars migrate from nests. Protect roses and other garden plants by spraying with DDT, or collect and destroy the caterpillars.

Walking Sticks

Description.—Adults: Thin,rounded, slender bodies; long slender legs; resemble twigs; dull gray or brown; up to 3 inches long. Young: Smaller; pale green; resemble stems. Usually occur in colonies. Damage. — Insects are unsightly on garden plants. In all stages, they feed on foliage of beech, oak, wild cherry, and other forest trees; also on rose, weigelia, and other garden plants. Distribution. — Northern States east of Rocky Mountains. Rose aphids on rose. 56 ^Potato Leaf hopper. See page 40. Puss Caterpillar. See page 11. Spider Mites. See page 12. Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page 12. Garden Fleahopper "^Webworms. See page 17. White Grubs. See page 14. * White-Marked Tussock Moth. See page 26. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See page 27*

RUBBER PlANT

^Mealybugs. See page 16. Description.—Adult: Long legs and Oleander Scale. See page 47. antennae; black; %o i^^^h long. Onion Thrips. See page 19. Nymph: Greenish; resembles aphid; *Soft Scale. See page 50. jumps like flea beetle. Damage,—These insects suck sap from leaves, causing coarse, peppered, RUDBECKIA yellow spots resembling spider-mite injury. Severely injured plants become stunted and may die. Numerous vege- "^Aphids. See page 4. table, ornamental, and weed hosts; Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page damage most severe on shaded plants 5. or on leaves close to ground. Common *Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. hosts include chrysanthemum, gladiolus, Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page helenium, helianthus, heliopsis, mari- 24. gold, morning-glory, portulaca, rud- *Spider Mites. See page 12. beckia, scabiosa, verbena, zinnia, and many other ornamentals. Distribution, — General in United States, except Western States. What to do,—Dust or spray with DDT or malathion (p. 67). Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. "^Chrysanthemum Lacebug. See page Foxglove Aphid. See page 22. 25. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page "^Fuller Rose Beetle. See page 7. 16. "^Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24. Greenhouse Orthezia. See page *Spicler Mites. See page 12. 28. Greenhouse Whitefly. See page 38. * Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Stalk Borer. See page 30. SCHIZANfHyS *YeHow Woollybear Caterpillar. See page 27. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See p. 5.

57 Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page sap from many vegetables, fruit and 24. field crop plants, also from ornamental Slugs. See page 11. plants including snapdragon, colum- "^Spider Mites. See page 12. bine, verbascum, beardtongue, sunflower, and lupine. What to do.—^Apply DDT or chlor- SHASTA DAISY dane dust. Do not allow weeds to grow in or around garden.

Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. ^Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner. See ^Cabbage Loo per. See page 5. page 25. *Corn Earworm. See page 6. *Flower Thrips. See page 48. "^Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. * Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. 36. * Spider Mîtes. See page 12. ^Garden Symphylan. See page 26. Stalk Borer. See page 30. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. "^Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page SIlViR LACE VINE 10. "^Slugs. See page 11. "^Spider Mites. See page 12. * Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Verbena Budmoth. See page 60. ^Japanese Beetle. See page 9. Yellow Woolly bear Caterpillar. See Flea Beetles. See page 21. page 27. Root Aphids. See page 19.

SNAPDRAGON SPIREA

Stink Bugs Spirea Aphid Description. — Soft-bodied, sucking insect; pair of black tubes or cornicles projecting from abdomen; green; %o inch long. Damage.—Large numbers of aphids congregate on new growth and produce honeydew, a medium for sooty mold. They suck juices from the plants, caus- Description. — Several species. ing stunting and discoloration. They Adults; Shield shaped; brown, green, attack spirea, citrus, many shrubs, and or black ; with or without marking ; up herbaceous ornamentals. to % inch long, % inch wide. Nymphs : Distribution,—^Widespread in United Resemble adults, but are smaller. Stink States. bugs discharge a foul odor. What to ¿o.—Apply malathion dust Damage,—^Adults and nymphs suck or spray (p. 67) or lindane dust.

58 *Black Vine Weevil. See page 18. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. ^Japanese Weevil. See page 34. Mealybugs. See page 16. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page Spittlebugs. See page 26. 10. Springtoils. See page 12. Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See page 51. Oystershell Scale. See page 46. STRAWFLOWER "Spider Mites. See page 12.

Garden Fleahopper. See page 57. STOCK *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. *Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See page 24. Diamondback Moth

SUNFLOWER

*Aphids. See page 4. Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Carrot Beetle. See page 5. Corn Earworm. See page 6. Adult Flea Beetles. See page 21. Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. Harlequin Bug. See page 33. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Larva Mealybugs. See page 16. Description. — Adult: Small moth; Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See page 51. gray or brown; white markings that form a diamond when w ings are folded. Painted Lady Butterfly. See page 40. Larva: Light green, black hairs; slen- *Spider Mites. See page 12. der; up to V:i inch long; wriggles rapidly, and drops from plant on a silken YellowWoollybearCaterpillar. See page 27. thread which it produces. Damage.—Larvae eat small holes in leaves and buds. Primarily a pest of cabbage and other crucifers; also attacks ornamentals, sweet alyssum, can- SWEET ALYSSUM dytuft, stock, and wallflower. Distribution. — Throughout United States. ''Diamondback Moth. See page 59. What to do. — Dust or spray with DDT or malathion (p. 67). *Aphids. See page 4. SWEETPEA *Cabbage Looper. See page 5. *Flea Beetles. See page 21. Imported Long-Horned Weevil. See Seed-Corn Maggot page 9. Description.—Legless; sharply point-

59 ed at one end; yellowish white; ^ inch long. TULIP Damage.—Bores into sprouting seed of many plants, including sweetpeas and tender shoots of gladiolus ; prevents de- Tulip Bulb Aphid velopment of plants; particularly de- i)e5cr¿p¿¿o/i.—Grayish ; wax covered ; structive early in season. about %o inch long; sometimes winged. Damage.—^Aphids in great numbers suck juice from exposed leaves on grow-

EPQ.2Û07 ing plants; cause severe distortion, stunting, sometimes kill plants; build Distribution, — Throughout United up dense colonies on bulbs in storage, States. especially those with cracked outer What to do,—Coat the seeds with in- scales; severely damage stored tulips secticide by stirring them in a watery and iris bulbs; attack belamcanda and mixture of 50-percent chlordane wet- various garden types of rhizomatous table powder. Use one of the com- iris. mercial insecticide-fungicide mixtures Distribution.—lii most Northern and available in most seed stores. Spray Western States. or dust seeds with chlordane or lindane What to ifo.—Apply lindane dust to in the trench at planting time, before bulbs before storing them. covering. Apply either chlordane or lindane dust to soil around young plants; Tulip Leaf Aphid repeat weekly until pest is controlled. Description.-^-Small, Y^Q inch long; Postpone planting until warm weather green; clusters occur on leaves and when germination is more rapid. shoots. ^Aphids. See page 4. Damage, — Heavy infestation causes Corn Earworm. See page 6. leaves and flowers to fail to open ; plants * Cutworms. See page 6. sometimes die. This aphid attacks iris, Four-Lîned Plant Bug. See page 36. as well as tulips. *Garden Symphylan. See page 26. Distribution.—Probably present Greenhouse Leaf Tier, See page 16. throoighout United States. Winters be- *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. tween crops on dormant bulbs. Nematodes (Eelworms). See page What to í¿o.—Apply lindane dust to 10. bulbs. Dust or spray infested plants Onion Thrips, See page 19. with malathion (p. 67). Root Aphlds. See page 19. *ApWds. See page 4. Serpentine Leaf Miner. See page 11. *Bülb Mite. See page 45. *Spîder Mites. See page 12. Garden Symphyian. See page 26. Zebrcr Caterpillar. See page 35. Spider Mités. See page 12. Wireworms. See page 15.

SWEET-WIIUAM VERBENA

*Flea Beetles. See page 21. *S¡x-Spotted leafhopper. See p. 24, Verbena Bud Moth ^Spider Mites. See page 12. Description.—Adult: Small, purple

60 brown moth. Larva : Greenish yellow ; *Spider Mites. See page 12. black head ; about % inch long. Violet Sawfly. See page 48. Damage,—Larvae tunnel new shoots Webworms. See page 17. of verbena and physotegia. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See Distribution,—Eastern United States. page 27. What to do,—Cut off and burn wilting shoots containing larvae. WALinOWER Verbena Leaf Miner Description.—Small, yellow larva or *Aphids. See page 4. maggot. Is found in blisterlike mines in Diamondback Moth. See page 59. leaves. Adult is tiny midge or 2-winged "^Flea Beetles. See page 21. fly, %6 inch long. *Slugs. See page 11. Damage,—Larvae feed between leaf surfaces, each making a blisterlike or blotchlike mine. Distribution, — Throughout United WATiitLliY States, wherever verbena is grown. What to do,—^Apply lindane or malathion spray (p. 68). Waterlily Aphid *Aphids. See page 4. Description. — Shining green or Blister Beetles. See page 5. black; with or without wings; %ß inch * Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. long. Flower Thrips. See page 48. Damage. — Heavy infestations on Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page 16. leaves and stems of waterlilies cause Greenhouse Orthezia. See page 28. disfiguration and decay of leaves; *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. flowers become discolored, stems dis- Oblique-Banded Leaf Roller. See torted. Other summer hosts include page 51. waterplantain, cattail, and pondweed. ^Spider Mites. See page 12. This aphid winters on plum. Webworms. See page 17. Distribution, — Localized in many "^Whitefly. See page 13. States, on waterlily. Yellow Woollybear Caterpillar. See What to do,—Remove fish in pools; page 27. lower water level; spray plants with malathion. Change water before replac- ing fish. If fish cannot be removed, fill pool to overflowing and wash aphids VIOLET into lawn with hose. If fish are not present, spray plants with malathion. Destroy aphids on plums with mala- *Aphids. See page 4. thion spray (p. 68) before they migrate Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. in spring to waterlilies. Flea Beetles. See page 21. Greenhouse Leaf Tier. See page Waterlily Beetle 16. Mealybugs. See page 16. Description. — Several species. Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See p. 52. Adults: Dark brown; dull yellow "^Slugs. See page 11. thorax, ^ inch long. Larvae: Dark

61 brown above; yellow beneath. One white, flattened grub; % inch long. species is dark metallic blue. Damage.—Adults appear suddenly Damage. — Adults and larvae eat just before yucca flowers. They chew ragged holes in upper surface of leaves pits into flower buds and stems. Lar- and flowers. vae feed as miners in petals of open Distribution.—Widespread in many flowers; cause flowers to appear limp parts of the United States, in natural and water soaked, and to drop prema- ponds and garden pools. turely. What to do.—Submerge leaves with Distribution.—Widespread in United hoops or netting for few days. Direct States. malathion dust carefully on flowers and What to do.—Spray buds and flow- foliage. General dusting or spraying ers with malathion to destroy adults. will contaminate water and kill fish. Pick off and destroy larvae-infested flowers. Waterlily Leaf Cutter Description. — Two species. Cater- Yucca Moth pillars; Va to % inch long; live under Description. — White; 1 inch long; water and breathe by means of gills. lives in flowers of yucca. One species is found in stems, the other Damage.—Moths lay eggs in flowers in flattened^ oval cases made of leaf while pollinating them. Larvae hatch pieces. Larva; % to % inch long. from the eggs, and tunnel into the seed Damage. — One species bores in pods. stems; the other cuts oval pieces from Distribution.—^Native to Southwest; leaves and sews them together to form occurs in gardens throughout United case in which to live. Leaves are soon States where yucca is grown. reduced to a ragged, rotten mass. What to do,—^Apply malathion dust Distribution. — Widespread in nat- or spray (p. 67) into open flowers. ural ponds, and in commercial and pri- Presence of moths is essential for pol- vate waterlily pools. lination if seeds are wanted. What to do.—If infestation is light, cut out borer-infested stems, or gather and destroy the leaf cases floating on Yucca Plant Bug water or attached to leaves. If infesta- Description.—Adult : Blue-black ; red- tion is heavy, remove fish from pool, dish head and thorax; Ys inch long. lower water level, and carefully apply Young: Bright scarlet, often numerous malathion dust or spray to plants (p. on leaves; runs fast and hides at base 67). Change water before returning of leaves when disturbed. fish. Damage.—Coarse, stippled feeding spots appear on leaves, which turn yellow. Black specks of excrement stain YUCCA foliage. Distribution,—^Most abundant in Southwestern and Southeastern States; Handsome Yucca Beetle present wherever yucca is grown. Description.-—Adult: Beetle; oval; What to do.—Apply malathion or velvety rusty red; black wings, anten- DDT dust or spray (p. 67). nae, and eyes ; % inch long ; found fly- Âphids. See page 4. ing around yucca flowers. Larva : Milky Mealybugs. See page 16.

62 Oleander Scale. See page 47. Flower Thrips. See page 48. Onion Thrips. See page 19. Four-Lined Plant Bug. See page 36. Oystershell Scale. See page 46. *Garden Fleahopper. See page 57, Stalk Borer. See page 30. ^Japanese Beetle. See page 9. *Lygus Bugs. See page 21. Mealybugs. See page 16. ZINNIA Red-Banded Leaf Roller. See p. 52. ""Root Aphids. See page 19. Six-Spotted Leafhopper. See p. 24. *Aphicls. See page 4. "^Spider Mites. See page 12. "^Asiatic Garden Beetle. See page 5. Spotted Cucumber Beetles. See page Blister Beetles. See page 5. 12. Cyclamen Mite. See page 31. Stalk Borer. See page 30. European Corn Borer. See page 29. Webworms. See page ^7. Flea Beetles. See page 21. *Whitefly. See page 13.

63 BENEFICIAL INSECTS Certain insects cause no damage and are beneficial to man. Some destroy other insects that are injurious to food crops or to ornamental plants. Harmless insects that kill injurious insects are friends of flower growers. Learn to recognize the beneficial insects, and avoid destroying them. Following are descriptions of a few of the most important beneficial insects.

Ant Lion (Doodlebug) legs; light brown; % to % inch long. These insects walk over plants in a slow, Description,—Rough ; sickle-shaped clumsy manner. Their forelegs are jaws; brown, up to % inch long. Lives usually in a prayerful position, and are at bottom of conical pits in sand. used to capture and hold other insects. Benefit, — Feeds on ants and other ( See inside back cover for natural-color injurious insects. Does not damage illustration. ) plants. Benefit,—Assassin bugs feed on the Distribution,—Many parts of United immature forms of injurious insects. States; most abundant in South. Distribution.—Throughout United States. Aphid Lion Description,—^Adult : Fragile ; hair- like antennae; golden eyes; gauzy, Damsel Bugs green wings. Places eggs singly on stalk. Larva: Elongate body, tapering at both ends; large, sickle-shaped jaws; prominent, projecting hairs; yellowish, or mottled with red or brown; about % inch long. (See inside back cover for natural-color illustration of larva.) Benefit, — Larvae feed on aphids, Description,—Several species. Re- mealybugs, scales, thrips, and mites. semble assassin bugs; pale gray; about Distribution^ — Throughout United % inch long; forelegs used for capturing States. prey. (See inside back cover for natural-color illustration.) Assassin Bugs Benefit, — Damsel bugs feed on aphids, fleahoppers, and small larvae of injurious insects. Distribution. — Throughout United States.

Flower Bugs (Pirate Bugs) Description, — Several species. Adults: Oval, flat; about 14^ inch long. Description.—Several species. Long Most species are black, marked with

64 white spots or streaks. Nymphs : Simi- Ian ta adults; amber. Found on flowers and under loose bark. (See inside back cover for natural-color illustration.)

Adult Larva Benefit,—Feed on aphids, spider mites, scales, and mealybugs. Do not damage plants. Benefit,—^Adults and larvae feed on Distribution, — Throughout United small insects such as mites; they also States. feed on eggs and larvae of many destructive insects. Distribution, — Throughout United Praying Mantid States.

Ground Beetles

Description,—Many species. Adults: Broadly oval, dorsally flattened bodies ; narrow heads; color usually dull black or brown. Commonly occur on ground surface under stones or loose trash. They hide by day, are active at night, and Juu rapidly when disturbed. Lar- Description, — About 20 species. vae: Bodies are slender, flattened, and Bodies of most species are green; wings slightly tapering to the tail, which ter- are green with brown front margins. minates in two spines or bristle-like Large abdomens, slender thoraxes, processes. wedge-shaped, movable heads. Front Benefit,—Adults and larvae feed on legs are large and have spines for caterpillars and other insects. grasping prey. Sizes range from 2% to Distribution, — Throughout United 5 inches in length. States. In fall, females lay eggs on shrubs or tall grasses and cover them with a frothy fluid that hardens. Young man- Lady Beetles tids hatch in spring; they resemble Description,—Many species. Adults : adults, but lack wings. Oval; shiny; red or tan, with or with- Benefit, — Young mantids feed on out black spots; about % inch long. aphids and other small insects. Older Larvae: Carrot-shaped; warty; blue, mantids devour many kinds of larger orange, or gray; %6 to % inch long. insects that they capture in the garden. (See inside back cover for natural-color Distribution, — Throughout United illustration.) States; prevalent in northeastern parts.

65 Spiders and Mites Syrphld Flies Eight-legged creatures (not insects). Description,—Many species. Adults : Many species. They range in size from Bright yellow and black ; -14 to % inch the orb-weaving black-and-yellow gar- long; hover above flowers and plants. den spiders and large hunting spiders Larvae: Sluglike; brown, gray, or that have leg spreads of 2 inches or mottled. (See inside back cover for more to microscopic, predaceous mites natural-color illustration. ) %o inch or less in length. Some spiders Distribution, —Throughout United have hairy bodies and legs ; others have States. smooth, glistening surfaces; color may B6716fit.—Eat injurious insects. Sin- be black, brown, yellow and black, or gle larva eats aphids at rate of one per gray. Color of predaceous mites may be minute. Harmless to plants. gray or pinkish gray. Some spiders construct webs for snaring their prey; others run or jump to capture their Wasps prey. Benefit.—All spiders and predaceous Description,—Many species of para- mites feed by sucking out the body sitic wasps, varying widely in size, color, juices of other insects. Large, web- and general body structure. (See inside forming spiders attack large, flying and back cover for natural-color illustra- crawling insects; small, hunting and tion.) jumping spiders attack small insects Benefit,—Destroy injurious insects such as flies, beetles, caterpillars, by laying eggs in their bodies. aphids, and leafhoppers. Predaceous Distribution. —Throughout United mites are important in the natural de- States. struction of many plant-feeding pests What to do,—Learn to recognize including spider mites, cyclamen mites, beneficial wasps, and protect them from aphids, thrips, larvae, and the eggs of insecticide as far as practical. Dis- many insects. tinguish them from hornets and yellow Most spiders are your friends. In the jackets that make nests from paper or United States, the black-widow (hour- wood fiber. glass) spider is the only species that can cause highly poisonous bites, and even the black widow is shy and rarely bites a person except on provocation. Learn to recognize and avoid the black widow spider; it has a glistening black, rounded body, and a red, hour-glass spot on the underside. Distribution,—Many species of spiders and mites occur throughout the United States, Tiny wasp depositing egg in an aphid.

ßß USING INSECTICIDE You can apply insecticide as a dust and follow the directions on container or as a spray. Dusts or sprays will give labels. equally satisfactory control if properly Insecticides listed under Dusts and used. Sprays are referred to under the "What Dusts usually cost more than sprays to do" headings that appear in this for controlling pests in the home flower bulletin with the discussions of insects. garden. However, ready-to-use dusts For best results, start your control are more convenient; they save time for program early in the season. Scale in- the grower who wishes to follow an sects are best controlled by applying effective schedule of applications. sprays during cool-season periods when the plants are not in active growth. In windy weather, sprays are easier Apply insecticide at the first sign of to handle than dusts. pests. If infestation continues, repeat Whether you use a dust or a spray, be the treatment in a week or 10 days. sure the material contains the correct Do not use old insecticide that may percentage of active ingredient. Refer have become weak or ineffective. Start to the formulations recommended here, each growing season with a fresh supply.

DUSTS Selecting dusts Percent Ready-to-use dusts are available DDT 5.0 from insecticide dealers. If desired, you Lindane 2.0 can buy a dust that contains a fungicide Chlordane 6.0 and one or more insecticides. Such a Toxaphene 10.0 "general-purpose" dust is preferred by Dieldrin 1.5 Kelthane 2.0 many gardeners because it kills a larger Tedion 3.0 variety of pests. You may wish to obtain two or more dusters, and fill each with a specific insecticide suited for a Applying dusts particular purpose. Unless otherwise specified in this Apply an even, light coating of dust, bulletin, purchase dusts that contain at the rate of 1 ounce to each 75 square the following percentages of active feet of border area, or to each 30 feet ingredient : of row. Force dust through the foliage so it reaches both sides of each leaf. Percent Malathion 4.0 Apply dust when the air is still—pref- Methoxychlor 5.0 erably at dusk or early in the morning.

SPRAYS Few sprays can be purchased ready sifiable concentrate (EC). Before you to use. It is generally necessary to buy a powder or concentrate, read the make the spray by mixing water with a container label to make sure it is wettable powder (WP) or with an emul- prepared for use on plants. 67 GUIDE FOR MIXING SPRAYS

SPECIFIC-PURPOSE SPRAYS

Amount of purchased product to mix with water Spray Insecticide and formulation^ number 100 gallons 1 gallon of water of water

1 MALATHION: 57-percent EC 1 quart 2 level teaspoons. 2 METHOXYCHLOR: 50-percent WP 2 pounds 2 level tablespoons. 3 DDT: 50-percent WP 2 pounds 2 level tablespoons. or 25-percent EC 3 pints 1 level tablespoon. 4 SEVIN: 50-percent WP 2 pounds 2 level tablespoons. 5 CHLORDANE: 50-percent WP 2 pounds IH level tablespoons. 6 LINDANE: 25-percent WP 1 pound 1 level tablespoon. or 25-percent EC 1 pint - 1 level tablespoon. 7 KELTHANE: 18.5-percent EC 1 pint 1 level teaspoon, 8 TEDION: 25-percent WP 1 pound 1 level tablespoon. 9 WHITE-OIL EMULSION: 100-percent EC 2 gallons 5 level tablespoons.

GENERAL-PURPOSE SPRAY^

DDT or METHOXYCHLOR, 50-percent WP 2 level tablespoons. plus MALATHION, 4-percent EC 2 level teaspoons. plus WETTABLE SULFUR 2 level tablespoons. plus ZINEB, 65-percent WP 1 level tablespoon.

^WF = wettable powder ; EC = emulsifiable concentrate. Products on the market contain various percentages of actual insecticide. If you buy a product in which the percentage differs from that called for in this table, mix proportionately more or less of it with water. ^When mixing this spray, use either DDT or methoxychlor, and include malathion, wettable sulfur, and zinebin the quantities indicated. 68 Mixing sprays If you use a wettable powder, stir it vigorously in a small amount of water You can modify your spray formula to make a smooth paste or slurry. Add to make it suitable for use against this to the full amount of water, and particular pests, or in particular seasons stir until completely mixed. of the year. Specific recommendations regarding this are given here in the Mix a fresh batch of spray for each discussions of plants and insects. application; do not put spray aside for Spray materials are sold in different later application. Many spray mixtures strengths. The accompanying table deteriorate or change after standing for shows the strengths recommended in only a few hours in a spray tank. Some this bulletin for use in the home flower mixtures may lose their effectiveness garden. If you buy a product in which against pests ; others may cause serious the percentage of active ingredient plant injury. differs from that called for in the table, mix proportionately more or less of it Applying sprays with water. When mixing a spray, first stir the Apply 1 quart of spray to each 75 to powder or concentrate vigorously. 100 square feet of border area, or to If you use an emulsifiable concen- each 50 feet of row. Usually, spraying trate, add an equal amount of water to should be stopped just before the spray it, and shake or stir thoroughly to make starts to run off the foliage. Shake a stable emulsion. Add this emulsion to applicator frequently to prevent powder the full amount of water, and stir until from settling to bottom of the spray completely mixed. tank.

APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

To obtain full benefit from your in- pacities of 1 to 3 pounds. They are the secticide, obtain a good duster or most practical dusters for small gar- sprayer that will enable you to reach dens. Usually, they are equipped with both upper and lower leaf surfaces. A tube and nozzle attachments that ena- wide assortment of hand dusters and ble you to direct dust to the underside sprayers is available under various of leaves. The cost of a good plunger trade names. You can apply insecti- duster is less than that of a good sprayer. cides easily and efficiently if you use Bellows.—Bellows dusters hold sev- equipment manufactured expressly for eral pounds of dust, and are suitable the purpose you wish to accomplish. for large gardens. They are equipped Keep your equipment in good con- with extension tubes and deflectors that dition. A sprayer must be cleaned enable you to dust the underside of after each use, and is subject to mainte- leaves quickly, without stooping. nance problems. If a duster breaks Rotary.—Rotary (or crank) dusters down, it usually must be replaced by a have capacities ranging from ^4 pound new one. to 15 pounds of dust. They can be used satisfactorily on small or large areas. Dusters These dusters usually deposit the dust more uniformly than do plunger-type Plunger,—^Plunger dusters have ca- dusters. They are more efíicient and

69 chambers should be made of noncorro- sive material, and constructed so they can be easily cleaned. Compressed-air sprayers.—These are usually made of galvanized steel, stain- less steel, or brass, and range in capaci- ty from 1 to 5 gallons. They are the Tnost satisfactory sprayers for use in the garden. Some types are not equip- ])ed with an agitator, and must be shaken frequently while being used. If given proper care, a compressed- air S])rayer will last many years under ordinary use. If you buy one, select a type that can easily be filled and cleaned, and for which re|)lacement parts are available. Pushbulton sprays. — Ready-to-use

Using a bellows-type hand duster.

durable than other types of hand dusters such as the small plunger and the knap- sack bellows.

Sprayers

Hand atomizers.—These sprayers have capacities ranging from 1/2 pint to 3 quarts. They are very useful in spraying small plantings, but some types of hand atomizers do not effec- tively direct the spray to the underside of leaves. If you purchase a hand atomizer, select one equipped with an adjustable nozzle that can be turned upward or downward, and that will deliver a con- tinuous spray. The nozzle and spray Using a pushbutton sprayer.

70 spray preparations for plants come in pressurized cans witli pushbutton sprayer tops. The preparations are available in garden-supply stores and contain small quantities of pyrethrum, rote- none, DDT, or other killing agent. They may be used to kill pests that can be hit readily with the spray, such as aphids, and whitefly adults. Although insecticides in pressurized cans are expensive, their convenience may make them practical in the garden where only a few plants are to be treated. To apply, follow directions on the container.

.V^?^-. m. Using a plunger-type hand sprayer. JkÈi I'roporlioiier sprayers. — These sprayers are for use on the garden hose. They include a jar containing the insecticide, with a unit for screwing on the jar and hose. When the water is turned x^*,- on, the insecticide in solution or sus- Ê^1^^ pension is sucked from the jar and mixed with the water at the nozzle as it f is sprayed on the plant. Hose sprayers are wasteful of insecticide because more liquid is applied than with a compressed-air sprayer; also, dilution of insecticide is less accurate. However, they have the advantage of convenience 1, m in application and may be expected to ^-'r^ vc 1 give reasonable control of pests. Some hose sprayers vary widely in the uni- formity of spray dilution as the jar is emptied of insecticide. Select a sprayer model known to deliver a uniform spray at all times and under varying water h^r^V:. , IS- pressures. Follow directions accompanying sprayer for dilution of insecticide Using a compressed-air sprayer. and filling the jar.

71 PRECAUTIONS

Insecticides are poisonous to humans reach of children and pets. Label each and to animals. Those recommended duster with its insecticide contents, and in this bulletin can be used safely if store in a safe place between operations. you observe the following precautions: • Chlordane, dieldrin, and lindane • Handle insecticides with care. can be absorbed directly through the Follow the directions and heed precau- skin in harmful quantities. After work- tions printed on container labels. ing with these materials, wash all ex- • Avoid repeated or prolonged in- posed surfaces of the body with soap halation of insecticides ; keep them away and water. Change your clothing if you from the eyes, nose, and mouth. Mix or spill any of these materials on it. prepare sprays or dusts in the open air ; • Some flower-garden pests are also work on the windward side of the area pests of vegetables. Insecticide recom- to be treated. mendations in this bulletin are re- • Apply an insecticide only to the stricted to the control of pests on or- plants for which it is recommended. namental plants that are not to be eaten. Do not apply heavier dosages than those For control of pests on vegetables in recommended. the home garden, consult Home and • Be sure that your insecticides are Garden Bulletin No. 46, "Insects and clearly labeled. Store them in closed Diseases of Vegetables in the Home containers, in a safe place, out of the Garden."

OTHER CONTROL MEASURES

Cultural and preventive measures can attack; avoid invalid types that require greatly reduce the amount of damage special care. that might be done by pests to orna- • Keep your garden or nursery free mentals. Such measures also contrib- of weeds and grass. Keep it clean. ute to the beautification of home Burn trash, mature and dead plants, grounds and gardens, and to commu- and fallen leaves except materials in- nity improvement. tended for composting.

Follow these practices: • In dry weather, and in arid regions, water thoroughly once a week • Use adequate fertilizers. instead of sprinkling daily. You can use mulches in summer to conserve soil • Grow only the plants and varieties moisture and keep plants healthy. that are suited to your particular soil and climate. • If you are establishing a garden in a recently cleared woodland area, • Select vigorous, healthy plants treat the soil for lawns and flower gar- that are free of insects. Avoid plants dens with chlordane (as described that are unusually susceptible to insect under Termites),

72 M\-14556-X One-year-old rose plants that were not treated with pesticides.

[-^SÊmwf- feLiy .ä[^ *■

.,v>-v=feí ^SW

BN-14557-X One-year-old rose plants that were treated weekly with pesticides.

73 Two plots of asters that were planted at the same time: In background, plot that was treated to control the six-spotted leafhopper. In foreground, plot that was not treated.

74 INDEX

Page Abutilón, insects on 16 Borer(s). See specific kind Abutilón moth 16 Azalea stem borer 20 Acacia, insects on 16 Clematis borer 28 Ageratum, insects on 16 Columbine borer 28 Alternanthera, webworms on 17 European corn borer 29 Amaranthus, insects on 17 Iris borer 41 Amaryllis, insects on . • ■ 17 Rose stem borers 54 Ampélopsis, black vine weevil on 18 Squash vine borer 38 Anchusa, insects on 18 Stalk borer 30 Anemone, insects on 18 Buffalo treehopper 51 Ant lion (doodlebug) (beneficial) 64 Bug(s). See specific kind Assassin bugs 64 Ant(s), general • • • 3 Azalea lace bug 20 imported fire 8 Damsel bug 64 Aphid lion (beneficial) 64 Flower bugs 64 Aphids (general) 4 Four-lined plant bug 36 Arbutus, greenhouse thrips on 18 Harlequin bug 33 Armyworms (general) 4 Lygus bugs 21 Asiatic garden beetle (general) 5 Negro bug 44 Asparagus fern, insects on 19 Orchid plant bug 47 Phlox bug 49

Assassin bugs (beneficial) 64 Pirate bugs 64 Aster, root aphids on 19 Squash bug 37 Azalea bark louse 19 Stink bugs 58 Azalea, insects on 19-21 Yucca plant bug 62 Azalea lace bug 20 Bulb fly. See specific kind Azalea leaf miner 20 Lesser bulb fly 40 Azalea stem borer 20 Narcissus bulb fly 17 Azalea whitefly 20 Bulb mite 45 Bulb scale mite 45 Bees. See Pith-nesting bees 52 Butterfly. See Painted lady butterfly. . . 40 Beetle(s). See specific kind Cabbage looper (general) 5 Asiatic garden beetle 5 Cactus, cactus scale on 21 Blister beetles 5 Cactus scale 21

Carrot beetle 5 Calendula, insects on 21 Fig beetle 8 Calla lily, insects on 22

Flea beetles 21 Camelia, insects on 22 Fuchsia flea beetle 33 Campanula, insects on 22 Fuller rose beetle . 7 Canna, insects on 23 Goldsmith beetle 51 Green June beetle 8 Canna leaf rollers • ■ 23

Ground beetles 65 Cape-jasmine, insects on 23 Handsome yucca beetle 62 Carnation, insects on 23 Helenium snout beetle 38 Carrot beetle (general) 5

Japanese beetle 9 Castorbean, insects on 23 Caterpillar (s). See specific kind

June beetles 10 Florida fern caterpillar 32 Lady beetles 65 Puss caterpillar 11 Potato flea beetle 44 Saddleback caterpillar 55

Rhabdopterus beetles 22 Stinging rose caterpillar 55 Rose leaf beetle 53 Tent caterpillars 56 Spotted cucumber beetles 12 Yellow woollybear caterpillar 27 Squash beetle 37 Zebra caterpillar 35

Striped cucumber beetles 30 Chafer. See specific kind Tortoise beetles 24 European chafer 7 Waterlily beetle 61 Rose chafer 52 White-fringed beetle 14 China-aster, insects on 24 Begonia, insects on 21 Chinese lantern, insects on 24 Black vine weevil 18 Chrysanthemum aphid 24 Blister beetles (general) 5 Chrysanthemum gall midge . 25 Blue sage, insects on 57 Chrysanthemum, insects on 24-27 75 Page Page Chrysanthemum lacebug 25 Gaillardia, insects on 34 Chrysanthemum leaf miner 25 Garden balsam, insects on . 34 Cicada, periodical 52 Garden fleahopper . , 57 Cicada-killer ( general) 5 Garden symphylan 26 Cineraria, insects on 27 Garden webworm 23 Clematis borer 28 Gardenia, insects on 34 Clematis, insects on 28 Geranium, insects on 34 Climbing cutworm . 26 Gerbera, insects on 35 Cocklebur billbug 29 German ivy, insects on 43 Coleus, insects on 28 Giant hornet , 29 Columbine borer 28 Gladiolus, insects on 35-36 Columbine, insects on 28 Gladiolus thrips 35 Columbine leaf miner 29 Globe thistle, insects on 36 Corn earworm (general) 6 Gloxinia, insects on 37 Cosmos, insects on 29 Goldenglow aphid 37 Cutworm(s), (general) 6 Goldenglow, insects on 37 climbing 26 Goldenglow sawfly 37 Cyclamen mite 31 Goldsmith beetle 51 Gourds, insects on 37 Dahlia, insects on 29-31 Grape mealybug 35 Damsel bugs (beneficial) 64 Grasshoppers (general) 8 Daylily, insects on 39 Green June beetle (general) 8 Daylily thrips 39 Green peach aphids 33 Delphinium aphid 32 Greenhouse leaf tier 16 Delphinium, insects on 31-32 Greenhouse orthezia 28 Diamondback moth 59 Greenhouse thrips 18 Digitalis (foxglove), insects on 32 Greenhouse whitefly 38 Doodlebug 64 Ground beetles (beneficial) 65 Dutchmans pipe, Groundcherry, insects on 38 pipevine swallowtail on 50 Grubs, white 14 Handsome yucca beetle 62 Earthworms (general) 6 Harlequin bug 33 Eelworms 10 Helenium (sneezeweed), helenium English ivy, insects on 42 snout beetle on 38 Euonymus scale 47 Helenium snout beetle 38 European chafer (general) 7 Heliotrope, insects on 38 European corn borer 29 Hemerocallis (daylily), insects on ... . 39 European earwig (general) 7 Hibiscus (Rose of Sharon), insects on 39 Hibiscus (Rosemallow), insects on .. . 39 False spider mite 33 Hollyhock, insects on 40 Ferns, insects on 32 Hornet, giant 29 Field cricket (general) 7 Hornworms 51 Fig beetle (general) 8 Hyacinth, insects on 40 Flea beetles , 21 Hydrangea, insects on 41 See also Fuchsia flea beetle 33 Hydrangea leaf tier 41 Potato flea beetle 44 Fleahopper, garden 57 Imported cabbageworm 46 Florida fern caterpillar 32 Imported fire ant (general) 8 Florida wax scale 23 Imported long-horned weevil (general) 9

Flower bugs (pirate bugs) Iris borer 41 (beneficial) 64 Iris, insects on 41-42 Flower thrips 48 Iris thrips 41 Iris weevil 42 Flowering kale, insects on 33 Ivy Flowering tobacco, insects on 46

Fly(ies). See specific kind English, insects on 42 Lesser bulb fly 40 German (Senecio), insects on 43 Narcissus bulb fly 17 Japanese beetle (general) 9 Syrphid flies 66 Japanese weevil 34 Four-lined plant bug 36 Jerusalem-cherry, insects on ...... 43 Foxglove aphid 22 June beetles (general) 10 Foxglove, insects on 32 Freesia, insects on 33 Kale, flowering, insects on ...., 33 Fuchsia flea beetle 33 Fuchsia, insects on 33 Lady beetles (beneficial) 65 Fuller rose beetle (general) ..... 7 Lantana aphid 43 76 Page Page Lantana, insects on 43 Oleander, insects on 47 Larkspur, annual, insects on 43 Oleander scale 47 Leaf cutter, waterlily 62 Onion thrips 19 Leaf miner. See specific kind Orange tortrix 51 Azalea leaf miner 20 Orchid, insects on 47 Chrysanthemum leaf miner 25 Orchid plant bug 47 Columbine leaf miner 29 Oystershell scale 46 Serpentine leaf miner 11 Verbena leaf miner 61 Pachysandra (spurge), insects on ... . 47 Leaf tier. See specific kind Painted lady butterfly 40 Greenhouse leaf tier 16 Palm, insects on 47 Hydrangea leaf tier 41 Pansy, insects on 48 Leaf-curling plum aphid 27 Penstemon, insects on 48 Leaf-cutter bees 52 Peony, insects on 48 Leafhopper. See specific kind Peony scale 21 Potato leafhopper 40 Periodical cicada 52 Rose leafhopper 53 Periwinkle (vinca), insects on 49 Six-spotted leafhopper 24 Petunia, insects on 49 Lesser bulb fly 40 Phlox bug 49 Leucojum, insects on 43 Phlox, insects on 49 Lily, insects on 43 Physotegia, insects on 49 Lobelia, insects on 44 Pickleworm 37 Louse. See Azalea bark louse 19 Pillbugs (general) 12 Love apple, potato flea beetle on 44 Pipevine (Dutchmans pipe), insects on 50 Lupine aphid 44 Pipevine swallowtail 50 Lupine, insects on 44 Pirate bugs 64 Lygus bugs 21 Pith-nesting bees (leaf-cutter bees) . . 52 Plumbago, insects on 50 Maggot. See Seed-corn maggot 59 Poinsettia, insects on 50 Mantid, praying 65 Poker plant, insects on . 50 Marguerite, insects on 44 Pomegranate, insects on 50 Marigold, insects on 45 Poppy, insects on 50 Mealybug (s) 16 Portulaca, hornworms on 51 grape. See Grape mealybug 35 Potato flea beetle 44 Melon aphid 39 Potato leafhopper 40 Mignonette, insects on 45 Potato psyllid 38 Millipedes (general) 10 Praying mantid (beneficial) 65 Mite(s) beneficial 66 Primrose, insects on 51 See also specific kind Purple-spotted lily aphid 43 Bulb mites 45 Puss caterpillar (general) 11 Bulb scale mite 45 Cyclamen mite 31 Red spiders 12 False spider mite 33 Red-banded leaf roller 52 Spider mites 12 Rhabdopterus beetles 22 Tomato russet mite 49 Root aphids 19 Mole crickets (general) 10 Rose chafer 52 Moonflower, insects on 45 Rose curculio 53 Morning-glory, insects on 45 Rose galls 53 Moth. See specific kind Rose, insects on 51-57 Abutilón moth 16 Rose leaf beetle 53 Diamondback moth 59 Rose leafhopper 53 Verbena bud moth 60 Rose midge 54 White-marked tussock moth 26 Rose of Sharon, insects on 39 Yucca moth 62 Rose scale 54 Rose slugs 54 Narcissus bulb fly 17 Rose stem borers 54 Narcissus, insects on 45 Rose stem girdler 55 Nasturtium aphid 42 Rosemallow, insects on 39 Nasturtium, insects on .... 46 Rubber plant, insects on 57 Negro bug 44 Rudbeckia, insects on 57 Nematodes (Eelworms) (general) ... 10 New Jersey tea, insects on 46 Saddleback caterpillar 55 Nicotiana (flowering tobacco), Sage, blue, scarlet, insects on 57 insects on 46 Sawfly. See specific kind Goldenglow sawfly 37 Oblique-banded leaf roller 51 Violet sawfly 48 77 Page Page Scabiosa, insects on 57 Termites (general) 13 Scale. See specific kind Thread scale 47 Cactus scale 21 Thrips. See specific kind Euonymus scale 47 Daylily thrips 39 Florida wax scale 23 Flower thrips 48 Oleander scale 47 Gladiolus thrips 35 Oystershell scale 46 Greenhouse thrips 18 Peony scale 21 Iris thrips 41 Rose scale 54 Onion thrips 19 Soft scale . 50 Tobacco, flowering, insects on 46 Tea scale , 22 Tomato russet mite 49 Thread scale 47 Tortoise beetles 24 Schizanthus, insects on 57 Tulip bulb aphid 60 Seed-corn maggot 59 Tulip, insects on 60 Serpentine leaf miner (general) 11 Tulip leaf aphid 60 Shasta daisy, insects on 58 Silver lace vine, insects on 58 Verbena bud moth 60 Six-spotted leafhopper 24 Verbena, insects on 60 Slugs (general) 11 Verbena leaf miner 61 rose 54 Vinca, insects on 49 Snails (general) 11 Violet, insects on 61 Snapdragon, insects on 58 Violet sawfly 48 Sneezeweed, helenium snout beetle on 38 Soft scale 50 Walking sticks 56 Sowbugs (general) 12 Wallflower, insects on 61 Spider mites (red spiders) (general) . 12 Wasps (beneficial) 66 Spiders (beneficial) 66 Waterlily aphid 61 Spirea aphid 58 Waterlily beetle 61 Spirea, insects on 58 Waterlily, insects on 61 Spittlebugs , 26 Waterlily leaf cutter 62 Spotted cucumber beetles (general) . . 12 Webworms 17 Springtails (general) 12 Weevil. See specific kind Spurge, insects on 47 Black vine weevil 18 Squash beetle 37 Imported long-horned weevil 9 Squash bug 37 Iris weevil 42 Squash vine borer 38 Japanese weevil 34 Stalk borer 30 White grubs (general) 14 Stinging rose caterpillar 55 Whitefly (general) 13 Stink bugs 58 See also specific kind Stock, insects on 59 Azalea whitefly 20 Strawberry rootworm 55 Greenhouse whitefly 38 Strawflower, insects on 59 White-fringed beetle (general) 14 Striped cucumber beetles 30 White-marked tussock moth 26 Sunflower, insects on 59 Wireworms (general) 15 Sweet alyssum, insect on 59 Sweetpea, insects on 59 Yellow woollybear caterpillar ...... 27 Sweet-william, insects on 60 Yucca, insects on 62 Symphylan, garden 26 Yucca moth _ 62 Syrphid flies (beneficial) 66 Yucca plant bug 62

Tea scale 22 Zebra caterpillar 35 Tent caterpillars 56 Zinnia, insects on 63

78 Color illustrations of four-lined plant bugs, lygus bug, and euonymus scale. Inside front cover, are by courtesy of Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute, Long Island, N. Y. Color illustration of wireworms is by courtesy of Ray Kriner, Green Castle, Md.

79 Aphid lion larva

Assassin bug attacking worm

Adult flower bug attacking worm BENEFICIAL INSECTS •r. •:' .

by Leaf Miner . . by Yucca Beetle

PLANT DAMAGE...

by Spider Mite

. . . by Bulb Scale Mite