Yugoslav Foreign Policy: Continuity and Changes
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Evanthis Hatzivassiliou Greek-Yugoslav Relations Is A
Evanthis Hatzivassiliou From Adversity to Alliance: Greece, Yugoslavia and Balkan Strategy, 1944-1959 Greek-Yugoslav relations is a subject of pivotal importance for understanding the shaping of twentieth century Balkan balances. In the post-war period this relationship became even more interesting: Greece and Yugoslavia had radically different political, economic and social systems; they were bitterly divided in 1944-1948, but then they norma lized relations, participated in a Balkan alliance together with Turkey, and when this alliance broke down, they continued their co-operation on a bilateral basis. In this paper it will be argued that the factor which divi ded Greece and Yugoslavia in 1944-1948 was not ideology, but strate gy; and it was strategy that brought them closer after Tito’s split with Stalin. After 1948 both countries shaped their policy on the basis of a mild realism, and their relationship was dominated by their perception of their respective national interests. In this paper, emphasis will be placed on Greek perceptions and assessments, but Yugoslav views will also be mentioned. I During the inter-war period Greece’s major problem with Yugo slavia derived from the latter’s great size: Belgrade was a powerful neighbour, capable of pressing Athens and of attracting support from the great powers, mainly France. At that time Greece was afraid of Yugo slavia’s hegemonist tendencies in the Balkans, as well as of its desire to pose as the protector of the Slav-speaking minority of Greece and as a suitor for the port of Thessaloniki. It was clear that, facing Bulgarian revisionism, it would be impossible for Athens to resist pressures from both its northern neighbours; this was why the possibility of a Bulgarian- Yugoslav rapprochement was the nightmare scenario of the Athens policy-makers'. -
The Destruction of Yugoslavia
Fordham International Law Journal Volume 19, Issue 2 1995 Article 18 The Destruction of Yugoslavia Svetozar Stojanovic∗ ∗ Copyright c 1995 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj The Destruction of Yugoslavia Svetozar Stojanovic Abstract If my statement about the first Yugoslavia being in many ways a non-synchronized and con- tradictory state is correct, what then can be said about the second Yugoslavia that endeavored, by keeping silent, to fill in the fatal fissure opened in Jasenovac and other places of annihilation of Serbs in the so-called Independent State of Croatia during the Second World War? For that reason, the former intermediator of the “international community” in Yugoslav conflicts, Lord Carrington, has repeatedly stated that with its new Constitution, Croatia rekindled the conflict with the Serbs. The essay will begin by discussing discuss the paralization to the breaking-up of the state, before moving to a discussion of the wars between secessionists and antisecessionists. We will also ex- amine the role of the Yugoslav Army, and Western triumphalism regarding the Yugoslav tragedy. THE DESTRUCTION OF YUGOSLAVIA Svetozar Stojanovic* I. A NON-SYNCHRONIZED AND CONTRADICTORY STATE From its formation in 1918, Yugoslavia was a non-synchronized and contradictory state. It was created mainly by Serbia and Mon- tenegro, countries that were victors in the First World War. The Serbian nation's human and material sacrifice invested in Yugo- slavia was unparalleled. Serbs were convinced that they could best solve their national question in a broader Southern Slav framework. -
Presidential Documents Vol
24021 Federal Register Presidential Documents Vol. 64, No. 86 Wednesday, May 5, 1999 Title 3Ð Executive Order 13121 of April 30, 1999 The President Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Repub- lic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugo- slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emer- gencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, WILLIAM J. CLINTON, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the continuing human rights and humanitarian crisis in Kosovo and the national emergency described and declared in Executive Order 13088 of June 9, 1998, hereby order: Section 1. Amendment to Executive Order 13088. (a) Section 1(a) of Executive Order 13088 of June 9, 1998, is revised to read as follows: ``Section 1. (a) Except to the extent provided in section 203(b) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)), and in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may hereafter be issued pursuant to this order, all property and interests in property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of United States persons, including their overseas branches, are hereby blocked.'' (b) Section 2 of Executive Order 13088 is hereby revoked, and a new section 2 is added to read as follows: ``Sec. -
Legal Implications of NATO's Armed Intervention in Kosovo
XJ[II Legal Implications of NATO's Armed Intervention in Kosovo Ved P. Nanda HE MILITARY INTERVENTION by the nineteen,member North Atlantic T Treaty Organization (NATO) in Kosovo, a province of Serbia in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was the first ofits kind undertaken by the alli, ance. Under the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty,l NATO was formed as are, gional security organization. With its mission to act in a defensive capacity to protect its members from external aggression, under the treaty the parties spe, cifically agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently ... if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self,defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.2 Thus, the intervention was arguably beyond NATO's intended mission. Equally important, by unilaterally intervening in Kosovo, NATO bypassed the United Nations. Its use of force clearly failed the test of strict compliance with Legal Implications of NATO's Armed Intervention in Kosovo the constraints of the UN Charter,3 for it did not seek prior authorization of the Security Council to use force. Although the UN eventually assumed an impor~ tant role in shaping the future of Kosovo, it was invited to perform that task only after the end of the conflict.4 I concede that it is too early to write a definitive commentary on the legal implications of this intervention. -
The Kosovo Report
THE KOSOVO REPORT CONFLICT v INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE v LESSONS LEARNED v THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford Executive Summary • 1 It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, Address by former President Nelson Mandela • 14 and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Map of Kosovo • 18 Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Introduction • 19 Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw PART I: WHAT HAPPENED? with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Preface • 29 Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the uk and in certain other countries 1. The Origins of the Kosovo Crisis • 33 Published in the United States 2. Internal Armed Conflict: February 1998–March 1999 •67 by Oxford University Press Inc., New York 3. International War Supervenes: March 1999–June 1999 • 85 © Oxford University Press 2000 4. Kosovo under United Nations Rule • 99 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) PART II: ANALYSIS First published 2000 5. The Diplomatic Dimension • 131 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, 6. International Law and Humanitarian Intervention • 163 without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, 7. Humanitarian Organizations and the Role of Media • 201 or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. -
9629582* A/51/563 S/1996/884 English Page 2
UNITED NATIONS AS General Assembly Distr. Security Council GENERAL A/51/563* S/1996/884* 14 November 1996 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL Fifty-first session Fifty-first year Agenda item 81 REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE STRENGTHENING OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Letter dated 28 October 1996 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General I have the honour to transmit, enclosed herewith, the aide-mémoire of the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia concerning the Prevlaka issue. I should be grateful if you would have the text of the present letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 81, and of the Security Council. (Signed) Vladislav JOVANOVIC Chargé d’affaires, a.i. * Reissued for technical reasons. 96-32383 (E) 191196 /... *9629582* A/51/563 S/1996/884 English Page 2 ANNEX Aide-mémoire issued at Belgrade in October 1996 by the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia concerning the Prevlaka issue 1. Between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, namely between the Republic of Montenegro and the Republic of Croatia, there is a territorial dispute over the Prevlaka peninsula (Cape Ostri and a part of its natural hinterland) in the Boka Kotorska bay. This has been clearly noted in the first sentence of article 4 of the Agreement on Normalization of Relations between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Croatia of 23 August 1996 (A/51/351-S/1996/744, annex). -
NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make
NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code ACAD Beaumont Series ACAD Canso Series ACAD Invader Series ACUR Integra ACUR Legend ACUR NSX ACUR Vigor ALFA 164 ALFA 2600 Sprint ALFA 2600 Spider ALFA Alfetta GT ALFA Arna ALFA Berlina ALFA Duetto ALFA GTV6 2.5 ALFA Giulia Sprint ALFA Giulia Spider ALFA Giulietta ALFA Giulia ALFA Alfa GT6 ALFA GT Veloce ALFA Milano ALFA Montreal ALFA Spider Series ALFA Zagato AMER Alliance AMER Ambasador AMER AMX AMER Concord AMER Eagle AMER Encore AMER Gremlin AMER Hornet AMER Javelin AMER Marlin AMER Matador AMER Medallion AMER Pacer AMER Rambler American AMER Rambler Classic AMER Rebel AMER Rambler Rogue AMER Spirit AMER Sportabout ASTO DB-5 ASTO DB-6 ASTO Lagonda ASTO Vantage ASTO Volante Page 1 of 22 NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code ASUN GT ASUN SE ASUN Sunfire ASUN Sunrunner AUDI 100 AUDI 100GL AUDI 100LS AUDI 200LS AUDI 4000 AUDI 5000 AUDI 850 AUDI 80 AUDI 90 AUDI S4 AUDI Avant AUDI Cabriolet AUDI 80 LS AUDI Quattro AUDI Super 90 AUDI V-8 AUHE 100 Series AUHE 3000 Series AUHE Sprite AUST 1100 AUST 1800 AUST 850 AUST A99 & 110 AUST A40 AUST A55 AUST Cambridge AUST Cooper "S" AUST Marina AUST Mini Cooper AUST Mini AUST Westminster AVTI Series A AVTI Series B BENT Brooklands BENT Continental Convertible BENT Corniche BENT Eight BENT Mulsanne BENT Turbo R BERO Cabrio BERO Palinuro BERO X19 BMC Princess BMW 2002 Series BMW 1600 Page 2 of 22 NCIC Vehicle Model Codes Sorted by Make MakeCode Model Code BMW 1800 BMW 200 BMW 2000 Series BMW 2500 Series BMW 2.8 BMW 2800 -
Yugosphere Tim Judah
LSEE Papers on South Eastern Europe Tim Judah Good news from the Western Balkans YUGOSLAVIA IS DEAD LONG LIVE THE YUGOSPHERE TIM JUDAH Tim Judah Good news from the Western Balkans YUGOSLAVIA IS DEAD LONG LIVE THE YUGOSPHERE TIM JUDAH Yugoslavia is Dead . Long Live the Yugosphere LSEE – Research on South Eastern Europe European Institute, LSE Edited by Spyros Economides Managing Editor Ivan Kovanović Reproduction and Printing Crowes Complete Print, London, November 2009 Design & Layout Komshe d.o.o. Cover Photograph Tim Judah Tim Judah LSEE Papers LSEE, the LSE’s new research unit on South East Europe, wel- comes you to the first of the LSEE Papers series. As part of the ac- tivities of LSEE we aim to publish topical, provocative and timely Papers, alongside our other core activities of academic research and public events. As part of our commitment to quality and impact we will commission contributions from eminent commentators and policy-makers on the significant issues of the day pertaining to an ever-important region of Europe. Of course, independent submissions will also be considered for the LSEE Paper series. It is with great pleasure that the LSEE Papers are launched by a hugely stimulating contribution from Tim Judah whose knowledge and expertise of the region is second to none. Tim Judah worked on this paper while with the LSE as a Senior Visiting Fellow in 2009 and we are delighted to inaugurate the series with his work on the ‘Yugosphere’. Dr Spyros Economides Yugoslavia is Dead . Long Live the Yugosphere Tim Judah v Tim Judah Preface In general terms good news is no news. -
3. Multilateral Peace Missions
3. Multilateral peace missions SHARON WIHARTA I. Peace missions in 2002 The trend towards smaller, short-term and mandate-specific peace missions continued in 2002. Several long-standing missions were closed: the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH), the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) in Croatia, the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Assistance Group to Chechnya, NATO’s Task Force Fox (TFF)1 in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace- donia (FYROM), and the Australian-led International Peace Monitoring Team for the Solomon Islands (IPMT). In the case of two of the closed UN missions, smaller missions were set up with clear, credible and achievable mandates. After seven years in operation, UNMIBH ended its tenure at the end of 2002, and the mandate to oversee the development and strengthening of police forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina was handed over to the European Union Police Mission (EUPM).2 UNTAET was succeeded by the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET). The two other new UN missions—the United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA) and the United Nations Assis- tance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)––were of a more political and peace- building nature, acting as adviser to the host governments. Events in both Angola and Afghanistan prompted the reactivation of dormant UN missions. In East Timor, the largely smooth transition to the independent state of Timor- Leste in May 2002 allowed for an appropriately reduced UN engagement there. Several other missions—particularly in the Balkans—were restructured because of the growing political and security stability in these countries and the successful completion of mission mandates. -
War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92. -
The Formation of Croatian National Identity
bellamy [22.5].jkt 21/8/03 4:43 pm Page 1 Europeinchange E K T C The formation of Croatian national identity ✭ This volume assesses the formation of Croatian national identity in the 1990s. It develops a novel framework that calls both primordialist and modernist approaches to nationalism and national identity into question before applying that framework to Croatia. In doing so it not only provides a new way of thinking about how national identity is formed and why it is so important but also closely examines 1990s Croatia in a unique way. An explanation of how Croatian national identity was formed in an abstract way by a historical narrative that traces centuries of yearning for a national state is given. The book goes on to show how the government, opposition parties, dissident intellectuals and diaspora change change groups offered alternative accounts of this narrative in order to The formation legitimise contemporary political programmes based on different visions of national identity. It then looks at how these debates were in manifested in social activities as diverse as football and religion, in of Croatian economics and language. ✭ This volume marks an important contribution to both the way we national identity bellamy study nationalism and national identity and our understanding of post-Yugoslav politics and society. A centuries-old dream ✭ ✭ Alex J. Bellamy is lecturer in Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Queensland alex j. bellamy Europe Europe THE FORMATION OF CROATIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY MUP_Bellamy_00_Prelims 1 9/3/03, 9:16 EUROPE IN CHANGE : T C E K already published Committee governance in the European Union ⁽⁾ Theory and reform in the European Union, 2nd edition . -
Plemena U CG | Prezimena U CG Vabić, Baošići, Herceg-Novi
Program | Uprava | O nama | Reagovanja, pisma... | Plemena u CG | Prezimena u CG V Vabić, Baošići, Herceg-Novi; u Nikšiću Vavis, Podgorica Vavić, u Kruševicama, Herceg-Novi; u Nikšiću Vaga, Herceg-Novi Vagas, i, Kotor 1350. god. Vagner, Herceg-Novi Vadić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu Vadotić, Podgorica Vadjon, Berane i Budva Vajat, Nikšić Vajdić, Herceg-Novi Vajzović, Pljevlja 1854. god. Vajmeš, u Šekularima (Vasojevići) Vajmeši u Šekularima (Gornji Vasojevići) su Drobnjaci! Vajmeši i Babići su Ćetkovi potomci. Vajmeši su: Pantovići sa ogrankom Aleksići (prezime), Markovići, Ivovići, Milunovići, Devići, Miloševići sa Nedovićima, Radoševići i Đorđijevići. Vajmeši su i Stijovići (Brunčevići, Brunci) koji su ranije živjeli u Budimlji. Babići su: Babići, Đorovići, Tomovići i Mlađenovići. Slave Đurđevdan, a prislužuju sv. Iliju. Ovim bratstvima su rod Asovići iz Donje Ržanice i Šekularci iz Gornjih Sela. Izvor/ prenijeto iz knjiga: Blaža Ralevića – Kaludra 1676 – 1976, Beograd 1976, i Mirka Raičevića – Gornja sela, naselja i stanovništvo, Beograd 1994. Vajner, Kotor Vakleš, u Kotoru Vaknituki, Kotor Vala, Herceg-Novi Valac Gornjevuk, predak bratstva Gornjevuka u Dobrskom Selu Valengino, Herceg-Novi Valentin, Ulcinj Valentinović, Kotor 1534. god. Valentinčić, Kotor Valenčić, Kotor Valeri, Budva Valetić, Herceg-Novi Vales, Kotor Valijero, Kotor Valosenjori, u Šasu (Ulcinj) Valčić, Kotor; Budva Valšić, Kotor Valjato, u Baošićima, Herceg-Novi Valjari, rod u selu Bioskoj u Užičkoj Crnoj Gori Vamović, Bes, uz Skadarsko jezero, porijeklom su iz Bratonožića Vanacek, Kotor Vandup, kod Mojkovca Vanđević, u Kotoru iz Crne Gore Vanid, Herceg-Novi Vanis, vidi: Vano Vano = Vanis, Bar Vancek, Kotor Vaporić, Kotor Varaga, u Potarju (Mojkovac), potomci su saskih rudara iz 13. v. Varagić = Verović, iz limske doline preselili se oko 1700.