3. Multilateral peace missions
SHARON WIHARTA
I. Peace missions in 2002 The trend towards smaller, short-term and mandate-specific peace missions continued in 2002. Several long-standing missions were closed: the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH), the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) in Croatia, the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Assistance Group to Chechnya, NATO’s Task Force Fox (TFF)1 in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace- donia (FYROM), and the Australian-led International Peace Monitoring Team for the Solomon Islands (IPMT). In the case of two of the closed UN missions, smaller missions were set up with clear, credible and achievable mandates. After seven years in operation, UNMIBH ended its tenure at the end of 2002, and the mandate to oversee the development and strengthening of police forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina was handed over to the European Union Police Mission (EUPM).2 UNTAET was succeeded by the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET). The two other new UN missions—the United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA) and the United Nations Assis- tance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)––were of a more political and peace- building nature, acting as adviser to the host governments. Events in both Angola and Afghanistan prompted the reactivation of dormant UN missions. In East Timor, the largely smooth transition to the independent state of Timor- Leste in May 2002 allowed for an appropriately reduced UN engagement there. Several other missions—particularly in the Balkans—were restructured because of the growing political and security stability in these countries and the successful completion of mission mandates. These changes bring to 48 the total number of multilateral peace missions under way in 2002 (see section II and table 3).
The new emphasis on political and peace-building missions As part of the effort to bolster the peace missions managed by the Department of Political Affairs (DPA),3 the UN initiated two peace-building operations, UNAMA and UNMA, which were given stronger mandates and more
1Task Force Fox is also referred to as Amber Fox. It was briefly succeeded by Operation Allied Harmony; see chapter 6 in this volume. 2 The EUPM began operations on 1 Jan. 2003. 3 DPA-mandated missions are not initiated under Chapters VI, (‘pacific settlement of disputes’) or VII (‘action with respect to threats of breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression’) of the UN Charter and consequently do not have peace-enforcement mandates.
SIPRI Yearbook 2003: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security 128 S EC UR ITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 resources than earlier political and peace-building missions. They are ‘multi- dimensional’, encompassing all the aspects of peace building—immediate humanitarian relief assistance, institution building, law and order functions, and economic recovery. These missions represent a new phase of intervention and contain their own clear exit strategies. The policy is consistent with the recommendation of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan: the concluding man- date of a peacekeeping operation ‘should include specific recommendations for the transitional period to the post-conflict phase’.4 UNAMA, initiated in March 2002, is a prime example of this new type of mission. It has a much larger staff than the mission it succeeded and, with its two-pillar structure—political affairs, and relief, recovery and reconstruc- tion—consolidates all the UN actors in Afghanistan.5 Despite its personnel strength, the mission was intended to take a ‘light footprint’ approach so as to allow the nascent government to take ownership of the peace-building process within the security framework provided by the International Security Assis- tance Force (ISAF).6 UNMA followed a similar pattern. It was established in August 2002 as the successor mission of the United Nations Office in Angola (UNOA) with a view to systematically assist the new Angolan Government in the peace- building process. It was recognized that the UNOA’s mandate was insufficient for the mission to address the new challenges that it would meet in helping to consolidate the peace in Angola. The death of Jonas Savimbi, the leader of União Nacional Para a Indepen- dência Total de Angola (UNITA, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), on 22 February 2002 provided the impetus for efforts to end the 27-year civil war. Previous contacts between the Forças Armadas de Angola ( FAA, Armed Forces of Angola) and UNITA were quickly resumed with a view to negotiating a ceasefire and ending the war. The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by the Angolan Government and UNITA on 4 April specified the modalities of a simultaneous ceasefire, UNITA troop dis- armament, and collection and destruction of weapons. The Joint Military Commission (comprised of members of the FAA and UNITA and representa- tives of UNMA, Portugal, Russia and the USA) was reinstated to supervise implementation of the MOU.7 UNMA was mandated to assist in the disarma- ment, demobilization and reintegration process; ensure the coordination of humanitarian assistance to the 500 000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and the soldiers held in quartering camps awaiting demobilization; provide technical assistance for demining; assist in the national reconciliation process through the promotion and protection of human rights; and provide advice on
4 United Nations, The causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, Report of the Secretary-General, UN document A/52/871–S/1998/318, 13 Apr. 1998, available at URL
the development of democratic institutions.8 The organization of the mission was critical for its success: efforts were made to coordinate the work of the appropriate UN agencies under the humanitarian/development/economic recovery component of the mission to facilitate cooperation and an integrated approach. The initial generous financial and political commitment of donor states to UNAMA allowed it to successfully carry out its mandate in Afghanistan. However, this commitment has not been sustained and both contributions and political support are dwindling. Although both UNAMA and UNMA received an infusion of support, the levels differed: $1.8 million was pledged for Afghanistan, but a donor conference has not even been convened for Angola, in spite of the fact that the Secretary-General identified Angola as ‘one of the three countries in Africa most in need of post-conflict and peace-building assistance’.9 At the end of UNMA’s six-month mandate, it was decided that the mission would not be extended; instead, the Office of the Resident Coordinator is to assume the role of assisting the Angolan Government. The efforts to reach a viable peace in Angola are challenged by critical problems. Close to the end of UNMA’s term, 150 000 ex-combatants were still not quartered or demobilized, and several thousand were waiting to be properly reintegrated into society. Approximately 2.8 million Angolans are displaced, and an estimated 1.2 million IDPs were expected to return to their places of origin in the first half of 2003. The newly installed Angolan Government is struggling to deal with these problems but, without the ‘high profile’ presence of a UN mission, there is a danger that the interest of the donor community will wane.
The UN Mission of Support in East Timor The launch of UNMISET in May 2002 as a follow-on operation to UNTAET marked the termination of the UN’s interim administration of East Timor and the gradual devolution of authority to the government of Timor-Leste. UNMISET’s main objectives are to provide technical expertise to assist the government in building up core administrative structures, to maintain law and order together with the local police service, and to provide external security and border control.10 The ultimate objectives are to drastically diminish the UN’s executive policing presence in Timor-Leste by 2004 by augmenting democratic, judicial, political and social institutional capacities, and to shift UN involvement into the more traditional role of development assistance. By the end of 2002, the Timor-Leste police service was solely responsible for law enforcement in 4 of the 13 districts and began to assume responsibility for
8 United Nations (note 7). 9 United Nations, The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security, Report of the Secretary-General, UN document S/2002/1173, para. 55; United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Angola, UN document S/2003/158, para. 40. 10 UN Security Council Resolution 1410, 17 May 2002. 130 S EC UR ITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002
border control.11 Given the relatively stable situation there, UNMISET was also able to proceed with its plans to downsize its military component.
Peace operations in the Balkans Peace operations in the Balkans underwent several significant changes in 2002. As the political and security situation stabilized and local institutional capacities developed, the need for large, broad-based missions was not as great. Donor fatigue also contributed to the international community’s reluc- tance to maintain large, open-ended missions. As a result, the long-standing NATO operations—the Stabilization Force (SFOR) and the Kosovo Force (KFOR)––completed their phased drawdown of authorized strength. SFOR reduced its troop strength from 20 000 to about 12 000 and has a new structure of 10 battle groups of roughly 750 soldiers each, under the direct command and control of the respective Multinational Brigades Headquarters.12 Similarly, by the end of the year KFOR had reduced its personnel to 30 000.13 In the FYROM, the smooth elections and transition of government allowed Task Force Fox to be wound down.14 The new Operation Allied Harmony was the third instalment of NATO’s engagement there. At the end of the TFF’s term, the FYROM Government requested a continued NATO presence in the country. The NATO North Atlantic Council agreed that, while the political and security situation in Macedonia had improved markedly, there was still a need for an international presence, albeit a smaller one.15 Thus on 16 December 2002, Allied Harmony was launched for a period of six months with the aim of continuing to provide support to the international monitors present in Macedonia and to advise the FYROM Government in matters related to security sector reform.16 The most significant development in Balkans peace operations was the shift in the lead actor. The EU assumed the tasks previously undertaken by the police component of UNMIBH.17 This was not the case, however, with NATO’s Balkans operations. The EU had intended to take over TFF upon the initial expiry of its mandate in October, but a long-standing veto by Turkey on the issue of EU access to NATO military assets delayed the handover.18 The deadlock was resolved in December and the agreement allowing for NATO
11 United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor, UN document S/2002/1223, 6 Nov. 2002, paras 25 and 39. 12 Transcripts of the International Community Press Conferences, SFOR press releases, 14 Jan. 2003, available at URL
logistical support to EU-led operations took effect.19 Thus, the EU is scheduled to assume control of peace operations in the FYROM upon the termination of Operation Allied Harmony in March 2003 and has indicated its willingness to take over SFOR in 2004.
II. Table of multilateral peace missions Table 3 lists 48 multilateral peace missions (observer, peacekeeping, peace- building, and combined peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations) ini- tiated, ongoing or terminated in 2002. The missions are grouped by organiza- tion, either sole or lead, and listed chronologically within these groups. The first group, covering UN missions, is divided into three sections: 16 operations run by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations; 3 missions that are defined as political missions (i.e., not under Chapters VI or VII of the UN Charter) and jointly coordinated by the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations; and 1 mission initiated by UN authority but carried out at UN request by an ad hoc coalition of member states. The next five groups cover missions conducted or led by regional organizations: 11 by the OSCE; 4 by NATO; 1 by the EU; 3 by the Common- wealth of Independent States (CIS), including 1 mission carried out by Russia under bilateral arrangements; and 3 by the African Union (AU). A final group lists 6 missions led by other organizations or ad hoc coalitions of states recog- nized by the UN. Peace missions comprising non-resident individuals or teams of negotiators or operations not sanctioned by the UN are not included.20 Missions initiated in 2002, or new participating states in an existing mission, are listed in bold text; operations or individual participation ending in 2002 are in italics. Legal instruments underlying the establishment of an operation: UN Security Council resolutions or formal decisions by regional organizations are cited in the first column. Personnel numbers include civilian observers or civilian staff only where indicated. The main exception is for observers in OSCE missions, who are usually civilian. Mission fatalities are recorded from the beginning of the mission until the last reported date for 2002 and as a total for 2002. Unless otherwise stated all figures are as of 31 December 2002. Budget figures are given in millions of US dollars. For UN operations, unless otherwise stated, budget figures are for the fiscal year 1 July 2002–30 June 2003. Conversion from budgets set in other currencies are based on 31 December 2002 conversion rates.
19 NATO, ‘EU–NATO declaration on ESDP’, Press release PR/CP (2002) 142, 16 Dec. 2002, URL
230.8 73.7 14.8 – 43.0 – 84 79 92 98 5
5 3 1 1 – – – 78 83 90 91 96 97 3 742 111 730 3 832 202 – – 73 10 – 424 4 , , UK 82 Portugal Spain,
UK, Ukraine,
Bolivia, Bosnia and
77 , Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, , Austria, Bangladesh, 89 Australia , Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, , , Uruguay Iran Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea,
95 Argentina Sweden Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Zambia Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Jordan, Kenya, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Niger, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nepal, Portugal, Russia, Samoa, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, USA, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, El Salvador, Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, USA, Zimbabwe Algeria, Canada, China, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Gambia, Ghana, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, India, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Paraguay, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Slovakia, South Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Tanzania, Tunisia, Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, 2002 1994 2002 July 2000 (3 operations)
Timor-Leste May 87 Guatemala Oct. Afghanistan Mar. Ethiopia, Eritrea United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor UN Verification Mission in Guatemala UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea 88 76 81 94 UNMISET (SCR 1410) UN political and peace-building missions MINUGUA (A/RES/ 48/267) UNAMA (SCR 1401) UNMEE (SCR 1312) 136 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 104 109 115 120 125 Cost ($m): 2002/ Unpaid 8.2 – 244.8 – 20.3 – 8.7 – 0.8 – 103 108 114 119 124 Deaths: To date/ In 2002 – – – 6 – – – – – – 102 107 113 123 118 – 142 – 4 988 – – – 133 77 – 10 – Troops/ Mil. obs/ CivPol – 76 – , Norway,
106 , Norway UK , Sweden, 117 Romania, Russia, , Finland, France, Netherlands Spain 101 Luxembourg, Moldova, , Netherlands, Estonia Portugal, Italy 122 , , France, Germany, Hungary, 112 , UK, Ukraine, USA Finland Germany , , UK, USA Turkey Estonia Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,
, Finland, Slovakia , Countries contributing troops, military observers (mil. obs) Countries contributing troops, military 2002 and/or civilian police (CivPol) in Brazil, India, Romania, Uruguay Czech Rep., Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, New Zealand, Italy, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ireland Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Georgia, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA Canada Poland, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, 2002 Sep. 1992 1993 Start date 1992 Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Moldova Feb. Georgia Dec. Afghanistan (11 operations) 110 UN Mission in Angola Angola Aug. International Security Assistance Force OSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje OSCE Mission to Moldova Name Location OSCE Mission to Georgia ) a 100 105 111 121 116 UNMA (SCR 1433) and authorized by the UN (1 operation) Multinational operations tasked ISAF (SCR 1386) OSCE operations – (CSO 4 Feb. 1993) – (CSO 18 Sep. 1992) – (CSO 6 Nov. 1992) Acronym/ (Legal instrument MULTILATERAL PEACE MISSIONS 137 131 136 146 151 156 141 2.3 – 1.4 – 2.0 – 19.0 – 11.4 – 4.7 – 130 135 140 145 150 155 – – – – – – – – – – – – 144 129 134 139 149 154 – 16 – – 6 – – 6 – – 144 – – 68 – – 38 – 133 , , , , , UK, , 138 , Romania , Romania, 153 Hungary Turkey , Germany
Georgia , Netherlands , 143 Finland Macedonia , Portugal , UK, Ukraine , Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany Moldova Latvia Switzerland , , UK, USA Slovakia , Moldova, Poland, Azerbaijan , Croatia, France, , Switzerland, UK, USA Hungary Turkey , Germany , Kyrgyzstan, ., Finland, France, Georgia, , Spain , Denmark, France, , Denmark, France, , Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Canada , 148 Japan Tajikistan , Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Finland Norway , Bulgaria , Czech Rep Belarus , , , Romania, 128 Poland Germany, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, USA Denmark Czech Rep., Hungary, Poland, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Austria, Canada, Czech Rep., Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Belarus Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Macedonia Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Moldova USA 1995 Aug. 1995 Dec. 1995 1996 1997 1994 Chechnya Apr. Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh) Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia July Albania Apr. Tajikistan Feb. 127 OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya Personal Representative of the Chairman-in- Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina OSCE Mission to Croatia OSCE Presence in Albania OSCE Centre in Dushanbe 126 132 137 142 147 152 – (10 Aug. 1995) – (MC/5/DEC/ 18 Dec. 1995) – (PC/DEC 112, 18 Apr. 1996) – (Ministerial Council, 1 Dec. 1993) – (PC 11 Apr. 1995) – (PC/DEC 160, 27 Mar. 1997) 138 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 161 167 172 177 Cost ($m): 2002/ Unpaid 63.0 – 9.1 – 27.2 – 2.8 – 160 171 176 166 Deaths: To date/ In 2002 – – 3 1 809 5 60 17 159 170 175 164 165 – 341 – – 28 26 14 262 – – 30 000 – – Troops/ Mil. obs/ CivPol , 174 South , , , Latvia, 163 , Belgium, , Slovenia, Netherlands Slovakia Canada , 169 , Belarus Kyrgyzstan , Turkey, UK, , Latvia Slovakia , , Germany, Greece, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, , Tajikistan Azerbaijan Georgia , Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech , , Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Kyrgyzstan , Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, , Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina France , Romania, Russia, , Estonia , Portugal, Romania, Russia, 158 Macedonia Armenia Poland , Belgium Portugal , USA , Finland, , Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA Countries contributing troops, military observers (mil. obs) Countries contributing troops, military 2002 and/or civilian police (CivPol) in Korea Albania Austria, Estonia Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Albania, Argentina, Australia Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UAE, UK, Ukraine, USA Canada, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, USA Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Rep., Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, July 1999 Mar. 2001 Dec. 1996 June 1999 Start date Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Kosovo) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Yugoslavia (Kosovo) OSCE Mission in Kosovo OSCE Mission to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia NATO Stabilization Force NATO Kosovo Force Federal Name Location ) a 157 162 168 173 OMIK (PC/DEC 305, 1 July 1999) – (PC/DEC 401, 11 Jan. 2001) operations (4 operations) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and NATO-led SFOR (SCR 1088) KFOR (SCR 1244) Acronym/ (Legal instrument MULTILATERAL PEACE MISSIONS 139 187 182 193 201 See KFOR 0.2 – 7.3 – . . . . – – . . . . 181 197 200 186 192 1 1 – – 10 – . . 1 . . – . . . . 180 185 191 195 196 199 1 011 – – 450 – – – 134 – 1 200 40 – 1 329 10 – . . – – , Hungary 179 198 190 184 Netherlands, Norway, 194 Luxembourg, , Poland, Portugal, Turkey Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK 202 Netherlands Belgium, Canada, Czech Rep., Denmark, France, Belgium, Canada, Czech Rep., Ireland, Italy, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Poland, Portugal, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, USA Romania, Spain, Turkey, UK, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Georgia, Russia, (South Ossetia) Russia Moldova, Russia, (Trans-Dniester), Ukraine Dec. 2002 Sep. 2001 July 1991 July 1992 June 1994 July 1992 189 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Albania, Former Yugoslavia Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Georgia (South Ossetia) Georgia (Abkhazia) Moldova (Trans- Dniester) Allied Harmony Former European Union Monitoring Mission Task Force Fox Former South Ossetia Joint Force CIS Peacekeeping Forces in Georgia Joint Control Commission Peacekeeping Force 178 183 188 European Union operations (1 operation) European Union operations (1 EUMM (Brioni Agree- ment) – (Bilateral, 24 June 1992) – (CIS, 15 Apr. 1994) TFF (SCR 1371) – (NAC, 29 Nov. 2002) (3 operations) Russian and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) operations – (Bilateral, 21 July 1992) 140 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 207 212 217 222 227 232 Cost ($m): 2002/ Unpaid 0.5 – 0.7 – 1.6 – 0.6 – 51.0 – 2.0 – 211 206 216 221 226 231 1 1 Deaths: To date/ In 2002 – – . . – – – 48 4 2 2 205 215 225 210 230 220 – 4 – – 37 – – . . – – 9 – – 1 836 – – 60 – Troops/ Mil. obs/ CivPol 214 229 209 , Togo 204 224 Tunisia
South Africa 219 , Rep. of Congo, , Niger, Senegal, Gabon Countries contributing troops, military observers (mil. obs) Countries contributing troops, military 2002 and/or civilian police (CivPol) in Guinea, Mozambique Angola, DR Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe Poland, Sweden, Switzerland Australia, Canada, Colombia, Fiji, France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Uruguay, USA Denmark, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey 1993 1997 Sep. 1999 July 1953 1982 1997 Start date Burundi Dec. Comoros Nov. Democratic Republic of Congo North Korea/ South Korea Egypt (Sinai) Apr. Hebron Jan. OAU Mission in Burundi OAU Observer Mission in the Comoros Joint Military Commission Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission Multinational Force and Observers Temporary International Presence in Hebron Name Location ) a 228 223 203 208 213 218 African Union (AU) operations (3 operations) African Union (AU) operations OMIB (OAU, 7 Dec. 1999) JMC (OAU, 3 Sep. 1999) Other operations (6 operations) NNSC (Armistice Agree- ment) TIPH 2 (Hebron Protocol) OMIC (OAU, 6 Nov. 1997) MFO (Protocol to Treaty of Peace) Acronym/ (Legal instrument MULTILATERAL PEACE MISSIONS 141 247 237 242 curity 72.0 5.6 – 2.1 – – Arab–Israeli
246 236 241 ; FY = fiscal year; 8 1 – – – 7 245 235 240 tp://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/ Facts and figures’, UN Internet site,
n Palestine after the 1948 Dec. 2002, 15 Jan. 2003. 750 – 78 6 – 65 – – – oyees. Note that this figure represents the total nd appointment type—as of December 31 2002’, 234 239 244 South Africa Australia, Barbados, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Australia, Barbados, Cook Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu Australia, Fiji, New 2001 Nov. 2000 May 1998 Burundi Nov. Solomon Islands Committee of Senior Officials (now the Senior Council); A/RES = UN General Assembly Resolution; CSO = OSCE Papua New Guinea South African Protection and Support Detachment International Peace Monitoring Team for the Solomon Islands Bougainville Peace Monitoring Group 243 233 238 Acronyms in the table and notes: As of 31 Dec. 2002. United Nations DPKO, ‘Background note on peacekeeping operations’, 15 Jan. 2003, UN Internet site, URL United Nations, DPKO, Monthly summary of military and CivPol personnel deployed in current United Nations operations as of 31 United Nations, DPKO, Monthly summary of military and CivPol 1 a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SAPSD War. The mandate was maintained during 2002. mission fatalities for all UN missions since 1948, not only those listed below. DPKO Situation Centre, ‘Fatalities by mission a mission fatalities for all UN missions since 1948, not only those Jan. 2003. UN Internet site, URL n the ceasefire between Israel and to contribute to the mainte- llah waterway and the DMZ and ist the Government of Lebanon in ts task is to supervise the ceasefire in ts task is to supervise er Force, UN document S/2002/1328, Greece. United Nations, Report of the non, UN document S/2003/38, 14 Jan. an–UNMOGIP: Facts and figures’, UN an–UNMOGIP: Facts and figures’, ffer zone between the 2 sides. The mandateffer zone between the 2 sides. The talion by SCR 806 (5 Feb. 451 (17 Dec. 2002). 3). UNIFIL was established by SCR 425 (19 Mar. 1978), to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon and to ass UNIFIL was established by SCR 425 (19 Mar. 1978), to confirm UNIKOM was established by SCR 689 (9 Apr. 1991) as an unarmed observation mission with the mandate to monitor the Khawr ’Abd A UNIKOM was established by SCR 689 (9 Apr. 1991) as an unarmed Sum outstanding as of 15 Nov. 2002. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Disengagement Observ Sum outstanding as of 15 Nov. 2002. United Nations, Report of United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). United Nations, ‘India and Pakist UN’s regular budget and consequently should not suffer arrears. UNMOGIP is funded through the United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). Government of Cyprus and $6.5 million from the Government of Figure includes a voluntary contribution of $14.6 million from the As of 31 Oct. 2002. United Nations (note 19), para. 19. United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). UNFICYP was established by SCR 186 (4 Mar. 1964) to prevent fighting between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities 186 (4 Mar. 1964) to prevent fighting between the Greek Cypriot UNFICYP was established by SCR UNDOF was established after the 1973 Middle East War under the Agreement on Disengagement and SCR 350 (31 May 1974), to maintai UNDOF was established after the 1973 Middle East War under Sum outstanding as of 30 Nov. 2002. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Leba Sum outstanding as of 30 Nov. 2002. United Nations, Report of United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). UNMOGIP was established in Mar. 1951 to replace the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (SCR 91, 30 Mar. 1951). I for India and Pakistan (SCR the United Nations Commission established in Mar. 1951 to replace UNMOGIP was 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 10 ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area. The mandate was renewed until 31 July 2003 by SCR 1461 (30 Jan. 200 ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area. The mandate and Syria and to supervise the disengagement of Israeli and Syrian forces. The mandate was extended until 30 June 2003 by SCR 1 and Syria and to supervise the disengagement of Israeli and Syrian 4 Dec. 2002, paras 7–8. Internet site, URL . ing of the 1994 Agreement on a Ceasefire and ing of the 1994 Agreement on a United Nations, UNOMIG was established by SCR 849 (9 July 1993) and SCR 858 (24 Aug. 1993). The mission’s original mandate of verifying the ce 849 (9 July 1993) and SCR 858 (24 Aug. 1993). The mission’s UNOMIG was established by SCR MINURSO was established by SCR 690 (29 Apr. 1991) to monitor the ceasefire between the Frente Polisario and the Moroccan Gover SCR 690 (29 Apr. 1991) to monitor the ceasefire between the MINURSO was established by For administrative and budgetary purposes UNMOP is treated as part of UNMIBH. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General For administrative and budgetary purposes UNMOP is treated as Two-thirds of this amount (equivalent to $35.2 million) is paid by Kuwait. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on Nations, Report of the Secretary-General is paid by Kuwait. United amount (equivalent to $35.2 million) Two-thirds of this UNMOP was established by SCR 1038 (15 Jan. 1996) to monitor the demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula, hitherto carried ou UNMOP was established by SCR 1038 (15 Jan. 1996) to monitor United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). concerning Western Sahara, United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation Sum outstanding as of 30 Nov. 2002. United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). URL As of 31 Aug. 2002. United Nations (note 35), para. 17. As of 31 Aug. 2002. United Nations with Annex 11 of the 1995 General Framework Agreement The International Police Task Force (IPTF) was authorized in accordance URL 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 35 Yugoslavia, UN document S/1995/1031, 13 Dec. 1995. The name of the mission was later changed to UNMIBH. The mandate was extende Yugoslavia, UN document S/1995/1031, 13 Dec. 1995. The name (12 July 2002). Moroccan troops in Western Sahara, and organize a free and fair referendum. The mandate was renewed until 31 Mar. 2003 by SCR 1 and organize a free and fair referendum. The mandate was renewed Moroccan troops in Western Sahara, Observers in Prevlaka, UN document S/2000/1251, 29 Dec. 2000, para. 14. Observers in Prevlaka, UN document S/2000/1251, 29 Dec. 2000, current mandate was renewed until 31 July 2003 by SCR 1462 (30 Jan. 2003). current mandate was renewed until 31 July 2003 by SCR 1462 (30 both sides to the conflict to monitor and report on the situation. Following the sign and with Russian military contingents and monitoring and verification of the implementation of the agreeme Separation of Forces, UNOMIG’s mandate was expanded to include Government and the Abkhaz authorities was invalidated by resumed fighting in Abkhazia in Sep. 1993, and UNOMIG was given an int was invalidated by resumed fighting in Abkhazia in Sep. Government and the Abkhaz authorities 2003, paras 26 and 28. (Dayton Agreement) (SCR 1035, 21 Dec. 1995), together with a civilian mission proposed by the Secretary-General. (Dayton Agreement) (SCR 1035, 21 Dec. 1995), together with a tion Mission, UN document S/2002/1039, 18 Sep. 2002, para. 16. tion Mission, UN document S/2002/1039, paras 22–23. Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, UN document S/2002/1314, 2 Dec. 2002, p. 8. Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, UN document S/2002/1314, mandate was extended until 15 Dec. 2002 by SCR 1437 (11 Oct. 2002). mandate was extended until 15 Dec. 2002 by SCR 1437 (11 Oct. 144 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 e Government and the Revolu- f hostilities, the establishment of of East Timor and empowered to the observation of the ceasefire and self-government in Kosovo; civilian self-government ater expanded with the allocation of ed the deployment of some 85 police Mission in the Democratic Republic of Report of the Fifth Committee, UN doc-Report of the Fifth Committee, UN 5000 troops to protect UN and JMC per- Sierra Leone, UN document S/2002/987, Agreement, monitoring adherence to the Agreement, monitoring adherence 8700, to be deployed on a phased basis to ). c. isplaced persons. A positive decision by the isplaced persons. A positive decision ion by about 4500 personnel. ns of Ethiopian and Eritrean troops outside a the security and freedom of movement of UN the security and freedom of movement laced INTERFET on 23 Feb. 2000. Its mandate UNTAET was established by SCR 1272 (25 Oct. 1999). The mission was endowed with overall responsibility for the administration UNTAET was established by SCR 1272 (25 Oct. 1999). The mission UNAMSIL was established by SCR 1270 (22 Oct. 1999) following the signature of the Lomé Peace Agreement between the Sierra Leon 1270 (22 Oct. 1999) following the signature of the Lomé Peace UNAMSIL was established by SCR MONUC was established by SCR 1279 (30 Nov. 1999). It is mandated to liaise with the Joint Military Commission (JMC), plan for MONUC was established by SCR 1279 (30 Nov. 1999). It is mandated UNMIK was established by SCR 1244 (10 June 1999). Its main tasks are: promoting the establishment of substantial autonomy and the establishment of substantial 1999). Its main tasks are: promoting by SCR 1244 (10 June UNMIK was established United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Sum outstanding as of 31 Aug. 2002. United Nations, Twelfth report Internet site, URL United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). Mission in Kosovo: United Nations, Financing of the United Nations Interim Administration Sum outstanding as of 30 Apr. 2002. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 57 tionary United Front (RUF) on 7 July 1999. The tasks of the mission were to include assisting in the implementation of the Lomé 7 July 1999. The tasks of the mission were to include assisting tionary United Front (RUF) on 5 Sep. 2002, p. 10. administrative functions; maintaining law and order; promoting human rights; and assuring the safe return of all refugees and d law and order; promoting human rights; and assuring the administrative functions; maintaining the mission. SCR 1244 (10 June 1999), Article 19. Security Council is required to terminate ument A/56/977, 19 June 2002. the disengagement of forces, and provide humanitarian assistance. In 2000 the mandate was expanded to include the deployment of the disengagement of forces, and provide humanitarian assistance. date on which East Timor gained independence. was extended until 20 May 2002 by SCR 1392 (31 Jan. 2002), the the Congo, UN document S/2002/1180, 18 Oct. 2002, p. 16. of justice. The military component of UNTAET rep exercise all legislative and executive authority, including the administration the Military Co-ordination Commission provided for in the ceasefire agreement, and a peacekeeping deployment. The mission was l the Military Co-ordination Commission provided for in the ceasefire positio troops and 220 military observers and tasked to monitor the ceasefire, repatriate Ethiopian troops and monitor the 4200 ceasefire, encouraging the parties to create confidence-building mechanisms, supporting the anticipated elections, and ensuring to create confidence-building mechanisms, supporting the anticipated ceasefire, encouraging the parties a phased downsizing of the miss extended the mandate until 31 Mar. 2003, but also called for personnel. SCR 1436 (24 Sep. 2002) sonnel and civilians under imminent threat of violence. UN document S/2000/1291, 24 Feb. 2000. SCR 1417 (14 June 2002) authoriz sonnel and civilians under imminent threat of violence. UN document On 4 Dec. 2002 its authorized mission strength was augmented to trainers and extended the mission’s mandate until 30 June 2003. work on DDR projects. MULTILATERAL PEACE MISSIONS 145 This list does not ensive Agreement on Human s of the mission are to provide ffairs (DPA). e now closed UNSMA (UN Special lunteers. Email from Rondon-Fuentes -General on the United Nations Mission -General on the United Nations 20 Dec. 2002, p. 6. liation; to fulfil the tasks and responsibili- the agreements requested that MINUGUA he development of a new law enforcement staff and is supported by 255 local staff. Fax rance. SCR 1320 (15 Sep. 2000). Its mandate rance. SCR 1320 ; and to manage all UN humanitarian, relief, d support services and public information. The MINUGUA (Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en Guatemala) had until 1997 been limited to verifying the 1994 Compreh MINUGUA (Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en UN peace operations not deployed under Chapter VI or VII of the UN Charter and administered by the UN Department of Political A UN peace operations not deployed under Chapter VI or VII of The mission is supported by 139 local staff and 66 UN vo Includes 4 military observers and 69 international civilian observers. UNAMA was established by SCR 1401 (28 Mar. 2002) for an initial period of 1 year, until 27 Mar. 2003. Several components of th UNAMA was established by SCR 1401 (28 Mar. 2002) for an initial United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). UN document S/2002/1393, Progress report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea, As of 31 Oct. 2002. United Nations, United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 1). United Nations (note 2). Nations, Report of the Secretary 2003 at an approved monthly rate of $25.4 million. United Budget for the period July 2002–June of UNTAET. United Nations (note 85). As of 30 Sep. 2002. This figure also includes the unpaid assessments Email from Hector Rondon-Fuentes, MINUGUA, 22 Nov. 2002. Email from Rondon-Fuentes (note 89). Email from Rondon-Fuentes (note 89). $14 755 100. Email from Rondon-Fuentes (note 89). Nations (note 1). Email from Gayane Afrikian, UNAMA, 28 Jan. 2003; and United United Nations (note 1). Fax from Afrikian (note 96). UNMISET was established by SCR 1410 (17 May 2002) as a follow-on mission to UNTAET for an initial period of 12 months. The task 1410 (17 May 2002) as a follow-on mission to UNTAET for UNMISET was established by SCR The military observers are advisors and do not go out to the field. This mission consists mainly of 165 international civilian The military observers are advisors and do not go out to the field. 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 from Gayane Afrikian, UNAMA, 5 Jan. 2003; and United Nations (note 1). from Gayane Afrikian, UNAMA, 5 Jan. 2003; and United Nations (note 89). of Support in East Timor, UN document S/2002/1223, 6 Nov. 2002, p. 10. of Support in East Timor, UN document S/2002/1223, 6 Nov. 2002, was extended until 15 Mar. 2003 by SCR 1434 (6 Sep. 2002). was extended until 15 Mar. 2003 25-km temporary security zone, to chair the Military Co-ordination Commission of the UN and the OAU, and to assist in mine clea of the UN and the OAU, and to Co-ordination Commission security zone, to chair the Military 25-km temporary assistance to the administrative structures of the Timorese Government, to provide interim law enforcement while assisting in t structures of the Timorese Government, to provide interim law assistance to the administrative security of Timor-Leste. agency, and to contribute to the overall Mission to Afghanistan) mission were incorporated into the UNAMA structure. The mission is mandated to promote national reconci Mission to Afghanistan) mission were incorporated into the UNAMA with the Afghan Administration. recovery and reconstruction activities in Afghanistan in coordination ties entrusted to the UN in the 2001 Bonn Agreement, including those related to human rights, the rule of law and gender issues ties entrusted to the UN in the 2001 Bonn Agreement, including expand its functions to verify both agreements, and that the mission’s functions should also comprise good offices, advisory an expand its functions to verify both agreements, and that the mission’s Rights and the human rights aspects of the 1995 Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In 1997 the parties to Rights and the human rights aspects of the 1995 Agreement on 2001). mandate was extended until 31 Dec. 2003 by A/RES/55/177 (1 Mar. include UN peace-building offices. 146 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 den). Turkey contributed SCR 1444 (27 Nov. 2002) until period of 6 months, until 15 Feb. ary Attaché, Embassy of Turkey in ers on 7 Nov. 1992. The mission’s ers on 7 ity maintain security in and around offices, election monitoring groups or 13 Dec. 2001 the mission’s tasks were ded until 31 Dec. 2003 by PC.DEC/522, s in South Ossetia. On 15 Dec. 1999 the nnel come could not be verified. United nnel come could not be verified. an additional £49 million for fiscal year . Fax from Uz (note 106). ral expenses are paid by the lead nation and Feb. 2003. has two ‘pillars’—a political/military/human ve of the mission was to promote negotiations fore will not be renewed. United Nations, Report fore will not be renewed. United ne 2003 by PC.DEC/524, 19 Dec. 2002. , no. 3, Annex 1. The mission was authorized by the Journal , no. 2, Annex 2. The mission was authorized by the Government of Georgia , no. 2, Annex 2. The mission was authorized by the Government Journal Countries listed are those that have contributed military observers; the countries from which the international civilian perso contributed military observers; the countries from which Countries listed are those that have The UK was the lead nation until 20 June 2002, after which Turkey took command of the force. Fax from Col. Ahmet Ata Uz, Milit took command of the force. Fax from Col. The UK was the lead nation until 20 June 2002, after which Turkey Includes OSCE long-term missions and other field activities with a peacemaking or peace-building mandate, but not human rights Includes OSCE long-term missions and other field activities with Decision to establish the mission taken at the 17th CSO meeting, 6 Nov. 1992, Decision to establish the mission taken at the 17th CSO meeting, UNMA was established by SCR 1433 (15 Aug. 2002) as a follow-on mission to UNOA (United Nations Office in Angola) for an initial 1433 (15 Aug. 2002) as a follow-on mission to UNOA (United UNMA was established by SCR 20 Dec. 2002. 134 international civilian staff. Email from Amin Moshen, DPA, Includes 4 military observers and and hours. Email from Moshen (note 102) Local staff outside of official duties entire mandated period. Email from Moshen (note 102). The budget represented is for the to help the Afghan Interim Author under UN Charter Chapter VII, authorized a multinational force On 20 Dec. 2001 the SC, acting Fax from Uz (note 106). no fatalities were suffered in the latter half of 2002 British Ministry of Defence, URL Conference, which seeks a peaceful 1993. was signed. The mission’s tasks include nge of focus of the mission’s activities. eeping operations, assisting the parties in s. This was expanded in 2002 to include an s. This was expanded in 2002 to renew the mandate and the operation ceased. ing the return of refugees and displaced persons. In ict as well as gathering and providing information on ict as well as gathering and providing Annual Report 2000 on OSCE Activities (1 Nov. 1999– , no. 3, Annex 3. Authorized by the Government of Moldova through MOU, 7 May , no. 3, Annex 3. Authorized by , URL ted by 176 local staff. Email from the Permanent Council on 26 June the Permanent Council on 26 002. e current mandate was set on 11 Dec. il 31 Dec. 2003. PC.DEC/516, 12 Dec. with Annex 6 of the Dayton Agreement. with Annex 6 of s mandate is to provide expert assistance itoring and promoting human rights. The displaced persons as well as the protection displaced persons as well as the y employed staff. OSCE, as extended until 31 Dec. 2003 by PC.DEC/517, as extended until 31 Dec. 2003 by opened in Mar. On 15 Nov. 2001 the Permanent the restructuring and training of law enforcement d on 31 Dec. 2002. Email from Cycmanick (note 158). Email from Soldo (note 143). The decision to establish the mission was taken by the PC on 18 Apr. 1996 (PC.DEC/112). Adjustment of the mandate was made by was taken by the PC on 18 Apr. 1996 (PC.DEC/112). Adjustment The decision to establish the mission On 1 July 1999 the PC established the OSCE Mission in Kosovo to replace the transitional OSCE Kosovo Task Force, which had been On 1 July 1999 the PC established the OSCE Mission in Kosovo Email from Maja Soldo, Personal Assistant to the Chief of Staff and Planning, OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19 Nov. 2 Assistant to the Chief of Staff and Planning, OSCE Mission to Email from Maja Soldo, Personal Email from Soldo (note 143). Email from Soldo (note 143). €18 280 500. OSCE Mission to Croatia, 28 Nov. 2002. Email from Alessandro Fracassetti, were deployed. The mission is suppor strength was reduced to 90. PC.DEC/441. However, only 68 At the end of 2001 the authorized Email from Fracassetti (note 148). €10 989 000. Email from Fracassetti (note 148). of the Permanent Council in 27 Mar. 1997 (PC/DEC/160). Th The decision to establish the mission was taken at the 108th meeting OSCE Presence in Albania, 21 Nov. 2002. Email from Dinka Zivalj, Acting Press and Public Information Officer, 153). The mission is supported by 82 local staff. Email from Zivalj (note Email from Zivalj (note 153). €4 552 300. Email from Zivalj (note 153). in Kosovo, 27 Nov. 2002. Email from Chris Cycmanick, Information Officer, OSCE Mission The mission is supported by 951 locally recruited staff members. Email from Cycmanick (note 158). €60 458 100. Email from Cycmanick. (note 158). Republic of Yugoslavia with an initial mandate of 1 year. It On 11 Jan. 2001 the PC established the OSCE Mission to the Federal of Yugoslavia, 30 Jan. 2003. Email from Laurent Rouy, OSCE Mission to the Federal Republic Decision to establish the mission taken at 5th meeting, Ministerial Council, Budapest, 8 Dec. 1995 (MC(5).DEC/1) in accordance 8 Dec. 1995 (MC(5).DEC/1) Ministerial Council, Budapest, the mission taken at 5th meeting, Decision to establish the Podgorica office. The mission is supported by 79 locall International civilian staff. Figure includes staff working out of 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 142 2002. Council directed the mission to open an office in Podgorica, Montenegro. PC.DEC/444, 15 Nov. 2001. The mandate was extended unt Council directed the mission to open an office in Podgorica, Montenegro. agencies and the judiciary, provide media support, and facilitate the return of refugees. PC.DEC/401, 11 Jan. 2001. The mission agencies and the judiciary, provide media support, and facilitate to the Yugoslav authorities and civil society groups in the areas of democratization and human and minority rights, assist with to the Yugoslav authorities and civil society groups in the areas of national minorities. The mandate was extended until 31 Dec. 2003 by PC.DEC/514, 12 Dec. 2002. of national minorities. The mandate M upon becoming an instrument of f the Dayton Agreement. SCR 1088 see the implementation of the peace and preventing the return of the FRY and preventing the return of the TFF. Operation Allied Harmony con- cle 1, para. 2. zed the establishment of a multinational ean Community (EC) and the 6 republics nter-ethnic issues and refugee returns; to oop strength was reduced to 12 000. nd operations & maintenance costs) and not SCR 1244, 10 June 1999. ill assist the government in taking ownership of ntingents. , URL (note 165). Mission Survey Email from Lampalzer (note 174). , no. 3441 (18 Dec. 2002). News SFOR was established in Dec. 1996 to replace the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), created to implement the military aspects o to replace the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), created SFOR was established in Dec. 1996 The mission was established by the Brioni Agreement, signed at Brioni, Croatia, on 7 July 1991 by representatives of the Europ The mission was established by the Brioni Agreement, signed at Atlantic Email from Lt. Jim Sheldrake, SFOR Public Information Office, 22 Nov. 2002. Email from Lt. Jim Sheldrake, SFOR Email from Sheldrake (note 169). Email from Sheldrake (note 169). (note 169). €26 101 820. Email from Sheldrake ensuring the withdrawal the SC on 10 June 1999. Its tasks include deterring renewed hostilities, KFOR received its mandate from KFOR Spokesman, 14 Nov. 2002. Email from Major Hans Lampalzer, Email from Lampalzer (note 174). As of 4 Nov. 2002. Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( 126. Fax from Lt. Commander Olivier Goudard, Budget and Finance Department, Supreme 645 €2 to the protection of international monitors who will over The NAC authorized a follow-on mission to succeed TFH and ‘contribute Office, 13 Jan. 2003. Email from Maj. Maurizio De Giorgi, NATO AFSouth Public Information Email from De Giorgi (note 179). Email from De Giorgi (note 179). Email from De Giorgi (note 179). €152 000. Contributing countries bear the cost for their contingents. of Macedonia, the NAC authorized a follow-on mission to In response to a request from the President of Former Yugoslav Republic Email from Rouy (note 163). €8 697 900. OSCE, Office, 6 Feb. 2003. Email from Maurizio DeGiorgi, NATO AFSouth Public Information Public Information Office, 13 Feb. 2003. Telephone conversation with Maurizio DeGiorgi, NATO AFSouth Fax from Goudard (note 177). Operation Allied Harmony is funded through the KFOR budget. International police trainers. Supported by 23 local staff. OSCE, trainers. Supported by 23 local International police 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 165 the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and was mandated to monitor political and security developments, borders, i the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and was contribute to the early warning mechanism document 2000/811/CFSP, 23 Dec. 2000, Introduction, para. 6 and Arti December 2000 on the European Union Monitoring Mission, EU of the former Yugoslavia. MOUs were signed with the governments of Albania in 1997 and Croatia in 1998. The ECMM became the EUM of the former Yugoslavia. MOUs were signed with the governments military and police forces, demilitarizing the KLA, establishing a secure environment, supporting UNMIK and monitoring borders. the KLA, establishing a secure environment, supporting military and police forces, demilitarizing covers only the common costs, mainly the functioning costs of NATO headquarters (civilian personnel a Feb. 2003. This figure 11 Contributing countries provide separate finances for their co investments in infrastructure necessary to support the operation. plan in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’. NATO Press Release (2001)133, 27 Sep. 2001. The UN Security Council authori plan in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’. NATO Press Deployment was immediate. security presence the same day. UN document 1371, 27 Sep. 2001. for the international monitors, and its advisory elements w sists of two pillars. Its operational elements will provide support security. NATO Press Release (2002)131, 29 Nov. 2002. (12 Dec. 1996). On 12 July 2002 its mandate was extended for an additional 12 months by SCR 1423. In 2002, SFOR’s authorized tr its mandate was extended for an additional 12 months by SCR 1423. (12 Dec. 1996). On 12 July 2002 150 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 OMIB was effec- and Presevo). Fax from and Presevo). Fax ct Prevention, Resolution and Email from Muller (note 190). deployed under the same SOMA ns at ambassadorial level in Adis sefire Agreement and to investigate 1. n the OAU and Burundi, 8 Apr. 1994. t staff. r (note 198). , Feb.–Mar. 1996, p. 10. ening security during and after the electoral climate of trust. De Matha, J. (Lt-Col, Logis- f the OAU, a Finance Officer and a Secretary. oulaye (note 204). 01. Resolving Conflicts Fax from Doulaye (note 204). , May–June 1998, pp. 25–26. Resolving Conflicts In addition there are 380 Russian, 317 Moldovan and 632 Trans-Dniestrian peacekeeping troops. Email from Wenker (note 198). 317 Moldovan and 632 Trans-Dniestrian peacekeeping troops. In addition there are 380 Russian, Fax from Doulaye (note 204). Email from Muller (note 190). OAU, Report of the Secretary-General on the DRC Peace Process, OAU Central Organ/MEC/AMB/3, 23 Sep. 1999. OAU, Report of the Secretary-General on the DRC Peace Process, At the 81st Ordinary Session, the AU decided to add a military observers component (OMIC-III) to the Liaison Office, which was At the 81st Ordinary Session, the AU decided to add a military The EUMM operates in Albania and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia (FYROM) and the FRY (Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo (FYROM) and the FRY and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia in Albania and in Bosnia The EUMM operates Fax from Dieter Boden, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Georgia, UN Observer Mission in Georgia, 11 Dec. 200 Fax from Dieter Boden, Special Representative of the Secretary-General OMIC (Mission d’Observation Militaire aux Comores) was established by decisions of the OAU at its 39th and 40th ordinary sessio OMIC (Mission d’Observation Militaire aux Comores) was established Email from Muller, 8 Oct. 2002. is 35) and 4 international contrac 20 additional monitors for FYROM (the authorized figure This includes 110 seconded monitors, Email from Muller (note 190). €6 979 000. McDonagh, OSCE Mission to Georgia, 3 Feb. 2003. Telephone conversation with Joe Telephone conversation with McDonagh (note 194). Each side provides 1 battalion each,. (note 194). Telephone conversation with McDonagh Telephone conversation with McDonagh (note 194). As a result of accidental shooting. 12 Dec. 2002. Email from Lt-Col Henk Wenker, Ukraine provided the military observers. Email from Wenker (note 198). cost of sending their respective personnel. Email from Wenke There is no designated budget for the mission. Each side bears the on 7 Dec. 1993 by the Central Organ of the OAU Mechanism for Confli OMIB (or MIOB, Mission de l’OUA au Burundi) was established Directorate, AU, 18 Oct. 2002. Fax from Ambassador Ki Doulaye, Ag. Director of Peace and Security The mission is supported by 8 local staff. Fax from D The mission consists of 3 international civilian staff, 1 military staff. Fax from Doulaye (note 204). $584 556.80. Email from Doulaye (note 210). 093.40 and $395 655.48 respectively. Budget is for both the Liaison Office and OMIC-III, which are $327 to monitor compliance with the provisions of the July Lusaka Cea The JMC was formally established on 3 Sep. 1999 with a mandate Fax from Doulaye (note 204). 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 189 Email from Doulaye, 27 Dec. 2002. signed in 1997. The mission lasted from 23 Mar. to 31 May 2002 and was mandated to ‘Assist the Comorian Authorities in strength signed in 1997. The mission lasted from 23 Mar. to 31 May 2002 Office/Special Representative of the Secretary General o period’. The liaison office remains and consists of a Chief of Liaison Abeba, Ethiopia, 24 Oct. and 6 Nov. 1997. The tasks of the force include monitoring the situation on the Comoros and creating a Abeba, Ethiopia, 24 Oct. and 6 Nov. 1997. The tasks of the force Ognimba, E., ‘Connaissance de la Mission de l’OUA au Burundi’ [Briefing on the OAU Mission in Burundi], Ognimba, E., ‘Connaissance de la Mission de l’OUA au Burundi’ violations. Management. The mission’s mandate, to promote dialogue between military and government leaders, was endorsed by a treaty betwee Management. The mission’s mandate, to promote dialogue between Stephan Muller, Policy Unit of the General Secretariat, Council of the European Union, 22 Jan. 2001. Stephan Muller, Policy Unit of the tics Officer, OMIC), ‘La Mission d’Observation Militaire aux Comores’, tics Officer, OMIC), ‘La Mission d’Observation Militaire aux Comores’, tively withdrawn in July 1996. Fax from Said Djinnit, Assistant Secretary General, Political Affairs Department, AU, 29 Oct. 20 tively withdrawn in July 1996. Fax from Said Djinnit, Assistant Secretary MULTILATERAL PEACE MISSIONS 151 de la Libération the Supreme Commander of the and Israel, signed on 26 Mar. 1979. , 15 Oct. 2000, the parties agreed to the JMC Chairman and his AU liaison overnment and the other parties to the overnment and the other parties Information provided by Capt. Lorraine Division, AU, 4 Apr. 2002. nversation with Mr Havel, TIPH Finance reign Affairs and Trade, Australia, 17 Nov. lude the Rassemblement Congolais pour la lude the Rassemblement apons disposal process became a priority of 2002 Trilateral Meeting, Rome, 28 Oct. 2002. ons, and monitor treaty violations. It reports to Email from Delorme. (note 219) the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie–Goma, the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie–Kisangi, and the Mouvement pour la Démocratie–Goma, the Rassemblement Congolais pour the Rassemblement Congolais , In annex II of the Townsville Peace Agreement between the Solomon Islands Government and the Guadalcanal and Malaitan Militias In annex II of the Townsville Peace Agreement between the Solomon The PMG was set up in 1998 to monitor the ceasefire and to assist in democratic resolution of the conflict in Bougainville. The PMG was set up in 1998 to monitor the ceasefire and to assist $1 605 011.55. Budget is for the period 9 Jan.–30 Sep. 2002. Email from Binega (note 215). $1 605 011.55. Budget is for the Commander-in-Chief, UN Command; armistice in Korea, signed at Panmunjom on 27 July 1953 by the Agreement concerning a military 9 Oct. 2002. of the Defence Attaché, Embassy of Switzerland in Sweden, Email from Birgitta Delorme, Office has no permanent presence in North Korea. The Polish delegation of 2 personnel Email from Delorme (note 219). $550 000. Email from Delorme (note 219). 3 Aug. 1981 by the Protocol to the Treaty of Peace between Egypt The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) was established on Director General’s Report (note 223), p. 3. HQ, Rome, 10 Jan. 2003. Email from Mary Cordis, Chief of Personnel & Publications, MFO Report (note 223), p. 20. Budget for the period 1 Oct. 2001–30 Sep. 2002. Director General’s Jan. 1997. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, signed on 15 7 Jan. 2003. Email from Ib Knutsen, Senior Press and Information Officer, TIPH, Email from Knutsen (note 229). Email from Knutsen (note 229). which are paid by the contributing countries. Telephone co Approximate amount of the core budget; it does not include salaries, Email from Barnes (note 233). from Barnes (note 233). The mission was augmented by 9 weapons disposal experts. Email Email from Barnes (note 233). Barnes (note 233). AUD 10 million. 1 AUD = $0.56 (SEBanken, Sweden). Email from The JMC consists of personnel from Kenya and the 9 parties to the conflict. In addition to the states listed, these parties inc addition to the states listed, these the 9 parties to the conflict. In of personnel from Kenya and The JMC consists The exact figure for mission personnel is not known because in 2002 there were no AU representatives in the mission. Apart from is not known because in 2002 there were no AU representatives The exact figure for mission personnel JMCs. The fatality was not the result of hostile action. One member from the regional Director General’s Report (note 223), p. 4. 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 214 Korean People’s Army; and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Entered into force on 27 July 1953. Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Entered into force Korean People’s Army; and the Congolais. Fax from Djinnit (note 203); and Fax from Jean Mfasoni, Ag. Director, Political Affairs Department, 30 Nov. 2001. 203); and Fax from Jean Mfasoni, Ag. Director, Political Affairs Congolais. Fax from Djinnit (note the PMG’s tasks. Email from Andrew Barnes, First Secretary, Embassy of Australia in Stockholm, 31 Oct. 2002. the PMG’s tasks. Email from Andrew Barnes, First Secretary, Embassy Mulholland, Public Relations Officer, PMG Bougainville, by email on 14 Dec. 2000. In early 2002, supporting the Bougainville we Mulholland, Public Relations Officer, PMG Bougainville, by email officer (both of whom are attached to the JMC headquarters) the regional JMCs were staffed primarily by officers from the DRC G to the JMC headquarters) the regional JMCs were staffed officer (both of whom are attached Consultant, Conflict Management to the AU. Email from Commodore Mesfin Binega, Military conflict. This number was not disclosed Deployment began on 20 Mar. 1982, following the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai. MFO, Director General’s report at the Deployment began on 20 Mar. 1982, following the withdrawal of Officer, 3 Feb. 2003. Démocratie the establishment of an international mission mandated to assist in confidence building, receive and catalogue surrendered weap the establishment of an international mission mandated to assist the Peace Monitoring Council. Fax from Jemal Sharah, Executive Officer (Solomon Islands), Pacific Affairs Branch, Department Fo the Peace Monitoring Council. Fax from Jemal Sharah, Executive 152 SECURITY AND CONFLICTS, 2002 l from Brown (note 240). First Secretary, Embassy of Australia in First Secretary, Republic of South Africa in Stockholm, with a mandate to protect state institutions May 2003. Joint Communiqué of the 15th May 2003. Joint Communiqué of ence in SCR 1375 (29 Oct. 2001). The OAU ence in SCR 1375 (29 On 23 Oct. 2001 South Africa stated to the Security Council its intention to On 23 Oct. 2001 South Africa stated Email from Barnes (note 238). Secretary, Embassy of Australia in Stockholm, 25 Feb. 2003. Email from Darren Brown, First Email from Barnes (note 238). 2002 was AUD 6 million. Emai for the period Jan.–June 2002. The budget for FY July 2001–June AUD 3.8 million, a rough estimate on Burundi, on 23 July 2001, established at the 15th Summit of the Regional Peace Initiative The Special Protection Force was Fax from Biyana (note 243). Fax from Biyana (note 243). Fax from Biyana (note 243). The fatalities suffered in 2002 were not a result of hostile action. Biyana (note 243). ZAR270 million. 1 ZAR = $0.26 (SEBanken, Sweden). Fax from 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 and Burundian political leaders returning from exile and to serve as a confidence-building measure. and Burundian political leaders returning deploy an interim protection force on 1 Nov. 2001. The Security Council endorsed the establishment of the interim security pres on 1 Nov. 2001. The Security Council endorsed the establishment deploy an interim protection force the mission’s mandate until establishment of the SAPSD. The South African Government renewed also expressed its support for the Summit of the Regional Peace Initiative on Burundi, 23 July 2001; and Fax from Salinda Biyana, First Secretary, Embassy of the Initiative on Burundi, 23 July 2001; and Fax from Salinda Biyana, Summit of the Regional Peace 15 Jan. 2003. Sweden, 24 Feb. 2003. 2000. IPMT was withdrawn at the end of June 2002 following the successful completion of its mandate. Email from Andrew Barnes, of its mandate. Email following the successful completion withdrawn at the end of June 2002 2000. IPMT was