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Astronautique 2000 J Astronautique 2000 J. Vercheval & A. Steegmans /nstitut d'Aeronomie Spatia/e L'a nnee 2000 a connu 82 lancements INDO : Indonesie Colonne 6 : la masse sur son orbite de satellites artifi ciels: 35 par la INTER : International en debut de mission et exprimee en Russi e, 28 par les Etats-Uni s, 12 par ISR : Israel kilogrammes (une lettre "E" signifie la I'Agence Spatiale Europeenne, 5 par ITA : Ita li e masse sans les propergols ou celi e la Republique Po pulaire de Chine et JAP : Japon d'une navette a son reto ur; une lettre 2 par Ie Consortium " Sea Launch ". LUX : G.-D. Luxembo urg "L" designe la masse au lanceme nt) et Cela porte a 4128 Ie nombre de MALT : Malte ]a nature de I'orbite (1 pour une lancements depuis Ie debut de l'ere PRC : Rep. Po p. de Chine o rbite geocentrique que\conque, 1G spatia Ie pour la mise e n orbite de RUS : Russie pour une o rbite geostati o nnaire. 5395 satellites artificiels de la Terre et SLCO : Sea Launch Company sondes spatial es po rte urs d'une SPA : Espagne Liste des satellites charge util e. SWE : Su ede et leurs missions UK : Grande Bretagne DSCS-3B 6 (USA 148) Les 117 engins spatiaux repertories USA : Etats-Unis (21 janvier 2000) en 2000 se repartissent en: " Defense Satellite Communications Colonne 3 : les dates de lancement System ". Satellite de telecommunica­ 15 satellites scientifiques, notamment et de la reto mbee o u de la recupera­ tions militaires ame ri cain. pour I'observation de la Terre; tion en se referant au temps universel Galaxy lOR 7 vaisseaux habites; (TU); (25 janvier 2000) 1 module de la Station Spatia Ie Colonne 4 : I'inciinaison, en degres, Satellite de te lecommunicati o ns geo­ Internatio nale ISS (Zvezda); de I'o rbite sur l'equateur et la periode stationnaire americain. 5 vaissea ux de ra vitaillement; de revolutio n exprimee en minutes; Zhongxing 22 37 sa tellites de te lecommunica tions; Colonne 5 : les altitudes initiales ou (25 janvier 2000) 9 sa tellites de naviga ti on; operationnelles du perigee et de l'a­ Sa tellite de telecomunicatio ns de la 12 satellites technologiques; pogee exprimees en kilometres; les Republique Po pulaire de Chine. 18 microsatellites (10 a 100 kg) et donnees entre parentheses concer­ JAWSAT picosatellites (moins de 1 kg); nent les sate llites geostationnaires et (27 janvier 2000) 13 sa tellites d'applicatio ns militaires. representent les lo ngitudes des "Joint air force Academy-Weber state points de localisati on , a e nviron university SATellite ". Microsatellite Le tablea u 1 reprend les anciens 35.800 km au-dessus de I'equateur, militaire americain empo rtant quatre satellites retombes depuis la parutio n assignes en debut de missio n. La microsatellites a ejecter: ASUSAT-1 , de " Astronautique 1999" (voir Ciel et mention OD signifie " No Orbital OPAL, Falconsat et OCS ainsi qu'une Terre , voI.11 6(6), 130-137, 2000). Data " (pas de donnees sur I'orbite); charge utile po uvant etre un systeme Les elements de I'orbite initiale o u opera ti onnelle des satellites lances en 2000 sont donnes dans Ie tableau 2. Tableau 1 On y trouve successivement: Anciens satellites retombes Colonne 1: Ie nom du satellite et sa designation inte rna ti o na Ie du Nom Designation Date de COSPAR; retombee Colonne 2: le(s) pays o u Organisation proprietaire(s) du satel­ SDS 5 1978-75A 08 / 02 / 2001 lite et, Ie cas echeant, lanceur du Cosmos 1569 1984-55A 07 / 05 / 2001 sa tellite; une forme abregee a ete Cosmos 1689 1985-90A 08 / 01 / 2001 adoptee: Molniya 3-26 1985-91 A 22 / 02 / 2001 ARAB : Li gue Arabe Mir 1986-17A 23 / 03 / 2001 BRA : Bresil Molniya 1-76 1989-78A 11 / 11 / 2000 CAN : Ca nada Astro D 1993-11 A 02 / 03/2001 EGY : Egypte Coronas-1 1994-14A 04 / 03 / 2001 ESA : Agence Spatiale Europeenne STEP M4 1997-63A 31 / 03 / 2001 ETSO : Organisation " Eutelsat " Iridium 79 1998-51 D 29 / 11 / 2000 GER : Allemagne Iridium 85 1998-66C 30 / 12 / 2000 IND : Inde Ciel el Terre . vol. 11 155 imageur a haute resolution. tronique. phoni e mobile de la constellation OCSE HispaSat 1C " Asia Cellular System ". (27 janvier 2000) (3 fevrier 2000) Superbird 4 " Optical Calibration SPhere Experiment Sa tellite de telecommunicati ons (18 fevrier 2000) ". Microsate llite militaire ame ri cain. espagnol. Sa te llite de telecommunications OPAL Globalstar (63-62-60-64) japonais. (27 janvier 2000) (8 fevrier 2000) Express A2 Orbiting Picosatellite Automated Ces quatre satellites completent la (12 mars 2000) Launcher ". Mi crosatellite techno­ conste ll ati o n " Globalstar " composee Satellite de telecommunica ti ons geo­ logique americain e mpo rtant six a present de 52 satellites do nt 4 peu­ statio nnaire russe. picosatellites (masse inferi eure a un vent etre te nus en reserve . MTI kg) realises par des etudiants, e n Fregat/Dumsat 1 (12 mars 2000) I'occurrence STENSAT, JAK, The lma, (8 fevrier 2000) " Multi-spectral Thermal Imager '. Lo ui se, et de ux satellites captifs Dumsat 1 est une maquette russe Satellite america in avec une mission a (MEMS). larguee par I'etage "Fregat". Ce la fois militaire et scientifique consis­ Falconsat dernier etait po rteur egalement du tant a tester une technologie d'im­ (27 janvier 2000) systeme !RDT (Inflatable Re-entry ageri e dans 15 bandes spectrales Microsatellite militaire americain a and Descent Technology) destine a dans Ie visible et I'infrarouge. Une missio n technologique. tester un bo uclier thermique gon­ applicatio n est, d'une part, de ASUSAT fl able. detecter et caracteriser des installa­ (27 janvier 2000) STS-99 (Endeavour F-14) tions produisant des armes de " Arizona State University SATellite ". (11 fevrier 2000) destruction massive, d'autre part, de Microsatellite a mericain po ur des L'equipage etait compose du com­ recolter des donnees sur des com­ tests technologiques d'observati on de mandant Kevin Kregel, du pilote posants atmospheriques tels que la Terre et de radio-communicatio ns Do minic Pudwill Gori e et des spe­ I'ozone et la va pe ur d'eau. po ur amate urs. cialistes de mission Janet Kavandi, Fregat/Dumsat 2 MEMS (1,2) Jani ce Voss, Mamo ru Mo hri (20 mars 2000) (27 janvier 2000) (Japo nais) et Gerhard Thiele (astro­ Missio n technologique russe simulant " Micro-Electri-Mechanical Systems ". naute allemand de I'ESA). Son princi­ Ie lancement futur des quatre satel­ Couple de picosatellites reli es par un pal o bjectif etait d'accomplir la lites Cluster-2 de I'ESA dont Dumsat 2 fil metallique de 30 metres po ur missio n SRTM (Shuttle Radar constitue une maquette. effectuer des tests technologiques. Topography Mission) : valider une Asiastar Thelma (Picosat 5) technologie d'acquisiti on de donnees (21 mars 2000) (27 janvier 2000) a haute resolution et quaS i globales Satellite de te lecommunicati ons Picosatellite (masse inferieure a lkg) sur la topographie de la Terre. Des ame ri cain . con c;: u par des etudiants americains radars extreme ment preCis o nt Insat 3B po ur des tests technologiques. recolte des images en 3-D detaill ees (21 mars 2000) Louise (Picosat 6) de 80 pourcent des terres emergees Sate llite de telecommunications geo­ (27 janvier 2000) de la surface terrestre. II s'agissait statio nnaire indien mais equipe Picosatellite con c;: u par des etudiants d 'un rada r imageur operant en egal ement d'une camera, d'un americains pour des tests technolo­ bande-C et d'un radar a synthese radiometre et d'un repeteur pour giques. d'ouverture travaillant en bande-X; balise Sarsat. JAK. (Picosat 7) I'un des deux avait ete install e a I'ex­ IMAGE (27 janvier 2000) tremite d'un mat de 60 metres prea­ (25 mars 2000) Picosatellite con c;: u par des etudiants lablement de pl oye. L'exploitati on des Imager for Magnetopause-to­ americains pour des tests technolo­ cartes en 3-D concernent diverses Aurora Global Exploration ". Satellite giques. applications telles que I'amelioration scientifique ame ri cain du programme Stensat (Picosat 8) des modeles de drainage des eaux, la MIDEX (Medium Explorer) destine a (27 janvier 2000) mise au point de simulateurs de vol I' etude de la magnetosphere terrestre Picosatellite con c;: u par des etudiants plus realistes, Ie choix de meilleurs et, en particulier, des orages magne­ americains po ur des tests technolo­ emplacements po ur des to urs-relais tiques et des phenomenes d'aurores. giques. de telephonie, Ie renforceme nt de la II est dote de six instruments: trois Progress M1-1 securite de la navigatio n etc. La mis­ imageurs d'atomes neutres respec­ (1 fevrier 2000) sion s'est achevee au terme d'un vol ti veme nt de faible energie 00- Premier vaisseau de ravitailleme nt de lljours, 5he ures et 39 minutes. 500eV), d 'energie moyenne 0-30 modifie apres la serie des Progress-M. Garuda 1 keY) et de tres haute energie 00-500 Amarrage a la station Mir. (12 fevrier 2000) keY), un imageur dans I'ul traviolet Cosmos 2369 Sate llite de te lecommunicati o ns lointain constitue de trois detecteurs (3 fevrier 2000) indonesien lance par un lanceur separes pour I'observation optique et Satellite militaire russe d'ecoute e lec- Ariane 5. Premier satellite de tele- spectrographique des aurores et pour novembre-decembre 2001 des mesures photometriques de la fusee russe " Rokot ", missil e inter­ 236h 10min lOs. geocouronne constituee essentie ll e­ continental a I'origine.
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