Understanding Fluid–Rock Interactions and Lixiviant/Oxidant Behaviour for the In-Situ Recovery of Metals from Deep Ore Bodies
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In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium
In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium (June 2009) l Most uranium mining in the USA and Kazakhstan is now by in situ leach methods, also known as in situ recovery (ISR). l In USA ISL is seen as the most cost effective and environmentally acceptable method of mining, and Australian experience supports this. l Australia's first ISL uranium mine is Beverley, which started operation late in 2000. The proposal for Honeymoon has government approval and it is expected to be operating in 2008. Conventional mining involves removing mineralised rock (ore) from the ground, breaking it up and treating it to remove the minerals being sought. In situ leaching (ISL), also known as solution mining, or in situ recovery (ISR) in North America, involves leaving the ore where it is in the ground, and recovering the minerals from it by dissolving them and pumping the pregnant solution to the surface where the minerals can be recovered. Consequently there is little surface disturbance and no tailings or waste rock generated. However, the orebody needs to be permeable to the liquids used, and located so that they do not contaminate ground water away from the orebody. Uranium ISL uses the native groundwater in the orebody which is fortified with a complexing agent and in most cases an oxidant. It is then pumped through the underground orebody to recover the minerals in it by leaching. Once the pregnant solution is returned to the surface, the uranium is recovered in much the same way as in any other uranium plant (mill). In Australian ISL mines (Beverley and the soon to be opened Honeymoon Mine) the oxidant used is hydrogen peroxide and the complexing agent sulfuric acid. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1. -
Identification and Description of Mineral Processing Sectors And
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS As shown in Exhibit 5-1, EPA determined that 48 commodity sectors generated a total of 527 waste streams that could be classified as either extraction/beneficiation or mineral processing wastes. After careful review, EPA determined that 41 com modity sectors generated a total of 354 waste streams that could be designated as mineral processing wastes. Exhibit 5-2 presents the 354 mineral processing wastes by commodity sector. Of these 354 waste streams, EPA has sufficient information (based on either analytical test data or engineering judgment) to determine that 148 waste streams are potentially RCRA hazardous wastes because they may exhibit one or more of the RCRA hazardous characteristics: toxicity, ignitability, corro sivity, or reactivity. Exhibit 5-3 presents the 148 RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that will be subject to the Land Disposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 identifies the mineral processing commodity sectors that generate RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that are likely to be subject to the Land D isposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 also summarizes the total number of hazardous waste streams by sector and the estimated total volume of hazardous wastes generated annually. At this time, however, EPA has insufficient information to determine whether the following nine sectors also generate wastes that could be classified as mineral processing wastes: Bromine, Gemstones, Iodine, Lithium, Lithium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Sodium Sulfate, and Strontium. -
Gold Extraction from Paleochannel Ores Using an Aerated Alkaline Glycine Lixiviant for Consideration in Heap and In-Situ Leaching Applications E.A
Gold extraction from paleochannel ores using an aerated alkaline glycine lixiviant for consideration in heap and in-situ leaching applications E.A. Orabya,c, J.J. Eksteena*, A. Karrechb, M. Attarb aFaculty of Science and Engineering, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia bDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Australia c Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The decreasing grades of some gold deposits combined with the increasing depths, difficult surface topography, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures often make the processing of such deposits infeasible by conventional mining, comminution and leaching technologies. To overcome these problems, the application of in-place, in-situ, and heap leaching often represent an optimal solution that minimises the capital and operating costs associated with mining and processing operations. Non- toxic, low cost lixiviants that are stable over an extended range of pH and Eh are required to provide any practical solution to ISL. Since ISL has the inherent benefit of increased natural rock temperature and pressure, glycine-based systems can be considered to extract valuable metals. Based on earlier studies on glycine leaching of pure gold foil, this research shows that Western Australian paleochannel ores are amenable to glycine-based ISL, at elevated alkalinity. The effects of pH, temperature, free glycine, ferric ions, sodium chloride and solids percentages on the kinetics of gold extraction were assessed. More than 85% of the gold can be extracted from ore with solutions containing 15 g/L glycine at pH 12.5 in 336 hours. -
Sell-1559, Leaching
CONTACT INFORMATION Mining Records Curator Arizona Geological Survey 416 W. Congress St., Suite 100 Tucson, Arizona 85701 520-770-3500 http://www.azgs.az.gov [email protected] The following file is part of the James Doyle Sell Mining Collection ACCESS STATEMENT These digitized collections are accessible for purposes of education and research. We have indicated what we know about copyright and rights of privacy, publicity, or trademark. Due to the nature of archival collections, we are not always able to identify this information. We are eager to hear from any rights owners, so that we may obtain accurate information. Upon request, we will remove material from public view while we address a rights issue. CONSTRAINTS STATEMENT The Arizona Geological Survey does not claim to control all rights for all materials in its collection. These rights include, but are not limited to: copyright, privacy rights, and cultural protection rights. The User hereby assumes all responsibility for obtaining any rights to use the material in excess of “fair use.” The Survey makes no intellectual property claims to the products created by individual authors in the manuscript collections, except when the author deeded those rights to the Survey or when those authors were employed by the State of Arizona and created intellectual products as a function of their official duties. The Survey does maintain property rights to the physical and digital representations of the works. QUALITY STATEMENT The Arizona Geological Survey is not responsible for the accuracy of the records, information, or opinions that may be contained in the files. The Survey collects, catalogs, and archives data on mineral properties regardless of its views of the veracity or accuracy of those data. -
Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application As Absorber Material in Silicon Base
Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application as Absorber Material in Silicon based Thin Film Solar Cells Maurice René Nuys Member of the Helmholtz Association Member of the Energie & Umwelt / Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Energy & Environment Band/ Volume 291 Band/ Volume 291 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 291 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Energy and Climate Research Photovoltaics (IEK-5) Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application as Absorber Material in Silicon based Thin Film Solar Cells Maurice René Nuys Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 291 ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Publisher and Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Distributor: Zentralbibliothek 52425 Jülich Tel: +49 2461 61-5368 Fax: +49 2461 61-6103 Email: [email protected] www.fz-juelich.de/zb Cover Design: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Printer: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Copyright: Forschungszentrum Jülich 2015 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment, Band / Volume 291 D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2015) ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 The complete volume is freely available on the Internet on the Jülicher Open Access Server (JuSER) at www.fz-juelich.de/zb/openaccess. Neither this book nor any part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. -
The Metallurgy of Antimony
Chemie der Erde 72 (2012) S4, 3–8 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemie der Erde journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/chemer The metallurgy of antimony Corby G. Anderson ∗ Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy, George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States article info abstract Article history: Globally, the primary production of antimony is now isolated to a few countries and is dominated by Received 4 October 2011 China. As such it is currently deemed a critical and strategic material for modern society. The metallurgical Accepted 10 April 2012 principles utilized in antimony production are wide ranging. This paper will outline the mineral pro- cessing, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical concepts used in the industrial Keywords: primary production of antimony. As well an overview of the occurrence, reserves, end uses, production, Antimony and quality will be provided. Stibnite © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Tetrahedrite Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Electrometallurgy Mineral processing Extractive metallurgy Production 1. Background bullets and armory. The start of mass production of automobiles gave a further boost to antimony, as it is a major constituent of Antimony is a silvery, white, brittle, crystalline solid that lead-acid batteries. The major use for antimony is now as a trioxide exhibits poor conductivity of electricity and heat. It has an atomic for flame-retardants. number of 51, an atomic weight of 122 and a density of 6.697 kg/m3 ◦ ◦ at 26 C. Antimony metal, also known as ‘regulus’, melts at 630 C 2. Occurrence and mineralogy and boils at 1380 ◦C. -
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This Page Intentionally Left Blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This page intentionally left blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper Mark E. Schlesinger Matthew J. King Kathryn C. Sole William G. Davenport AMSTERDAM l BOSTON l HEIDELBERG l LONDON NEW YORK l OXFORD l PARIS l SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO l SINGAPORE l SYDNEY l TOKYO Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 1976 Second edition 1980 Third edition 1994 Fourth edition 2002 Fifth Edition 2011 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@ elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-096789-9 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 Photo credits: Secondary cover photograph shows anode casting furnace at Palabora Mining Company, South Africa. -
Metals from Ores: an Introduction
CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Mini Review Aspects Min Miner Sci ISSN 2578-0255 Metals from Ores: An Introduction Fathi Habashi* Department of Mining, Laval University, Canada *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Submission: October 09, 2017; Published: December 11, 2017 Introduction of metallic lustre. Of these about 300 are used industrially in the chemical industry, in building materials, in fertilizers, as fuels, etc., chemical composition, constant physical properties, and a A mineral is a naturally occurring substance having a definite characteristic crystalline form. Ores are a mixture of minerals: they are processed to yield an industrial mineral or treated chemically and are known as the industrial minerals Figure 3. to yield a single or several metals. Ores that are generally processed for only a single metal are those of iron, aluminium, chromium, tin, mercury, manganese, tungsten, and some ores of copper. Gold ores may yield only gold, but silver is a common associate. Nickel ores are always associated with cobalt, while lead and zinc always occur together in ores. All other ores are complex yielding a number of metals. before being treated by chemical methods to recover the metals. Ores undergo a beneficiation process by physical methods and grinding then separation of the individual mineral by physical Figure 2: Metals and metalloids obtained from ores. Beneficiation processes involve liberation of minerals by crushing methods (gravity, magnetic, etc.) or physicochemical methods pyrometallurgical, and electrochemical methods. Metals and (flotation) Figure 1. Chemical methods involve hydrometallurgical, metalloids obtained from ores are shown in Figure 2. -
Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee, -
Generic Environmental Impact Statement for In-Situ
GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR IN-SITU LEACH URANIUM MILLING FACILITIES SCOPING SUMMARY REPORT JUNE 2008 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Rockville, Maryland 1. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) expects to receive a number of new license applications for uranium milling at sites in the states of Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming and New Mexico over the next several years. NRC anticipates that most of these potential license applications will involve uranium milling facilities that would use the in-situ leach (ISL) process. Because there are environmental issues common to ISL milling facilities, NRC has prepared a Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS) to evaluate the potential environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation, aquifer restoration, and decommissioning at future ISL milling facilities in specific regions of interest within these four western states, where NRC is the licensing authority for uranium milling. In the ISL process, a leaching agent, such as oxygen with sodium bicarbonate, is added to native ground water for injection through wells into the subsurface ore body to dissolve the uranium. The leach solution, containing the dissolved uranium, is pumped back to the surface and sent to a processing plant, where ion exchange is used to separate the uranium from the solution. The underground leaching of the uranium also frees other metals and minerals from the host rock. Operators of ISL facilities are required to restore the ground water affected by the leaching operations. The milling process concentrates the recovered uranium into the product known as "yellowcake" (U3O8). This yellowcake is then shipped to uranium conversion facilities for further processing in the overall uranium fuel cycle.