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Estudio Sistemático Y Biogeográfico Del Género Apodanthera Arn

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Estudio Sistemático Y Biogeográfico Del Género Apodanthera Arn Estudio sistemático y biogeográfico del género Apodanthera Arn. (Cucurbitaceae) Trabajo de tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Alumno: Lic. Manuel Joaquín Belgrano Directores: Dr. Fernando Omar Zuloaga & Raúl Ernesto Pozner Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata 2012 A Nataly, Margarita, Juan Martín y Manuel que hacen de este mundo el mejor de los mundos Agradecimientos Muchas fueron las personas que me brindado su ayuda durante los años que demandó este trabajo de tesis, a riesgo de olvidar mencionar a alguna de ellas, desearía agradecer muy especialmente: A Fernando Zuloaga y Raúl Pozner, mis directores de tesis, por su enorme generosidad, permanente asistencia e infinita paciencia, por los viajes de colección compartidos, en fin, por poner a mi alcance todos los recursos necesarios y la mejor disposición para que este trabajo se llevara a cabo. A mi familia por su apoyo incondicional, a mis padres por su dedicación y estímulo desde siempre, a mis hermanos, y en especial a Nataly, mi mujer, por haberse multiplicado por mil para cubrir mis ausencias. Al personal del Instituto Darwinion, mi lugar de trabajo desde hace 14 años, donde he encontrado excelentes colegas y mejores amigos; a todos ellos mi más profundo agradecimiento. Por haber colaborado en temas puntuales referidos a esta tesis, quisiera mencionar en forma especial a Amalia Scataglini, por su imprescindible ayuda para llevar adelante el estudio filogenético; a Norma Deginani, por su gestión en la recepción de los especímenes en préstamo; a Francisco Rojas, Vladimiro Dudás, Martín Schinocca y Jennifer Costelo por sus maravillosas ilustraciones; a Marieta Múlgura por solventar los gastos de impresión e ilustración de esta tesis; a Amalia Suárez, por soportar el habitual desorden que provoco en la oficina que compartimos, a Rosa Guaglianone por sus cartas de recomendación en la búsqueda de subsidios, al personal de biblioteca por su siempre amable asistencia; a Osvaldo Morrone, un amigo que siempre recordaré, por compartir un viaje de colección a Bolivia en busca de Apodanthera (y de gramíneas, claro!) y que, seguramente, hubiese estado feliz de ver mi trabajo concluido. Al personal del Departamento de Postgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo por su amable orientación durante el cursado de la carrera, en especial a la Dra. Mirta García. A los curadores y personal de los herbarios visitados por su amabilidad y asistencia, en especial a Mirta Arriaga (BA), Gustavo Giberti (BAF), Roy Vickery (BM), Ariza Espinar (CORD), Aurelio Schinini y Antonio Krapovickas (CTES), Sara Edwards (K), Laura Iharlegui (LP), Caroline Loup (P) y Pola Figueroa (LIL), a quien recordaré especialmente. También al personal de las instituciones norteamericanas que me han enviado sus colecciones en préstamo (UC, US, F, GH, NY, TEX). A International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) y Myndel Botanica Foundation por los subsidios otorgados para realizar viajes de colección en el norte de la Argentina y nordeste de Brasil, a la Mellon Foundation, que hizo posible las visitas a los herbarios de Londres, Kew y París. A André Amorim (CEPEC), con quien realizamos un productivo viaje de colección por el estado de Bahia (Brasil), quien además, me brindó su hospitalidad y apoyo desinteresado. A Brigitte Marazzi, por contribuir con obras no disponibles en nuestro pais y material de Norteamérica. A Sofie de Smedt y Piet Stofelen (BR), Olof Ryding e Ib Friis (C), Tom Wendt (TEX, LL), Olivier Durvin (P), Flor Retana Rentería (CIDIIR) y Edeline Gagnon (Universidad de Montreal), por el envío de imágenes de alta resolución del material depositado en sus respectivas instituciones. A Michael Nee (NY) por su amable ayuda para estudiar el género Guraniopsis y por el envío de fotografías de los ejemplares depositados en USM. A Susanne Renner & Hano Schaefer (M) por sus valiosos comentarios y literatura provista. Índice de contenidos 1. Introducción ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Presentación general .......................................................................................................... 1 Hipótesis más relevantes ..................................................................................................... 2 Objetivos principales ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2. La familia Cucurbitaceae .................................................................................................... 3 1.3. El género Apodanthera ....................................................................................................... 3 Antecedentes ........................................................................................................................ 3 Clasificación infragenérica y distribución geográfica ............................................................ 5 Relaciones intergenéricas ..................................................................................................... 6 2. Estudio morfológico ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1. Materiales y métodos .......................................................................................................... 10 Tipificación ...........................................................................................................................11 Delimitación taxonómica ......................................................................................................12 2.2. Resultados y discusión ....................................................................................................... 15 Hábito .................................................................................................................................. 15 Dioecia vs. monoecia ........................................................................................................ .. 15 Raíz ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Tallos ................................................................................................................................... 18 Indumento ........................................................................................................................... 18 Hojas ................................................................................................................................... 21 Zarcillos ............................................................................................................................... 23 Inflorescencias estaminadas y carpeladas ......................................................................... 23 Flores estaminadas ............................................................................................................. 25 Polen ................................................................................................................................... 27 Flores carpeladas ............................................................................................................... 27 Frutos .................................................................................................................................. 28 Semillas .............................................................................................................................. 29 Fenología ............................................................................................................................ 31 3. Estudio filogenético ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1. Materiales y métodos .......................................................................................................... 32 Caracteres moleculares ...................................................................................................... 32 Caracteres morfológicos ..................................................................................................... 33 Análisis cladístico ................................................................................................................ 36 Optimización de caracteres .................................................................................................37 3.2. Resultados y discusión ....................................................................................................... 37 Información molecular obtenida .......................................................................................... 37 Información morfologica obtenida (matriz de caracteres morfológicos) ............................. 39 Análisis filogenéticos ........................................................................................................... 40 Optimización de caracteres .................................................................................................44 4. Tratamiento taxonómico ..................................................................................................... 49 Clave de los géneros tratados .......................................................................................... 50 Clave de los géneros y de las especies de posición dudosa tratados ............................. 51 Apodanthera ..................................................................................................................
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