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FINAL REPORT Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semiarid Southwest: Implications for Conservation and Management

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FINAL REPORT Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semiarid Southwest: Implications for Conservation and Management FINAL REPORT Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semiarid Southwest: Implications for Conservation and Management SERDP Project RC-1726 JULY 2015 Juliet Stromberg Erika Gallo Kathleen Lohse Thomas Meixner Eric Moody John Sabo Danika Setaro Arizona State University Distribution Statement A This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 24-07-2015 Final 26-04-2010 to 31-08-2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER W912HQ-10-C-0028 5b. GRANT NUMBER Structure and Function of Ephemeral Streams in the Arid and Semiarid RC-1726 Southwest and Implications for Conservation and Management, Version 2 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER NA 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER NA Juliet C. Stromberg, Erika L. Gallo, Kathleen A. Lohse, Thomas Meixner, 5e. TASK NUMBER All tasks Eric K. Moody, John L. Sabo, and Danika L. Setaro 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER NA 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER LMS 0409 and LMS 0410 School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-4501 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program 4800 MARK CENTER DRIVE, SERDP 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT SUITE 17D08 NUMBER(S) ALEXANDRIA VA 22350-3600 RC-1726 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT This information is publicly available. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This project’s goal was to improve understanding of the hydroclimatic drivers of biotic communities and ecosystem processes in ephemeral stream channels as a basis for projecting response to regional climate change. Data were collected on stream hydrology, litter decomposition, nutrients, vegetation, seed banks, and ground-dwelling soil arthropods. Relationships between rainfall and stream flow permanence varied by stream flow type. Duration of flow and precipitation were decoupled for intermittent and semiperennial streams because of contributions from groundwater discharge and the vadose zone. Decomposition and nutrient release were tightly coupled to stream flow for the narrow band along the stream channel, but not for the associated riparian zone. Along the continuum from ephemeral to semiperennial stream flow, trade-offs were apparent between riparian plant biomass (high at wetter sites) and plant species diversity (high at dry sites with sparse canopy). Ground dwelling arthropods were strongly influenced by flow permanence, with effects being seasonally dynamic. The results demonstrate the need to conserve a variety of stream flow types to meet the sometimes mutually exclusive goals of high ecosystem productivity and high species richness. The many small, unnamed ephemeral streams in the piedmont of the Huachuca Mountains and Barry Goldwater Range have high conservation value. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Ephemeral stream, riparian, hydrology, semiarid region, diversity, climate change 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Juliet C, Stromberg a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE SAR 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) U U U 140 (602)520-8643 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Table of Contents Abstract...........................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. Objectives .....................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2. Background...................................................................................................................4 Chapter 3. Materials and Methods.................................................................................................11 Chapter 4: Flow Regimes and Infiltration Potential of Streams in Southwestern USA................24 Chapter 5. Variation in Ephemeral Stream Vegetation Along an Aridity Gradient......................41 Chapter 6. Plant Diversity and Biomass Along a Stream Flow Gradient .....................................57 Chapter 7. Riparian and Upland Soil Seed Banks Along an Aridity Gradient..............................73 Chapter 8. Arthropod Diversity Gradients Along Temporary Stream Channels...........................78 Chapter 9. Secondary Production of Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates Along a Gradient of Stream Flow Permanence..................................................................................................84 Chapter 10. Controls of Temporary Stream Flow and Water Presence on Rates of Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release in Dryland Ecosystems..........................................91 Chapter 11. Conclusions and Implications for Future Research/Implementation............................108 Chapter 12. Literature Cited...............................................................................................................119 ii List of Tables Table 3.1. Catchment characteristics of study sites.......................................................................21 Table 4.1. Percent annual stream flow and water presence at each study reach............................28 Table 4.2. Regressions of percent stream flow and water presence versus precipitation..............29 Table 4.3. Annnual and seasonal stream flow and percent water presence, by stream type........30 Table 4.4. Stream substrate characteristics and potential infiltration at each study reach............31 Table 5.1. Attributes of seven ephemeral study streams..............................................................43 Table 5.2. Percent distribution of plant species by growth form...................................................44 Table 5.3. Diversity measures for herbaceous species of ephemeral streams ..............................45 Table 6.1. Relationships between riparian zone plant species richness and physical variables....60 Table 6.2. Relationships between vegetation abundance and physical variables..........................61 Table 6.3. Relationships between understory richness and cover and overstory abundance........62 Table 7.1 Description of study areas for riparian seed bank study................................................74 Table 8.1. Predictors of α-diversity ..............................................................................................79 Table 8.2. Predictors of b-diversity...............................................................................................80 Table 9.1. Biomass summary table...............................................................................................86 Table 10.1. Effect of water presence on decomposition................................................................94 Table 10.2. Soil characteristics for sites in different flow categories............................................95 Table 10.3. Additional soil characteristics for sites in different flow categories..........................96 Table 11.1. Summary of attributes of stream flow types within Huachuca Mountains..............118 iii List of Figures Fig. 2.1. Conceptual model of processes influencing riparian biota of temporary streams...........10 Fig. 3.1. Study sites in southern Arizona.......................................................................................22 Fig. 3.2. Typical electrical conductivity profile for a runoff event at a monitoring reach............23 Fig. 4.1. Percent annual stream flow and percent annual water presence versus mean annual precipitation and versus stream channel density ...............................................................32 Fig. 4.2. Dendrogram of temporary streams based on percent annual stream flow presence and percent annual water presence....................................................................................33 Fig. 4.3. Box plots of percent annual stream flow, percent annual water presence, and ratio of water presence to stream flow,
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