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Characterization of Yellow Latosols (Oxisols) of Serra Do Quilombo, in Piauí State Savanna Woodlands - Brazil1

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Characterization of Yellow Latosols (Oxisols) of Serra Do Quilombo, in Piauí State Savanna Woodlands - Brazil1 Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ISSN 0100-316X (impresso) Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação ISSN 1983-2125 (online) http://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/index.php/sistema http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n407rc CHARACTERIZATION OF YELLOW LATOSOLS (OXISOLS) OF SERRA DO QUILOMBO, IN PIAUÍ STATE SAVANNA WOODLANDS - BRAZIL1 ROSSANNA BARBOSA PRAGANA2*, VALDOMIRO SEVERINO DE SOUZA JUNIOR3, REGIANA DOS SANTOS MOURA4, JORDÂNIA MEDEIROS SOARES5 ABSTRACT – The savanna woodlands of Piauí state has great economic importance since it is an area for agricultural expansion, being the fourth most important of Brazil and the first from Brazilian Northeastern. The area accounts for 5.9% of the Brazilian savanna woodlands and 36.9% of the Northeastern savanna, covering 46% of the Piauí state area, in a total of 11.5 million hectares. The goal of this research was to study pedoenvironments of Serra do Quilombo region, which is in Piauí state savanna, as well as identifying existing soil classes, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification - SiBCS. Soil identification consisted in characterizing soil profiles along a transect, assessing in-field conditions and collecting soil samples, in areas of native vegetation. The samples were gathered from three distinct points, being two at the edges and one at the center of the plateau. Soil analyses were carried out with samples collected from each horizon through trench digging up to a 2-m depth. Morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations were performed for each soil profile, along with an evaluation of the effect of pedogenic factors on their formation and development. All soils under study were formed with source materials of the same geological formation; however, each rock has a distinct contribution to the process, involving sandstones and shales. The characteristics observed in the soil from Serra do Quilombo have no difference from the pattern found in the Brazilian plateaus, and soil profiles were classified as dystrophic clayey Yellow Latosols (Oxisols), according to the SiBCS. Key words: Soil classification. Latosolization. Pedogenesis. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE LATOSSOLOS AMARELOS DA SERRA DO QUILOMBO NO CERRADO PIAUIENSE RESUMO - O Cerrado piauiense tem grande importância econômica por ser uma área de expansão agrícola, sendo o quarto mais importante do Brasil e o primeiro do Nordeste. Representa 5,9 % do cerrado brasileiro, 36,9 % do nordestino e 46 % da área total do Estado do Piauí, ao todo são 11,5 milhões de hectares. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar os pedoambientes da Serra do Quilombo, localizada no cerrado piauiense, e identificar as classes de solos existentes de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. A identificação dos solos consistiu na caracterização de perfis de solo ao longo de um transecto, com a avaliação e coleta de solos em áreas de vegetação nativa, em três pontos, sendo nas extremidades e no centro da chapada. A análise dos solos e a coleta de amostras de cada horizonte dos três perfis de solo foram realizadas mediante abertura de trincheiras, com 2 m de profundidade. Foi feita a caracterização morfológica, física, química e mineralógica de cada perfil dos solos, juntamente com avaliação da influência dos fatores pedogenéticos na sua formação e evolução. Os solos estudados são formados de materiais de origem da mesma formação geológica, no entanto, com diferentes contribuições das diversas rochas, envolvendo arenitos e folhelhos. As características dos solos verificadas na Serra do Quilombo não diferem do padrão comumente observado nas chapadas do Brasil, sendo os perfis classificados como LATOSSOLOS AMARELOS Distróficos argissólicos, de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. Palavras-chave: Classificação de solo. Latossolização. Pedogênese. ________________ *Corresponding author 1Received for publication in 10/22/2014; accepted in 06/16/2016. Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. 2Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil; [email protected]. 3Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; [email protected]. 4Department of agricultural engineering, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil; [email protected]. 5Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; [email protected]. Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 29, n. 4, p. 832 – 840, out. – dez., 2016 832 CHARACTERIZATION OF YELLOW LATOSOLS (OXISOLS) OF SERRA DO QUILOMBO, IN PIAUÍ STATE SAVANNA WOODLANDS - BRAZIL R. B. PRAGANA et al. INTRODUCTION characteristic of subsurface horizons, which are hard to much hard when dried, becoming friable or The savanna environment of Piauí state has solid when moist. Its acric feature is characterized by great economic importance since it is an area for showing a B-horizon of low cation retention and clay agricultural expansion, which has provided CEC too low, besides being oxidic, since they have leadership of gross domestic product growth to the already undergone kaolinitic phase (SANTOS et al., soybean producing cities in Piauí for the last 20 2013a; ALLEONI; CAMARGO, 1995). years. The savanna macro-region of this state This research focused on studying the occupies third place in Gross Domestic Product pedoenvironments of soil in Serra do Quilombo, a (GDP) of the state, with a relative share of 11.6% of place located within Piauí state savanna region, as GDP (NEIVA et al., 2007). The area stands for 5.9 well as identify the existing soil classes classifying % of the Brazilian savanna, 36.9 % of the them according to the Brazilian System of Soil Northeastern region and covers 46 % of the entire Classification. state (FUNDAÇÃO CEPRO, 1992). Understanding soil formation is imperative to subsidizing decision making regarding its MATERIAL AND METHODS management. Relief causes changes in soil properties at a varied scale, such as affecting soil depths. Serra do Quilombo is located in southwestern Furthermore, weather conditions are also liable to Piauí state, between the cities of Uruçuí and Bom influence such variations (CAMPOS et al., 2007). Jesus, being included within the savanna region of Casseti et al. (1994) evaluated the state. Local climate is hot and humid tropical geomorphological traits of latosol formation in with a well-defined dry season (Aw type according central Brazil that are similar to those observed in to Köppen classification). Annual averages of soils of the savanna region in Piauí state. The authors temperature and rainfall have been 26 ºC and 1,000 postulated that plains landscapes are associated to mm, respectively (AGUIAR; GOMES, 2004). dry climates. Ancient morphoclimatic processes, The predominant relief of Serra do Quilombo whose disaggregated material was resulted from a can be classified as a tabular plateau with flat dry and semi-arid period within Pennsylvanian, can landscape, whose shall not exceed 3%, lying at explain either relief shape or correlate deposits. altitudes of 400-500 meters (JACOMINE et al., The effects of Pennsylvanian hot climate are 1986). Regarding the geological formation, rocks of observed through flatness of the extensive Piauí Group are prevalent, being made up of pinkish landscapes. These conditions favored weathering of medium sandstones interlayered with red and green rocks, whose detritus dragged by torrential rains, siltstones, reddish sandstones interbedded with beds typical semiarid, filling slumps throughout the and laminae of red siltstones, thin beds of limestones terrain, resulting in extensive flat surfaces and evaporites (SANTOS; CARVALHO, 2009). (CASSETI et al., 1994). Nowadays, climate is Associations of sandstones and shales make up the considered sub-humid, with an annual rainfall lithological unit (AGUIAR; GOMES, 2004). average of 1000 mm, which is responsible for drying Moreover, the area is covered by a semideciduous out the flat surfaces. savanna-like vegetation, called cerrado, with Several studies have pointed out that latosols caatinga to cerrado transitions areas along the slopes. cover the planning surfaces, being one of the most The soils were identified by collecting common soils of savanna plateaus of flat to gently samples along a transect observing and gathering the undulating relief, over a vast area in Brazil soil at three points within the Serra do Quilombo, 30 (FERREIRA, et al., 2010; KER, 1998; FERREIRA, km apart from each other, as shown in Figure 1. et al., 2010). These sampling points were set in fields of native According to Jacomine et al. (1986), soils on vegetation, one at each end of the plateau and a third upper tabular surfaces are classified as dystrophic one in the center of it, the area has a length of 70 km. Yellow Latosols (Oxisols), whose Bw horizon shows The three studied soil profiles are located along a a clay activity smaller than 13 cmolc kg-1 of clay, Ki 59-km-long transect, being: Profile 1 (P1) at 9° 18’ molecular ratio higher than most of the tropical 00’’ S latitude, 44° 37’ 33’’ W longitude and 517 m Latosols (Oxisols) (1.8 and 2.2), Kr molecular ratio altitude; Profile 2 (P2) at 9° 16’ 0.24’’ S latitude, 44° greater than or equal to 1.40; rate of Fe2O3 from 52’ 40.6’’ W longitude and 652 m altitude; and sulfuric attack below 10%; ratio between Fe2O3 rate Profile 3 (P3) at 9° 10’ 40.85’’ S latitude, 45° 07’ and the sum of oxides from sulfuric attack being less 07’’ W longitude and 569 m altitude. P2 and P3 are than 0.20, besides of showing predominance of part of a statutory reserve belonging to soybean kaolinite within the clay fraction. farms; yet P1 has been eventually used for extensive Other pedogenic traits related to latosols are livestock production. cohesion and acric nature. Cohesion is a typical 833 Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 29, n. 4, p. 832 – 840, out. – dez., 2016 CHARACTERIZATION OF YELLOW LATOSOLS (OXISOLS) OF SERRA DO QUILOMBO, IN PIAUÍ STATE SAVANNA WOODLANDS - BRAZIL R. B. PRAGANA et al.
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