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Redalyc.CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL of SPECIFIC IONS IN Revista Caatinga ISSN: 0100-316X [email protected] Universidade Federal Rural do Semi- Árido Brasil PAIVA DE OLIVEIRA, ANDLER MILTON; MEDEIROS REBOUÇAS, CEZAR AUGUSTO; DA SILVA DIAS, NILDO; CRUZ PORTELA, JEANE; ARAÚJO DINIZ, ADRIANA CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL OF SPECIFIC IONS IN SOIL TREATED WITH REJECT BRINE FROM DESALINATION PLANTS Revista Caatinga, vol. 29, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2016, pp. 569-577 Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido Mossoró, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237146823005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ISSN 0100-316X (impresso) Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação ISSN 1983-2125 (online) http://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/index.php/sistema CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL OF SPECIFIC IONS IN SOIL TREATED WITH REJECT BRINE FROM DESALINATION PLANTS1 ANDLER MILTON PAIVA DE OLIVEIRA2, CEZAR AUGUSTO MEDEIROS REBOUÇAS2, NILDO DA SILVA DIAS2*, JEANE CRUZ PORTELA2, ADRIANA ARAÚJO DINIZ2 ABSTRACT - Percolation columns constructed in the Laboratory can predict the degree of contamination in soil due to reject brine disposal and can be a tool for reducing environmental impacts. This study aim to evaluate the mobilization of ions in reject brine from desalination process by reverse osmosis. The mobilization of the contaminant ions in the saline waste was studied in glass percolation columns, which were filled with soil of contrasting textures (eutrophic CAMBISOL, typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, ENTISOL Quartzipsamment). Experiments ware repeated three times each, and the initial and final concentrations of the ion contaminants were analyzed. The pollution potential of this wastewater was determined by the retardation factor and dispersion-diffusion coefficient of K+, Cl- and Na+ for each studied soil. The differences in the displacement curves of the ions present in the saline waste among various soil types were analyzed. The Entisol Quartzipsamment showed a higher forward speed of the ions K+ and Cl- (greater retardation factor, i.e., greater power of the subsurface contamination for these ions). In typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, the ions move with greater ease and therefore produced greater groundwater contamination. In eutrophic CAMBISOL, the low coefficient of diffusion-dispersion in all ions was evaluated (i.e., reduced ion mobility is directly influenced by their exchangeable levels). Keywords: Semi-arid. Water reuse. Reverse osmosis. POTENCIAL CONTAMINANTE DE ÍONS ESPECÍFICOS EM SOLOS TRATADOS COM REJEITO DE DESSALINIZADORES RESUMO - As colunas de percolação, construídas em Laboratório, podem predizer o grau de contaminação nos solos receptores do rejeito da dessalinização da água, podendo ser uma ferramenta de prevenção a impactos ambientais. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a mobilização de íons presentes nos rejeitos salinos proveniente do processo de dessalinização das águas salobras. A mobilização dos íons contaminante no rejeito salino foi estudada em colunas de percolação construída de vidro, as quais foram preenchidas com solos de textura contrastante (CAMBISSOLO Eutrófico, LATOSSOLO Vermelho distrófico, NEOSSOLO Quartzarênico), com três repetições cada, sendo analisada as suas concentrações inicial e final dos íons contaminantes. Para a avaliação do potencial de poluição deste resíduo foi determinado o fator de retardamento e o coeficiente de difusão-dispersão dos íons K+, Cl- e Na+ para cada solo estudado. Houve diferença das curvas de deslocamento dos íons presentes no rejeito salino entre os tipos de solos. O Neossolo apresentou maior velocidade de avanço dos íons K+ e Cl-, ou seja, maior poder de contaminação em subsuperfície para estes íons. No Latossolo, os íons deslocam-se com maior facilidade e, portanto, maior facilidade de contaminação do lençol freático. No Cambissolo houve baixos valores de coeficiente de difusão-dispersão em todos os íons avaliados, ou seja, menor mobilidade dos íons, sendo diretamente influenciados pelos respectivos teores trocáveis. Palavras-chave: Semiárido. Reuso de água. Osmose reversa. _____________________ *Corresponding Author 1Received for publication in 07/31/2014; accepted in 04/22/2016. Extracted from the first author's Master's dissertation, funded by CNPq. 2Department of Environmental Sciences and Technological, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 29, n. 3, p. 569 – 577, jul. – set., 2016 569 CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL OF SPECIFIC IONS IN SOIL TREATED WITH REJECT BRINE FROM DESALINATION PLANTS A. M. P. OLIVEIRA et al. INTRODUCTION process by reverse osmosis is often inappropriately disposed of in soil and water sources, resulting in In the semi-arid region of Brazil, a major salinization and subsequent damaging of the physical challenge for the local population is the and chemical quality of these resources (SOUSA contamination of the water supply (GOMES et al., NETO et al., 2011; DIAS et al., 2010). According 2011; SOUSA NETO et al., 2011), which is used for Santos et al. (2011) and Silva et al. (2008), the human and animal consumption and food improper disposal of saline waste can severely production, and thus impacts the entire production impact the environment and negatively impact local chain (OLIVEIRA, 2012; HESPANHOL, 2002). quality of life and the economy. The capitation of groundwater is regarded as a viable The study of the ion dynamics occurring in alternative mode of access to this resource for the the reject brine from desalination plants discarded population (OLIVEIRA, 2012; COSME et al., 2011; into the soil is extremely important for the evaluation SANTOS et al., 2010a); however, groundwater use of the potential contamination of both soil and water in this region is restricted due to the high-salinity sources. We must consider that the ions present in (SILVA et al., 2011; OLIVEIRA et al., 2007; this water will behave differently depending on the AYRES; WESTCOT, 1999). According to the soil type. Therefore, the present study aims to Associação Brasileira de Águas Subterrânas (ABAS, evaluate the displacement of the contaminant ions in 2003), approximately 80% of the northeastern region the saline tailings water using percolation columns is predominantly composed of crystalline rocks and with different soils in order to determine the approximately 20% consists of sedimentary rocks pollution potential of this water. that may present a high salt concentration. In the semi-arid region the main aquifers are arranged in sedimentary formations, e.g., Jandaíra MATERIAL AND METHODS aquifer, which has restrictions on use due to the high degree of salinization (MEDEIROS et al. 2003; The percolation column is a tool used to ABAS, 2003). In such cases, due to the high salinity, simulate the behavior of solute movement through water is pre-treated by a reverse osmosis desalination soil. This is based on the principle of process (OLIVEIRA, 2012; DIAS et al, 2011b). This accommodation of previously treated soil with well- technique is very commonly used in arid and semi- known physical characteristics, followed by the arid regions (SANTOS et al. 2010c; VOUTCHKOV, application of the solution to be studied in the soil 2004). The reverse osmosis process is used in the and subsequently by infiltration and the collection of desalination of brackish water (SCHNEIDER; the predetermined pore volumes. Importantly, the TSUTIYA, 2001), however, in addition to generating dimensions of the column are measured in order to high quality water, this desalination process also calculate the pore volume to be collected. generates waste products (approximately 50% of the The experiment was carried out at the Rural processed water) (DIAS et al., 2011a; SOARES et Federal University of Semi-Árido (UFERSA) Soil al., 2006; PORTO; AMORIM; SILVA JUNIOR, Physics Laboratory. Three soil types from different 2001), which have a higher salinity than that of the regions of Baraúna - Natal, State of Rio Grande do water collected in the aquifer. Norte, were used. The classification of the soils and Saline wastewater from from desalination their locations are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Studied soil classifications and locations. Classification (SiBCS) Location (RN) eutrophic CAMBISOL Baraúna typic dystrophic Red OXISOL Alagoinha, Mossoró Entisol Quartzipsamment Boa Fé, Mossoró 1 SiBCS -Brazilian Soil Classification System. Each percolation column was filled with one The soil was collected in a zigzag pattern for type of soil sample, and the experiment was the percolation study to ensure that representative performed in triplicate, producing a total of nine samples were obtained from each site. The samples experimental units. The soil was filled to a height of were collected from the layeres soil profile 0-20 cm. 0.20 m within the percolation column, with a Soil samples with deformed structures were crushed stone layer of 0.005 m (1.00 to 0.50 mm) as collected for physical and chemical analyses and a base to facilitate drainage and to prevent loss of were collected from the air-dried fine earth fraction soil material (Fig. 1). (ADFE). For the physical analyses of soil bulk density and total porosity,
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