Study of Fragments of Mural Paintings from the Roman Province Of
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Study of fragments of mural paintings from the Roman province of Germania Superior Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree Doctor rer. nat. of the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany by Rafaela Debastiani Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany 2016 Name of Dean: Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag Name of Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Michael Fiederle Name of 2nd Reviewer: PD Dr. Andreas Danilewsky Date of thesis' defense: 03.02.2017 “The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled” Plutarch Contents Nomenclature ........................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 5 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................ 7 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9 2. Analytical techniques in the non-destructive analyses of fragments of mural paintings ..13 2.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ..........................................................................13 2.1.1 Synchrotron-based scanning macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) .................17 2.1.2 Synchrotron-based scanning micro X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) .....................19 2.2 Raman Spectroscopy .............................................................................................20 2.2.1 Experimental setup .........................................................................................21 2.3 X-ray Computed Tomography ................................................................................22 2.3.1 Experimental setup .........................................................................................23 3. Samples background .....................................................................................................25 3.1 Historical background .............................................................................................25 3.2 Roman mural painting technique ............................................................................28 3.3 Pigments ................................................................................................................30 3.4 Description of the samples .....................................................................................34 4. Analysis of red pigments applied in Roman mural painting fragments from province of Germania Superior through analytical techniques ................................................................37 a. Villa of Koblenz Stadtwald Remstecken .....................................................................40 b. Village of Weißenthurm “Am guten Mann” .................................................................44 c. Villa of Mendig Lungenkärchen ..................................................................................47 d. Villa of Mülheim-Kärlich “Im Depot” ............................................................................51 e. Villa of Wössingen .....................................................................................................53 f. Civitas Rottenburg Sumelocenna ...............................................................................55 g. Civitas capital Ladenburg Lopodunum .......................................................................62 i h. Colonia Augusta Raurica ...........................................................................................64 Augusta Raurica – Insula 36..........................................................................................65 Augusta Raurica – Insula 39..........................................................................................67 4.1 Discussion of the red pigments analysis .................................................................72 5. Analysis of green and yellow pigments from Roman mural painting fragments through analytical techniques ............................................................................................................79 a. Villa of Koblenz Stadtwald Remstecken .....................................................................80 b. Village of Weißenthurm “Am guten Mann” .................................................................83 c. Villa of Mülheim-Kärlich “Im Depot” ............................................................................88 d. Colonia Augusta Raurica ...........................................................................................91 Augusta Raurica – Insula 36..........................................................................................91 Augusta Raurica – Insula 39..........................................................................................93 5.1 Discussions of green and yellow pigments analyses ..............................................97 6. X-ray computed tomography applied in the analysis of plaster of fragments from Roman mural painting ..................................................................................................................... 103 6.1 Results ................................................................................................................. 103 6.2 Discussion of the results regarding literature ........................................................ 108 7. Discussion and conclusions ........................................................................................ 113 A. Details and limits of MA-XRF for analysis of mural painting pigments .......................... 121 B. Publications and Conference Presentations ................................................................ 125 References ......................................................................................................................... 127 ii Nomenclature µ-XRF Synchrotron-based scanning micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 2D Two dimensional 3D Three dimensional BCE Before Common Era (BC) CE Common Era (AD) CT Computed tomography I36AURA Augusta Raurica – Insula 36 I39AURA Augusta Raurica – Insula 39 KOSR Koblenz Stadtwald Remstecken LALO Ladenburg Lopodunum MA-XRF Synchrotron-based scanning macro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy MELU Mendig Lungenkärchen MUEK Mülheim-Kärlich “Im Depot” ROSU Rottenburg Sumelocenna WEIS Weißenthurm “Am guten Mann” WOES Wössingen XRD X-ray diffraction 1 2 Acknowledgment I would like to thank everyone that in some way made part of this work. I would like to thank Prof. Baumbach and Prof. Fiederle for accepting me in their group and for their supervision. I want to thank Rolf Simon for being my mentor, his guidance and our discussions. I am very grateful to the museums that borrowed fragments for analysis, Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, Museum Augusta Raurica, Landesmuseum Württemberg, Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg and Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, you made this work possible. I am grateful to Stefan Wenzel and Nina Willburger, who gave me the contact of museums and archaeologists that could be interested in collaboration. I also want to thank Andrea Wähning and Susanne Erbelding (Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe), Nina Willburger (Landesmuseum Württemberg), Peter Henrich and Markus Meinen (Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz), Debora Schmid, Sandra Ammann and Maya Wartmann (Museum Augusta Raurica), Patricia Schlemper and Julia Gräf (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg), for their support and for giving me information regarding the fragments and archaeological questions. I want to thank Stefan Heißler for making available the Raman spectrometer, his help with the experiments and fruitful discussions. I would like to thank Jörg Göttlicher, Ralph Steininger, David Batchelor for our discussions and collaboration. I want to thank my colleagues from IPS, Yang, Yin, Yuan-wei, Feng, Leonel for their friendship and company during these years. Thanks, Angelica, Markus and Elias, for the help with the CT experiments and reconstruction. Angelica, thank you for helping me with the segmentation of the CT data with Avizo. Thanks Yang for your help with PyMca and discussions. Thanks Ruth, for your advices and discussions. I would like to thank Prof. Clemens Heske, Anne Stößer, Margit Helma, Esra Aran, Sandra Richers and Joanna Norek for their assistance. 3 I want to thank CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for my PhD scholarship. Finally, I want to thank my family, my parents, my brother and my husband, Guilherme, for their support and love. Thanks, Gui, for making my days lighter, for coming with me to Germany, for your support, for all the discussions about this work and collaboration, for reading this thesis. Te amo. 4 Abstract Synchrotron-based scanning macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) was used to identify the pigments in red, green and yellow paint layers of fragmented Roman mural paintings. A selected area of a fragment was scanned with MA-XRF, from the fluorescence spectra elemental distribution maps were deduced and via comparison with optical images, the analyzed area was segmented and correlations between elements and pigments or plaster could be determined. In the