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Tackling Racism Seriously

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Tackling Racism Seriously Institut de Drets Humans / Facultat de Dret Doctor’s degree in Human rights, democracy and international justice TACKLING RACISM SERIOUSLY HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE UNDERPINNINGS OF ETHNIC RECOGNITION Doctoral thesis Author Supervisor Pier-Luc Dupont Ángeles Solanes Corella València, May 2017 Because they are rational creatures, sailors go to sea with the calculations already done; and all rational creatures go out on the sea of life with their minds made up on the common questions of right and wrong, as well as on many of the much harder questions of wise and foolish. And we can presume that they will continue to do so long as foresight continues to be a human quality. Whatever we adopt as the fundamental principle of morality, we need subordinate principles through which to apply it. John Stuart Mill It is important to be quite careful before seeing any tension between equality and liberty. Tension exists only when we specify conceptions of these broad terms that cannot peacefully coexist. Perhaps such incompatible conceptions cannot be defended. Perhaps the best conceptions of equality are entirely compatible with the best understandings of liberty. Cass Sunstein Neither in interpreting statutes nor precedents are judges confined to the alternatives of blind, arbitrary choice, or ‘mechanical’ deduction from rules with predetermined meaning. Very often their choice is guided by an assumption that the purpose of the rules which they are interpreting is a reasonable one, so that the rules are not intended to work injustice or offend settled moral principles. HLA Hart Rights is the child of law; from real law come real right; but from imaginary laws, from ‘laws of nature’, come imaginary rights… Natural rights is simple nonsense […], nonsense upon stilts. Jeremy Bentham Contents List of abbreviations .................................................................................... 7 Table of cases ............................................................................................... 9 Table of treaties and legislation ............................................................... 11 Table of official recommendations .......................................................... 13 Acknowledgements .................................................................................... 17 Resumen ..................................................................................................... 19 Summary .................................................................................................... 21 1. Introducción ........................................................................................... 23 1.1. El racismo en Europa occidental ...................................................................... 27 1.2. La promesa de los derechos humanos ............................................................. 31 1.3. Objetivos y método ............................................................................................ 35 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 42 1.1. Racism in Western Europe ............................................................................... 45 1.2. The promise of human rights law .................................................................... 49 1.3. Aims and method ............................................................................................... 53 2. Toward an anti-racist interpretation of human rights ...................... 59 2.1. Human rights and justice .................................................................................. 62 2.2. Justice and recognition ...................................................................................... 66 2.3. Recognition and multiculturalism .................................................................... 71 2.4. Multiculturalism, interculturalism and anti-racism: policy debates ............ 76 3. Structural determinants of racism ...................................................... 82 3.1. Exclusive political identities .............................................................................. 85 3.2. Stratification ...................................................................................................... 90 3.3. Perceived threat ................................................................................................. 95 3.4. Segregation ....................................................................................................... 101 4. Ethnic recognition and non-discrimination ...................................... 106 4.1. Structural prevention of employment discrimination .................................. 112 4.1.1. Ethnic monitoring ....................................................................................... 115 4.1.2. Administrative enforcement ....................................................................... 121 4.1.3. Mitigation of nationality discrimination ..................................................... 128 4.2. Positive action .................................................................................................. 133 4.2.1. Public management and contractual incentives .......................................... 136 4.2.2. Proportional representation......................................................................... 141 4.2.3. Symbolic elites ........................................................................................... 146 4.3. Cultural accommodation ................................................................................ 152 4.3.1. Invalidation of employee neutrality policies .............................................. 157 4.3.2. Good faith treatment of all ethnic practices................................................ 160 4.3.3. General allowance of symbolic identification ............................................ 165 5. Ethnic recognition and education ...................................................... 169 5.1. Critical multiperspectival curriculum ........................................................... 172 5.1.1. Participative standard-setting ..................................................................... 176 5.1.2. Moral judgement ........................................................................................ 180 5.1.3. Multiple perspectives .................................................................................. 183 5.2. Voluntary desegregation ................................................................................. 185 5.2.1. Parental choice ............................................................................................ 189 5.2.2. Teacher diversification ............................................................................... 192 5.2.3. Student mix ................................................................................................. 195 5.3. Regulation of private providers ..................................................................... 198 5.3.1. Minimal curriculum standards .................................................................... 204 5.3.2. Mutually exclusive public subsidies and pupil fees ................................... 209 5.3.3. Non-discrimination and positive action ...................................................... 212 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 216 6. Conclusión ............................................................................................ 229 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 243 List of abbreviations CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CMW Committee on Migrant Workers CoE Council of Europe ComESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ComRC Committee on the Rights of the Child CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child ECHR European Convention of Human Rights ECRI European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EU European Union FCNM Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights GC General Comment HRCom Human Rights Committee ICCPR International Convention on Civil and Political Rights ICERD International Covenant on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICRMW International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families 7 IOM International Organisation for Migration OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 8 Table of cases Action travail des femmes v Canadian national railway co (1987) i SCR 1114, 40 DLR (4) 193 ........................................................................................................................... 142 BAG Urteil, decision 2 AZR 636/09 of 24 February 2011 (German Federal Labour Court) ............................................................................................................................. 153 BVerfG, Order of the First Senate of 27 January 2015 - 1 BvR 471/10 (German Federal Constitutional Court) ....................................................................................................
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