Mathieu MEUNIER Evaluation Du Rôle De La Niche Hématopoïétique Dans L

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Mathieu MEUNIER Evaluation Du Rôle De La Niche Hématopoïétique Dans L THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : MBS - Modèles, méthodes et algorithmes en biologie, santé et environnement Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par Mathieu MEUNIER Thèse dirigée par Sophie PARK, Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes préparée au sein du Laboratoire CRI IAB - Centre de Recherche Oncologie/Développement - Institute for Advanced Biosciences dans l'École Doctorale Ingénierie pour la santé la Cognition et l'Environnement Evaluation du rôle de la niche hématopoïétique dans l'induction des syndromes myélodysplasiques: rôle de dicer1 et du stress oxydatif The implication of hematopoietic niche in induction of myelodysplastic syndromes: the role of Dicer1 and oxidative stress Thèse soutenue publiquement le 5 avril 2018, devant le jury composé de : Madame SOPHIE PARK PROFESSEUR DES UNIV - PRATICIEN HOSP., CHU GRENOBLE ALPES, Directeur de thèse Madame CATHERINE LACOMBE PROFESSEUR EMERITE, ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE - HOPITAUX DE PARIS, Examinateur Monsieur PIERRE HAINAUT PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES, Examinateur Madame PATRICIA AGUILAR MARTINEZ PROFESSEUR DES UNIV - PRATICIEN HOSP., UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER, Rapporteur Monsieur JEAN-FRANÇOIS PEYRON DIRECTEUR DE RECHERCHE, UNIVERSITE DE NICE, Rapporteur Monsieur JEAN-YVES CAHN PROFESSEUR DES UNIV - PRATICIEN HOSP., CHU GRENOBLE ALPES, Président REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Madame Patricia Aguilar-Martinez, Madame Catherine Lacombe, Monsieur Jean- François Peyron et Monsieur Pierre Hainaut pour avoir accepté d’être membre du jury. Merci pour le temps que vous avez consacré à lire et évaluer mon travail de thèse. Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutien de l’Université Grenoble Alpes et l’association ARAMIS Alpes qui m’ont permis grâce à une allocation d’une bourse de me consacrer sereinement et entièrement à l’élaboration de ma thèse. Je remercie chaleureusement ma directrice de thèse, Madame le professeur Sophie Park, pour son soutien, sa grande disponibilité, sa patience et ses nombreux conseils tout au long ce projet de thèse. Que de chemin parcouru en 4 ans, quand on sait qu’au moment de mon arrivée au laboratoire, je n’arrivais pas même à faire la mise au point de mes cellules avec le microscope. Je tiens également à remercier Monsieur le professeur Jean-Yves Cahn qui m’a accueilli au sein de l’équipe d’hématologues du CHU de Grenoble et qui m’a témoigné de nombreuses fois sa confiance. Je tiens aussi à adresser mes sincères remerciements à Monsieur Jean Marc Moulis pour sa grande contribution à ce projet et ainsi qu’à toutes ses anecdotes qui ont égayé les longues heures de manipulation au LBFA. Je veux aussi remercier toutes les techniciennes des laboratoires d’hématologie cellulaire, de biologie moléculaire et de cytogénétique : Anne, Laurianne, Rachel, Camille, Isabelle, Céline, Emilie, Anne et Nathalie pour leur aide, leur soutien logistique en gâteaux et sucreries ainsi que pour leur bonne humeur au quotidien. Je souhaite aussi remercier toutes les personnes avec qui j’ai pu échanger et manipuler durant cette thèse notamment Audrey et Jean Paul qui m’ont beaucoup appris sur la transcriptomique et la biologie moléculaire. Julie avec qui j’ai approfondi mes connaissances sur les NOX et la cytométrie en flux. Enfin merci à mes parents, à mon petit frère Romain et mes deux petites sœurs Mélody et May pour votre soutien et vos encouragements même si mon envie de faire cette thèse vous a toujours paru un peu obscur. Un grand merci à Laure, ma compagne, pour les sacrifices et le soutien pour mener à bien ce projet. Merci à mon fils Hugo qui est arrivé pendant cette thèse et qui l’a gentiment agrémentée de quelques nuits blanches mais surtout de beaucoup de bonheur. Merci à tous ceux qui m’ont soutenu dans les moments difficiles notamment toi Natacha. 2 RESUME Les syndromes myélodysplasiques (SMD) sont dus à une atteinte oligoclonale de la cellule souche hématopoïétique aboutissant à une dysplasie des lignées myéloïdes, des cytopénies sanguines et une évolution fréquente vers la leucémie aiguë. De nombreuses mutations décrites dans des gènes contrôlant la régulation épigénétique sont responsables de la genèse des SMD. Mais des travaux récents montrent également que des anomalies du microenvironnement médullaire, notamment des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM), peuvent induire et propager un SMD suggérant l’idée d’une communication intercellulaire étroite entre la niche et les cellules hématopoïétiques. L’invalidation du gène Dicer1 (RNASE de type III impliquée dans le processing des microARN) dans les progéniteurs ostéoblastiques murins induit un véritable SMD avec dysmyélopoïèse. Nous avons confirmé la sous-expression de DICER1 dans les CSM SMD à partir de prélèvements primaires de moelle totale et dans les CSM en expansion. Cette sous-expression de DICER1 s’accompagne d’une dérégulation du profil des microARN au sein de CSM SMD mise en évidence par étude transcriptomique des CSM SMD vs CSM témoins. Nous avons découvert une possible cible thérapeutique : le miR-486-5p que nous avons retrouvé constamment surexprimé dans les CSM SMD. Un des moyens pour les CSM d’influer sur les cellules souches hématopoïétiques peut se faire par la sécrétion de vésicules extracellulaires (EVs). Ces EVs sont hétérogènes et peuvent être définies par leur taille. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux petites vésicules extracellulaires (sEVs) contenant la fraction exosomale qui est connue comme pouvant transporter des microARN, ARNm et des protéines entre les cellules. Nous avons retrouvé ce miR-486-5p transporté comme cargo dans les sEVs sécrétées des CSM vers les CD34+. De plus, nous montrons dans un modèle de co-incubation (sEVs avec CD34+ de sujets sains), que sur le plan fonctionnel, les sEVs provenant de CSM SMD induisent plus d’apoptose, plus de stress oxydatif ainsi que plus de dommages à l’ADN. Nous avons utilisé les propriétés du microenvironnement médullaire pour établir un modèle murin de SMD humain. En effet, la relative incapacité des cellules souches myélodysplasiques humaines de greffer et de reconstituer une hématopoïèse pathologique dans des souris immunodéprimées suggère que ces cellules souches SMD doivent avoir besoin d’un support extrinsèque du microenvironnement. Nous avons réalisé un modèle de souris humanisées en co- injectant des CSM et des CD34+ en intratibial. Une prise de greffe a été observée chez toutes les souris injectées et nous avons pu étudier l’évolution clonale au fil des générations dans les différentes sous- populations de progéniteurs myéloïdes (common myeloid progenitors (CMP), granulocyte- macrophage progenitors (GMP) and megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor (MEP)). Notre modèle est stable au cours des générations avec persistance du clone fondateur initial. Par ailleurs, la surcharge martiale observée chez les patients SMD (souvent secondaire aux transfusions de culots globulaires) est également responsable d’un stress oxydatif. Le déférasirox (DFX), un chélaleur de fer, a montré dans le cadre d’études rétrospectives une amélioration de l’érythropoïèse chez des patients SMD. Grâce à un modèle de différenciation érythroïde avec surcharge martiale, nous avons montré que de faibles doses de DFX induisent une meilleure prolifération des progéniteurs érythroïdes (moins d’apoptose et plus de cellules en cycle) via une activation de NF-κB. Cette activation est due à une diminution du niveau de dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (ROS) en rapport avec une diminution du fer labile et est contrôlée de manière très fine par le niveau de ROS. En conclusion, ce travail confirme le rôle prépondérant du microenvironnement médullaire dans la genèse et la physiopathologie des syndromes myélodysplasiques et ouvre la voie à de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques. Mots clefs : Syndrome myélodysplasique, microenvironnement, DICER1, microARN, vésicules extracellulaires, stress oxydatif, déférasirox. 3 ABSTRACT Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) oligoclonal diseases leading to dysplasia, blood cytopenia and evolution to acute leukemia. Numerous mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation are responsible of MDS genesis. But recent studies show that medullar microenvironment, particularly mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), could induce and propagate a MDS suggesting a narrow communication between HSC and this niche. DICER1 (RNAse implicating in microRNA processing) invalidation in murine osteoblastic progenitors induces a MDS with signs of dysplasia. In this work, we have confirmed the under expression of DICER1 in MDS mesenchymal stromal cells from total bone marrow and cultured MSC. DICER1 down- regulation leads to a deregulation of miRNome profile in MDS MSC highlighted by transcriptomic approaches. We found a potential therapeutic target: miR-486-5p which is constantly overexpressed in MDS MSC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be a possible way for MSC to influence HSC fates. Those EVs are heterogeneous and could be characterized by their sight. We mainly focused on small EVs (sEVs) containing the exosomal fraction known to be able to carry miRNA, mRNA and proteins. We found that miR-486-5p is carried from MSC to the HSC. Transcriptomic analyses of healthy donor (HD) HSC overexpressing miR- 486-5p are ongoing. Moreover, in a co-incubation model (sEVs and HSC), sEVs coming from MDS MSC induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damages. We have used medullar microenvironment properties to establish a murine model of MDS. Indeed,
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