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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies http://journals.cambridge.org/BSO Additional services for Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The origin of man'yogana John R. BENTLEY Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies / Volume 64 / Issue 01 / February 2001, pp 59 73 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X01000040, Published online: 18 April 2001 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X01000040 How to cite this article: John R. BENTLEY (2001). The origin of man'yogana. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 64, pp 5973 doi:10.1017/S0041977X01000040 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/BSO, IP address: 131.156.159.213 on 05 Mar 2013 The origin of man'yo:gana1 . Northern Illinois University 1. Introduction2 The origin of man'yo:gana, the phonetic writing system used by the Japanese who originally had no script, is shrouded in mystery and myth. There is even a tradition that prior to the importation of Chinese script, the Japanese had a native script of their own, known as jindai moji ( , age of the gods script). Christopher Seeley (1991: 3) suggests that by the late thirteenth century, Shoku nihongi, a compilation of various earlier commentaries on Nihon shoki (Japan's first official historical record, 720 ..), circulated the idea that Yamato3 had written script from the age of the gods, a mythical period when the deity Susanoo was believed by the Japanese court to have composed Japan's first poem, and the Sun goddess declared her son would rule the land below. -
Hiragana Chart
ひらがな Hiragana Chart W R Y M H N T S K VOWEL ん わ ら や ま は な た さ か あ A り み ひ に ち し き い I る ゆ む ふ ぬ つ す く う U れ め へ ね て せ け え E を ろ よ も ほ の と そ こ お O © 2010 Michael L. Kluemper et al. Beginning Japanese, Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. www.TimeForJapanese.com. 1 Beginning Japanese 名前: ________________________ 1－1 Hiragana Activity Book 日付: ＿＿＿月 ＿＿＿日 一、 Practice: あいうえお かきくけこ がぎぐげご O E U I A お え う い あ あ お え う い あ お う あ え い あ お え う い お う い あ お え あ KO KE KU KI KA こ け く き か か こ け く き か こ け く く き か か こ き き か こ こ け か け く く き き こ け か © 2010 Michael L. Kluemper et al. Beginning Japanese, Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. www.TimeForJapanese.com. 2 GO GE GU GI GA ご げ ぐ ぎ が が ご げ ぐ ぎ が ご ご げ ぐ ぐ ぎ ぎ が が ご げ ぎ が ご ご げ が げ ぐ ぐ ぎ ぎ ご げ が 二、 Fill in each blank with the correct HIRAGANA. SE N SE I KI A RA NA MA E 1. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
KANA Response Live Organization Administration Tool Guide
This is the most recent version of this document provided by KANA Software, Inc. to Genesys, for the version of the KANA software products licensed for use with the Genesys eServices (Multimedia) products. Click here to access this document. KANA Response Live Organization Administration KANA Response Live Version 10 R2 February 2008 KANA Response Live Organization Administration All contents of this documentation are the property of KANA Software, Inc. (“KANA”) (and if relevant its third party licensors) and protected by United States and international copyright laws. All Rights Reserved. © 2008 KANA Software, Inc. Terms of Use: This software and documentation are provided solely pursuant to the terms of a license agreement between the user and KANA (the “Agreement”) and any use in violation of, or not pursuant to any such Agreement shall be deemed copyright infringement and a violation of KANA's rights in the software and documentation and the user consents to KANA's obtaining of injunctive relief precluding any further such use. KANA assumes no responsibility for any damage that may occur either directly or indirectly, or any consequential damages that may result from the use of this documentation or any KANA software product except as expressly provided in the Agreement, any use hereunder is on an as-is basis, without warranty of any kind, including without limitation the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. Use, duplication, or disclosure by licensee of any materials provided by KANA is subject to restrictions as set forth in the Agreement. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of KANA. -
Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
Depression What Is Depression? Can People with Depression Be Helped? • Depression Is a Very Common Problem
Depression What is depression? Can people with depression be helped? • Depression is a very common problem. Yes they can! Together, counselling and medication • We all have times in our lives when we feel have proven positive results. sad or down. • Usually sad feelings go away, but someone with depression may find that the sadness stays COUNSELLING Going for longer; they lose interest in things they usually counselling or talking therapy will enjoy and are left feeling low or very down for help. It is important that you attend a long time. all your sessions when referred; • Day to day life becomes difficult to manage. develop healthy coping skills to • Many adults will at some time experience manage your depression. symptoms of depression. How will I know if I have depression? In the last two weeks you have experienced the following: MEDICATION Anti-depressant • feel depressed or down most of the time; medication when prescribed • lose interest or pleasure in things you and taken as advised can usually enjoyed; shift depression. • sleep more or less than usual; • eat more or less than usual; • feel tired and hopeless; • think it will be better if you died or that you want to commit suicide; • feelings of guilt and worthlessness; SELF HELP Make small changes in • reduced self-esteem or self-confidence; or your life by doing things you used • reduced attention and concentration. to enjoy. Spend time with people around you and be more active. Join a support group and learn Causes of depression: self-help skills. • many stressors e.g. trauma, housing problems, unemployment, major change, becoming a parent; • ill-health; Focusing on your emotional, mental and physical Where can I find help? • history of depression in your family; wellbeing to improve your mood and reconnect At your local clinic or hospital • if you have a history of abuse or went through with your community. -
Unger, J. Marshall Evidence of a Consonant Shift in 7Th
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 081 249 FL 003 998 AUTHOR Ramsey, S. Robert; Unger, J. Marshall TITLE Evidence of a Consonant Shift in 7th Century Japanese. INSTITUTION California Univ., Berkeley. Japanese Linguistics Workshop. PUB DATE Dec 72 NOTE 18p.; In Papers in Japanese Linguistics, v1 n2 p278-295 Dec 72 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Bibliographies; Chinese; *Consonants; Descriptive Linguistics; Diacnronic Linguistics; *Japanese; Morphemes; Morphology (Languages); Phonemes; *Phonemics; *Phonetics; *Phonology; Pronunciation; Sanskrit; Syllables; Tibetan; Vowels ABSTRACT This paper attempts to certify that certain changes in voicing and aspiration, namely the shift from Kan'on to Go'on, occurred during the proto-Japanese period. Based on Middle Chinese data, proto-Korean-Japanese systems, Tibetan transcriptions of Chinese texts, and internal Japanese evidence, the authors date the transition roughly in the 7th century. A bibliography of referneces is included. (DD) Papers in Japanese Linguistics Vol. 1:2. December 1972 278 NV- C.AIN1E pv - \04:\-1- Rossvv42. U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. Evidence of a Consonant Shift EDUCATIONS.WELFARE c.Nrs NATMNALINSTITUTEOF iN0a EDUCATION in 7th Century Japanese TOF NI(' A.,!, 0(.1 NATIVE. DOCUMENT .-44S BIEN REPRO UNDER AGIN (ME NT Ait,. THE AttON41 IN DUEID IIPAITLy RECEIVED FROM STOUT PuCATtON F UNIol[ N NE J.HC) THE PE RSON OR OWC.AN, ZA T ION 01.,E,,N S. Robert Ramsey DUCTION(TLIT':,(IETN(EPIC Ht ...TINGIT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS VV -PEsPEPMISSICN OF TN( OPFNIGNT STATED DO NOT NF(FSSARItV PE PPE 0%N1 SENT OF At NATIONAL I NS TiTuTE OF J. Marshall Unger Vl EDUCATION POSIT ION OR LL, Yale University Asayama 1943 and Hamada 1952 form the foundation for this paper; those monographs are summarized in English in Miller 1967:220f. -
Frank's Do-It-Yourself Kana Cards V
Frank's do-it-yourself kana cards v. 1.0, 2000-08-07 Frank Stajano University of Cambridge and AT&T Laboratories Cambridge http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fms27/ and http://www.uk.research.att.com/~fms/ This set of flash cards is meant to help you familiar cards and insist on the difficult part of き and さ with a separate stroke, become fluent in the use of the Japanese ones. unlike what happens in the fonts used in hiragana and katakana syllabaries. I made this document. I have followed the stroke it because I needed one myself and could The complete set consists of 10 double- counts of Henshall-Takagaki, even when not find it in the local bookshops (kanji sided sheets (20 printable pages) of 50 they seem weird for the shape of the char- cards were available, and I bought those; cards each, but you may choose to print acter as drawn on the card. but kana cards weren't); if it helps you too, smaller subsets as detailed below. Actu- so much the better. ally there are some blanks, so the total The easiest way to turn this document into number of cards is only 428 instead of 500. a set of cards is simply to print it (double The romanisation system chosen for these It would have been possible to fit them on sided of course!) and then cut each page cards is the Hepburn, which is the most 9 sheets instead of 10, but only by com- into cards with a ruler and a sharp blade. -
Introduction to the Special Issue on Japanese Geminate Obstruents
J East Asian Linguist (2013) 22:303-306 DOI 10.1007/s10831-013-9109-z Introduction to the special issue on Japanese geminate obstruents Haruo Kubozono Received: 8 January 2013 / Accepted: 22 January 2013 / Published online: 6 July 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Geminate obstruents (GOs) and so-called unaccented words are the two properties most characteristic of Japanese phonology and the two features that are most difficult to learn for foreign learners of Japanese, regardless of their native language. This special issue deals with the first of these features, discussing what makes GOs so difficult to master, what is so special about them, and what makes the research thereon so interesting. GOs are one of the two types of geminate consonant in Japanese1 which roughly corresponds to what is called ‘sokuon’ (促音). ‘Sokon’ is defined as a ‘one-mora- long silence’ (Sanseido Daijirin Dictionary), often symbolized as /Q/ in Japanese linguistics, and is transcribed with a small letter corresponding to /tu/ (っ or ッ)in Japanese orthography. Its presence or absence is distinctive in Japanese phonology as exemplified by many pairs of words, including the following (dots /. / indicate syllable boundaries). (1) sa.ki ‘point’ vs. sak.ki ‘a short time ago’ ka.ko ‘past’ vs. kak.ko ‘paranthesis’ ba.gu ‘bug (in computer)’ vs. bag.gu ‘bag’ ka.ta ‘type’ vs. kat.ta ‘bought (past tense of ‘buy’)’ to.sa ‘Tosa (place name)’ vs. tos.sa ‘in an instant’ More importantly, ‘sokuon’ is an important characteristic of Japanese speech rhythm known as mora-timing. It is one of the four elements that can form a mora 1 The other type of geminate consonant is geminate nasals, which phonologically consist of a coda nasal and the nasal onset of the following syllable, e.g., /am. -
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY Akimoto, Kichirō (ed.) 1958. Fudoki [Gazetteers]. Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei [Series of the Japanese Classical Literature], vol. 2. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten. Aso, Mizue (ed.) 2007. Man’yōshū zenka kōgi. Kan daigo ~ kan dairoku [A commentary on all Man’yōshū poems. Books five and six]. Tokyo: Kasama shoin. Bentley, John R. 1997. MO and PO in Old Japanese. Unpublished MA thesis. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. —— 1999. ‘The Verb TORU in Old Japanese.’ Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: 131-46. —— 2001a. ‘The Origin of the Man’yōgana.’ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64.1: 59-73. —— 2001b. A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose. Leiden: Brill. —— 2002. ‘The spelling of /MO/ in Old Japanese.’ Journal of East Asian Linguistics 11.4: 349-74. Gluskina, Anna E. 1971-73. Man”yosiu. t. 1-3. Moscow: Nauka [reprinted: Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ACT, 2001]. —— 1979. ‘O prefikse sa- v pesniakh Man”yoshu [About the prefix sa- in the Man’yōshū songs]. In: Gluskina A. Zametki o iaponskoi literature i teatre [Notes on Japanese literature and theater], pp. 99-110. Moscow: Nauka, Glavnaia redakciia vostochnoi literatury. Hashimoto, Shinkichi 1917. ‘Kokugo kanazukai kenkyū shi jō no ichi hakken – Ishizuka Tatsumaro no Kanazukai oku no yama michi ni tsuite’ [A Discovery in the Field of Japanese Kana Usage Research Concerning Ishizuka Tatsumaro’s The Mountain Road into the Secrets of Kana Usage]. Teikoku bungaku 23.5 [reprinted in Hashimoto (1949: 123-63). —— 1931. ‘Jōdai no bunken ni sonsuru tokushu no kanazukai to tōji no gohō’ [The Special Kana Usage of Old Japanese Texts and the Grammar of the Period]. -
L2/20-235 (Unihan Ad Hoc Recommendations For
L2/20-235 Title: Unihan Ad Hoc Recommendations for UTC #165 Meeting Author: Ken Lunde & Unihan Ad Hoc Date: 2020-09-22 This document provides the Unihan Ad Hoc recommendations for UTC #165 based on a meet- ing that took place from 6 to 9PM PDT on 2020-09-18, which was attended by Eiso Chan, Lee Collins, John Jenkins, Ken Lunde, William Nelson, Ngô Thanh Nhàn, Stephan Hyeonjun Stiller, and Yifán Wáng via Zoom. John Jenkins and Ken Lunde co-chaired the meeting. The Unihan Ad Hoc reviewed public feedback and documents that were received since UTC #164. Comments are marked in green, and Copy&Paste-ready Recommendations to the UTC are marked in red. 1) UAX #45 / U-Source Public Feedback The single item of public feedback that is in this section was discussed by the ad hoc, and for convenience, the USource-changes-20200918.txt, Unihan-removals-20200918.txt, and Unihan-additions-20200918.txt (PDF attachments) files include all of the recommended chang- es based on the changes that were proposed. These recommended changes are also shown inline as part of the Recommendations. Date/Time: Mon Aug 31 08:29:11 CDT 2020 Name: Ken Lunde Report Type: Error Report Opt Subject: Unihan-related feedback Please consider the following three pieces of Unihan-related feedback: 1) Change (U+91D2) to (U+91D1) in the IDSes for the following eight U- 釒 金 Source ideographs: UTC-00102;C;U+2B4B6;167.9;1316.111; ;kMatthews 2051; ⿰釒凾 UTC-00207;X;;167.10;1318.281; ;kSBGY 115.19; ⿰釒冤 UTC-00432;X;;167.11;1321.071; ;kMeyerWempe 3708b; ⿰釒患 UTC-00872;D;U+2B7F0;167.6;1305.211; ;Adobe-Japan1 20240; ⿰釒当 UTC-00889;N;;167.10;1318.281; ;Adobe-CNS1 C+16257; ⿰釒袓 UK-02711;G;U+30F25;167.5;1303.101; ;UTCDoc L2/15-260 1399; ⿰釒卢 UK-02829;UK-2015;UTC-02828;167.7;1308.261; ;UTCDoc L2/15-260 1517; ⿰釒囱 UK-02895;G;U+30F23;167.4;1299.191; ;UTCDoc L2/15-260 1583; ⿰釒㝉 Rationale: (U+91D2) appears only once in the IDS database, as itself. -
Table of Hiragana Letters Pdf
Table of hiragana letters pdf Continue Hiragana is one of three sets of characters used in Japanese. Each letter of Hiragana is a special syllable. The letter itself doesn't make sense. Hiragan is widely used to form a sentence. You can download/print the Hiragan chart (PDF) of all Hiragana's letters. The origin of Hiragan あ か た ま や the original 安 加 太 末 也 of Hiragan was developed in the 8th-10th century by simplifying the shape of specific kanji symbols. Compared to Katakana, Hiragana's letters have more curved lines. Number of letters In modern Japanese 46 basic letters of Hiragana. In addition to these 46 main letters, called gojon, there are modified forms to describe more time - 20 dakun, 5 handakuon, 36 y'on, 1 sokuon and 6 additional letters. Frequently asked questions: What are the letters with the bar on top ( Yap.) ? Gojaon 【五⼗⾳】 Goyon-【五⼗⾳図】 In Japanese, syllables are organized as a table (5 x 10). This table is called goj'on-zu (literally means a table of 50 sounds). The alphabets of Hiragan and Katakana are used to describe these sounds. Letters い, う and え appear more than once in the table. These 5 duplicates (grey) are usually missed or ignored. It includes ん syllable. It does not belong to any row or column. In total, 46 letters (45'1) are considered goj'on (50 sounds). You can learn the goj'on letters on the Hiragan course: Part 1-10. The structure of table First row - あ, い, う, え and お - five vowels of Japanese.