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Una Historia De La Industrialización De La Gestión Del Agua: El Caso De La Ciudad De Mérida En El Cambio De Los Siglos XIX Y XX

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Una Historia De La Industrialización De La Gestión Del Agua: El Caso De La Ciudad De Mérida En El Cambio De Los Siglos XIX Y XX CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES Y ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL Unidad Peninsular Una historia de la industrialización de la gestión del agua: el caso de la ciudad de Mérida en el cambio de los siglos XIX y XX T E S I S Que para optar al grado de Doctor en Historia Presenta Ricardo Escamilla Peraza Directora de Tesis: Dra. Valentina Garza Martínez Mérida, Yucatán, 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS La presente investigación pudo llevarse a cabo gracias al financiamiento del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, a través del Programa de Becas Nacionales, así como al Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) Unidad Peninsular, por los más de seis años de estudios en la Institución; a mi directora de tesis la doctora Valentina Garza Martínez y a los lectores e integrantes del sínodo los doctores Pedro Bracamonte y Sosa, Martín González Solano y Mario Trujillo Bolio. Agradezco también a Bulmaro del Laboratorio AntropoSIG del CIESAS, a los trabajadores de los distintos archivos: del Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán (AGEY), de la Biblioteca Yucatanense (BY), del Archivo Histórico del Agua (AHA), al del Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), al de la Fototeca Pedro Guerra de la Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas de la UADY, al de la Mapoteca Manuel Orozco y Berra del Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera SAGARPA del gobierno federal, gracias por los permisos para la reproducción de los materiales cartográficos y fotográficos. Al personal de la biblioteca Estela María González Cícero: Cristian, Mónica y Zenaida Tuz, a Raúl Amílcar Aguilar Albornoz, al arqueólogo Esteban de Vicente Chab, director de la Dirección de Desarrollo Urbano, Departamento de Patrimonio Arqueológico y Natural del Municipio (DPANM), a la doctora en arquitectura y directora de la biblioteca de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la UADY Gladys Noemí Arana López, a los doctores Arturo Taracea Arriola y Rosa Torras Conangla del Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEPHCIS-UNAM). También quiero agradecer a mis los compañeros de la generación 2012-2016 del doctorado en Historia en especial a aquellos con los que conviví estos seis años: Carmita, Dulce, Gaby, Irais, Juan Pablo; con quienes pasé los mejores años de mi vida a la generación 1999-2003 de la Facultad de Antropología de la UADY, Wendy Pérez, Lilian Paz y Martín Sobrino, Karen Montiel, Gertrudis Guzmán, Naybi Chan, Isabel Zapata, Karla Natalia, al capitán Memo y la tripulación subacuática de la UADY, Victoria Rojas García, a Daniel Ayala y a los soñadores de Wayak y a otros que por falta de espacio no mencioné, gracias. 1 RESUMEN En esta investigación se estudia el comportamiento de los habitantes de la ciudad de Mérida ante su creciente necesidad de agua, la cual se originó a partir de la diversificación de los procesos productivos que se experimentaron durante la bonanza henequenera, en las décadas del cambio entre los siglos XIX al XX. Este crecimiento económico permitió la implementación de algunas fábricas con tecnologías nuevas, que en comparación de los países industriales e incluso de otras partes de México, podría parecer incipiente, pero desde una perspectiva local, fueron procesos de gran avance. El paulatino desarrollo industrial y económico de la ciudad de Mérida demandó mayores y más eficientes servicios, como el transporte, la energía eléctrica, las comunicaciones, los combustibles y de la construcción, que aparentemente no estaban vinculados directamente al manejo del agua, pero que sí demandaron enormes volúmenes del recurso para su correcto funcionamiento. Estas industrias modificaron los sistemas y las prácticas tradicionales en el manejo del agua y presionaron significativamente las reservas útiles existentes en la localidad y su capacidad de recarga. Estos requerimientos se tradujeron en un aumento por la demanda de artefactos y tecnologías para poner en funcionamiento nuevos sistemas de abastecimiento de agua, lo que reforzó el desarrollo económico de la ciudad de Mérida. La complementación entre las industrias implicadas directa o indirectamente en este proceso derivaría en la creación de un sistema centralizado de agua potable, que aún perdura en la actualidad. 2 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS __________________________________________________ 1 RESUMEN ____________________________________________________________ 2 ÍNDICE 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ______________________________________________________ 6 Justificación ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Antecedentes de la investigación ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Área de estudio ________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Periodización __________________________________________________________________________________ 12 Estructura _____________________________________________________________________________________ 13 Trabajo de archivo______________________________________________________________________________ 15 CAPÍTULO I __________________________________________________________ 18 EL CONTEXTO: LA GEOGRAFÍA Y LA SOCIEDAD DE YUCATÁN, A FINALES DEL SIGLO XIX Y PRINCIPIOS DEL XX ________________________ 18 1.1.- La regionalización __________________________________________________________________________ 18 1.2.- La cuenca del cráter ________________________________________________________________________ 25 1.3.- La Zona Henequenera ______________________________________________________________________ 30 1.4.- La capital henequenera______________________________________________________________________ 36 1.4.1.- Demografía_____________________________________________________________________________ 36 CAPÍTULO II _________________________________________________________ 59 LAS FUENTES DE ABASTECIMIENTO DEL AGUA ______________________ 59 2.1.- Pozos naturales: Sujuy-há, las aguas vírgenes o puras ____________________________________________ 63 2.1.1.- Cenotes _______________________________________________________________________________ 64 2.1.2.- La sangre de la tierra ______________________________________________________________________ 79 2.2.- Equipamiento para los pozos ________________________________________________________________ 84 2.3.- De bien público a propiedad privada __________________________________________________________ 90 2.4.- Métodos de apertura de pozos ________________________________________________________________ 95 2.5.- Costos por apertura de pozos ________________________________________________________________ 97 2.6.- Pozos artesianos ___________________________________________________________________________ 98 2.6.1.- Medidas de protección del acuífero _________________________________________________________ 110 3 2.7.- Calidad del agua de los pozos _______________________________________________________________ 114 CAPÍTULO III _______________________________________________________ 120 LOS SISTEMAS DE EXTRACCIÓN, ALMACENAMIENTO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE AGUA ___________________________________________________ 120 3.1.- Los sistemas de extracción: Las Norias _______________________________________________________ 120 3.1.1.- Una historia de largo alcance ______________________________________________________________ 121 3.1.2.- Mecanismos de las norias _________________________________________________________________ 125 3.1.3.- Norias y energía ________________________________________________________________________ 127 3.1.4.- La difusión de las norias __________________________________________________________________ 129 3.1.5.- Los alcaldes de noria ____________________________________________________________________ 133 3.1.6.- Administración de las norias_______________________________________________________________ 136 3.1.7.- El caso de la noria de la ex ciudadela de San Benito en Mérida ____________________________________ 142 3.1.8.- El legado de las norias ___________________________________________________________________ 152 3.2.- Bombas _________________________________________________________________________________ 156 3.3.- La ciudad de las veletas ____________________________________________________________________ 157 3.4.- Almacenamiento __________________________________________________________________________ 163 3.5.- Tanques y Cisternas _______________________________________________________________________ 171 3.6.- Las cisternas móviles: las Pipas______________________________________________________________ 180 3.7.- El desplazamiento de la mercantilización del agua de lluvia _____________________________________ 184 CAPÍTULO IV _______________________________________________________ 189 LOS USOS MODERNOS DEL AGUA Y LAS AGUAS PURIFICADAS: DEL AGUA SIMPLE A LAS BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS, EMBOTELLADAS REFRESCANTES Y GASEOSAS ________________________________ 189 41.- Destilerías ________________________________________________________________________________ 190 4.2.- Refresqueras _____________________________________________________________________________ 197 4.3.- Las aguas purificadas ______________________________________________________________________ 204 4.4.- Hieleras en el trópico ______________________________________________________________________ 211 4.5.- Las Fuentes pluviales ______________________________________________________________________ 216 4.5.1.- El clima local __________________________________________________________________________
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