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The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II

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The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II Scanning Microscopy Volume 8 Number 1 Article 13 3-31-1994 The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II. Palate and Lip Q. X. Yu Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences K. M. Pang University of Hong Kong W. Ran Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences H. P. Philipsen University of Hong Kong X. H. Chen Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Yu, Q. X.; Pang, K. M.; Ran, W.; Philipsen, H. P.; and Chen, X. H. (1994) "The Microvasculature of Human Infant Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts and India Ink Injection II. Palate and Lip," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 8 : No. 1 , Article 13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol8/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 8, No. l, 1994 (Pages 133-139) 0891-7035/94$5.00+ .25 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA THE MICROVASCULATURE OF HUMAN INFANT ORAL MUCOSA USING VASCULAR CORROSION CASTS AND INDIA INK INJECTION II. PALATE AND LIP Q.X. Yu 1,'", K.M. Pang2, W. Ran 1, H.P. Philipsen 2 and X.H. Chen 1 1Faculty of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China. 2Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Received for publication September 14, 1993 and in revised form March 31, 1994) Abstract Introduction The microvasculature of human hard and soft palate The basic structure of the oral mucosa varies in dif­ and lip originating from four infant males and six fe­ ferent areas of the oral cavity in accordance with the males, aged 6 months to 2 years was studied by scan­ functional demands of each region. There are three ning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and main types of oral mucous membrane: masticatory, lin­ light microscopy of India ink injected specimens. The ing and specialized mucosa. Masticatory mucosa in­ capillary loops of the hard palate mucosa and vermilion cludes gingiva and hard palate and is subjected to the border of the lips were found to be tall, numerous and major forces of mastication. The dorsum of the tongue consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary loops. is characterized by a complex pattern of papillae and Those of the soft palatal and labial mucosa were short, taste buds and is classified as specialized, although func­ few in number and demonstrated a simple hair-pin shape tionally it is a masticatory mucosa. The lining mucosa originating directly from the subpapillary vascular net­ covers much of the surface of the lips and cheeks, the work. It was concluded that the configuration of capil­ floor of the mouth, alveolar and vestibular mucosae, the lary loops is not only determined by the shape of the ventral surface of the tongue and soft palate. The histo­ connective tissue papillae in the lamina propria but also logical differences have been described in detail in sev­ influenced by the functional demands characteristic of eral publications (Schroeder, 1981; Meyer et al., 1984; the different areas of the oral mucosa. Ten Cate, 1985). The vasculature of the mammalian oral mucosa has received considerable attention over the years (Prichard and Daniel, 1953, 1954; Hodde et al., 1977; Ichikawa et al., 1977; Kishi et al., 1986a, 19866, 1990; Nobuto et al., 1987; Kajiwara, 1989; Kuramae, 1989; Aharine­ jad et al., 1990; Ike, 1990; Lametschwandtner et al., Key Words: Corrosion casting, India ink injection, mi­ 1990; Inoue and Toda, 1991; Lee et al., 1991; Aharine­ crovasculature, human infant palate, human infant lip, jad and Lametschwandtner, 1992). However, there are scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy. relatively few reports concerning the microvasculature of human oral mucosa (Yuang et al., 1985; Ohta et al., 1992). A thorough knowledge of the microvasculature is likely to contribute to our understanding of the human oral mucosa in health and disease. Using vascular corrosion casting and India ink injec­ tion, we have previously studied the microvasculature of • Address for correspondence: human infant tongue papillae (Yu et al., 1992). In this Q.X. Yu c/o K.M. Pang paper, we present the results of observations on the Oral Biology Unit, microvasculature of the human infant lip and palatal 5/F, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, mucosa using the same techniques. Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Materials and Methods Hong Kong Telephone number: (852) 8590488 A total of 10 human infant palate and lip specimens FAX number: (852) 5476133 from 4 males and 6 females, ages 6 months to 2 years, 133 Q.X. Yu, K.M. Pang, W. Ran, H.P. Philipsen, X.H. Chen were studied. All these children had died from infec­ Legends for Figures on the facing page 135. tious diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal (SEM and LM: scanning electron and light micrograph). tracts and their bodies were donated by their parents to the Faculty of Stomatology at the Sun Yat-Sen Univer­ Figure 1. Microvasculature of one of the transverse sity of Medical Sciences. The oral mucosa including the rugae of the hard palate. Top of the ruga (*) and tbe lip and palate was clinically healthy. The following pro­ inter-rugal (**) area. SEM; bar = 1 mm. cedures were started within 16 hours after death. The Figure 2. Capillary loops of a palatal ruga. (a) Higher internal jugular veins were dissected and kept open for magnification of ruga shown is in Figure 3; SEM; bar drainage. An anticoagulant (500 ml saline solution con­ = 100 µm; (b) India ink section. LM; bar = 100 µm. taining 2 ml heparin comprising 125,000 IU) was inject­ Figure 3. Capillary loops of the hard palate showing ed into the common carotid arteries. The vascular sys­ primary (P), secondary (S) and tertiary (T) loops. tem was subsequently irrigated with a solution consisting SEM; bar = 100 µm. of 40 ml dextran, 500 ml glucose and 25 ml mannitol, until the colour of the fluid draining from the internal Figure 4. The SPCN (*) of the hard palate: (a) SEM; jugular veins appeared clear. Subsequently, a fixative bar = 100 µm; (b) India ink section. LM bar = 100 solution of 2 % glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer solu­ µm. tion (pH 7.4) was perfused through the vascular system Figure 5. Vessels surrounding excretory duct openings in order to fix the vessel walls. (*). SEM; bar = 100 µm. India ink injection Figure 6. Capillary loops of the soft palate showing Five subjects (2 males and 3 females) were selected "hair-pin" pattern. SEM; bar = 10 µm. randomly from the above-mentioned individuals. The mixed India ink solution (10 ml India ink and 90 ml nor­ mal saline) was injected into the vessels through plastic Results tubes. The opened blood vessels were ligated when the colour of the skin of the head turned black. The heads The anterior part of the hard palate is characterized were cut at the thyroid gland level and fixed in 10% by a series of transversely aligned rugae which consists formalin for one month. Specimens were then removed of crests and troughs. The microvasculature within an by dissection. Paraffin sections (100 µm thick) were individual ruga is shown in Figure 1. The capillary mounted in Permount® (Fisher Scientific) and examined loops followed the morphology of the rugae as demon­ under light microscopy. strated in Figures 2a and 2b. These loops could be di­ Vascular corrosion casting vided into primary, secondary and tertiary ones (Figure The remaining 5 subjects, including 2 males and 3 3). The largest primary capillary loop comprised an as­ females were used for vascular corrosion casting. The cending root following a course towards the connective casting medium (comprising 0.2 g of benzoyl peroxide, tissue papilla and finally converging into a descending 6.0 ml hydroxy-propylmethacrylate monomer and 0.3 ml root. Tertiary loops in the individual papilla, consisting n,n-dimethyl-anilinein 14.0 ml pre-polymerized methyl­ of one ascending and one descending root, demonstrated methacrylate) was injected into the vessels through plas­ a hair-pin pattern. The location of the secondary capil­ tic tubes at a constant pressure. The opened blood ves­ lary loops were intermediate between the primary and sels were ligated when the colour of the skin of the head tertiary loops. These loops were more complex in struc­ turned pink. After the initial setting of the plastic, the ture and often anastomosed with each other. The above heads were removed and submerged into a 60°C water mentioned capillary loops were found not only at the bath for 24 hours to complete the polymerization. The crest of each ruga but also on the slopes, the inter-rugal lip and palate mucosa were then removed by dissection, troughs, and the posterior parts of the hard palate. The corroded with 20% potassium hydroxide and washed crest loops were tall and more dense than those in other thoroughly in tap water until the plastic casts were clean. areas. There was a subpapillary capillary network The casts were frozen in distilled water, sectioned with (SPCN) under the capillary loops in the hard palate. a single-side razor blade, air-dried and mounted on cop­ Two zones of SPCN could be identified (Figure 4). The per stubs with conductive colloidal carbon. The speci­ superficial zone consisted of arterioles and venules mens were then sputter-coated with gold in a sputter ion which interlinked directly with the capillary loops.
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