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Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four

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Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section H--The Urinary System .......................................... 241 Section I--The Reproductive System ...................................... 271 Section J--The Endocrine System ......................................... 327 Section K--The Skeletal System .......................................... 341 Section L--The Muscular System ......................................... 375 Section M--The Nervous System ......................................... 391 Section N--Sensory Organs ............................................. 409 Appendix A--Histologic Type/Primary Site .................................. 439 Appendix B--Rules for Determining Multiple Primaries For Lymphatic and Hematopoietic Disease ............................................... 443 Appendix C--Other ICD-O-2 Codes To Be Considered One Primary When Determining Multiple Primaries ......................................... 469 Selected Bibliography .................................................. 473 Index ............................................................. 477 ILLUSTRATIONS (Figures 1-82) Page Section B 1A. Planes of Reference and Directional Terms ........................ 7 lB. Main Body Cavities .......................................... 11 2. Abdominal Quadrants ......................................... 13 3. Anatomic Divisions of the Abdomen ............................. 14 Section C 4A. Layers of the Epidermis ....................................... 22 4B. Layers of the Skin: Epidermis and Dermis ......................... 23 5. Clark's Classification of Malignant Melanoma ....................... 41 6. Lymphatics of the Skin ........................................ 47 Section D 7. Relationship Between the Blood and Lymph Circulating Systems ........ 53 8A-8B. Lymphatic Drainage of Various Parts of the Body ................... 58 9A-9B. Structure of a Lymph Node .................................... 61 10. Spleen ...... ............................................. 67 11. Thymus Gland .............................................. 67 12A. Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck ............................. 73 12B. Lymph Nodes of the Thorax .................................... 77 13. Lymph Nodes of the Abdomen and Pelvis ......................... 80 Section E 14A. Blood Flow Through the Body .................................. 98 14B. Heart ..................................................... 99 14C. Muscle Wall of Heart ......................................... 99 14D. Blood Flow Through Heart .................................... 100 14E. Portal Circulation ............................................ 100 Section F 15. Respiratory System ........................................... 131 16. Nasopharyngeal Region and Paranasal Sinuses ...................... 139 17A. Larynx .................................................... 143 17B. The Anatomic Subsites of the Larynx ............................. 144 18. Lungs ..................................................... 153 Section G 19. Principal Parts of the Digestive System ............................ 165 20. Structure of the Intestinal Wall ................................. 166 21. Oral Cavity ................................................. 169 22. Lips ...................................................... 170 23. Dorsal Surface of Tongue ...................................... 173 24. Floor of Mouth ............................................. 177 25. Gingiva ................................................... 178 26. Hard and Soft Palates ......................................... 181 27. Salivary Glands .............................................. 185 ILLUSTRATIONS (Figures 1-82, cont'd) Page Section G (cont'd) 28. Oral Cavity Lymph Node Regions ............................... 192 29. Oropharynx and Hypopharynx .................................. 193 30. Divisions of the Esophagus ..................................... 203 31. Measurements of the Esophagus (from the incisors to the stomach) ...... 204 32. Esophageal Lymph Nodes ..................................... 205 33. Cross-Section of Esophagus .................................... 205 34. Stomach and Adjoining Structures ............................... 209 35. Structure of Colonic Wall ...................................... 220 36. Relationship of Bowel Wall and Serosa to Pericolic/Mesenteric Fat ...... 220 37. Lymphatic Drainage of the Colon and Rectum ...................... 222 38. Biliary System ............................................... 230 Section H 39. Principal Parts of the Urinary System ............................. 242 40. Kidney .................................................... 243 41. A Nephron ................................................. 248 42. Urinary Bladder ............................................. 261 43. Lymphatic Drainage of the Bladder .............................. 263 Section I 44. Female Pelvis (frontal view) .................................... 272 45. Female Pelvis (sagittal view) .................................... 273 46. Breast (sagittal view) ......................................... 297 47. Quadrants of the Breast ....................................... 301 48. Male Pelvis (sagittal view) ..................................... 312 49. Testis (sagittal view) .......................................... 313 50. Prostate Gland (sagittal view) ................................... 317 51. Prostate Gland (frontal view) ................................... 318 52. Lymphatic Drainage of the Prostate and Testes ..................... 322 Section J 53. Endocrine Glands ............................................ 328 54. Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands ............................ 332 55. Pineal Gland ............................................... 332 56. Adrenal Gland .............................................. 334 57. Thymus Gland .............................................. 334 ILLUSTRATIONS (Figures 1-82 cont'd) Section K 58. Axial Skeleton .............................................. 342 59. Osseous Tissue .............................................. 347 60. Hyaline Cartilage ............................................ 347 61. Classification of Bones ........................................ 351 62. Haversian System of the Bone, Adult Femur ....................... 355 63. Cranial Bones ............................................... 359 64. Facial Bones ................................................ 360 65. Bones of the Thorax .......................................... 362 66. Vertebral Column ............................................ 362 67. Appendicular Skeleton ........................................ 366 Section L 68. Muscle Types ............................................... 376 69. Histological Comparisons of Muscle Types ......................... 378 Section M 70. Nerve Cell (neuron) .......................................... 394 71. Cerebrum .................................................. 398 72. Spinal Cord ................................................ 398 73. Diagram Showing Brain, Ventricles, Meninges, Intermeningeal spaces .... 400 74. Cranial Nerves .............................................. 402 Section N 75. Eye ...................................................... 415 76. Eyeball (sagittal view) ......................................... 419 77. Eyeball (frontal view) ......................................... 419 78. Lacrimal Apparatus .......................................... 419 79. Lymphatic Drainage of the Head (sensory organs) ................... 423 80. Tongue: Areas of Taste ....................................... 428 81. Nose: Olfactory Receptors ..................................... 431 82. Ear: Coronal Section ......................................... 435 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Portions of Book 4 were originally prepared for the Louisiana Regional Medical Program under the direction of C. Dennis Fink, Ph.D., Program Director, HumRRO, and Robert F. Ryan, M.D., Chairman, School of Medicine, Tulane University, who served as
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