TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING M.SC. URBAN PLANNING

MUNICIPALITY PROFILE OF RAINAS, LAMJUNG

Submitted by:

M.Sc. Urban Planning/ 072 batch

Submitted to:

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Chakrapani Sharma, Deputy Secretary, Mr.Purna Chandra Bhattarai, Joint Secretary and Mr. Chranjibi Timalsina of Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) for financial support, Rainas Municipality, Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA) and University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia for their encouragement.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our course coordinator of Planning Studio - I, Prof. Dr. Sudha Shrestha and also our tutor Ar. Nisha Shrestha for their generosity and encouragement in completing this studio work. Their valuable guidance, suggestions and enthusiastic support to complete this municipal profile is highly appreciable. We highly appreciate timely guidance provided by Mr. Sanjaya Uperty, Mr. Nagendra Bahadur Amatya and Mr. Ashim Ratna Bajracharya of IOE, Pulchowk for their valuable guidance and suggestions to prepare this municipality profile. Also special thanks to Mr. Prem Chaudary for his help throughout the field visit.

The study team is highly obliged to Er. Dinesh Panthy and Mr. Dharmendra Gurung for their valuable help and support.

We would also like to thank Mr. Nur Raj Kadariya, Executive Officer, of Rainas Municipality. Our special thanks to social mobilizers Mr. Bikash Gurung, Ms. Kala Lamichane and Ms Pabitra Chiluwal. We are also grateful to all the residents of Rainas Municipality for helping us by providing necessary information in preparing this municipality profile.

Last but not the least we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who helped us to prepare this report.

With Regards,

072/M.Sc. Urban Planning Batch Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ......

List of Figures......

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1. Background ...... 1

1.2. Rationale of Study...... 2

1.3. Historical Background...... 2

1.4. Objectives ...... 3

1.5. Scope and limitations of the work...... 3

1.6. Parameters of the Survey ...... 4

1.7. Methodology ...... 5

2.0. STUDY AREA ...... 8

2.1 Municipality's Geo-physical Characteristics ...... 8

2.1.1 Location ...... 8

2.1.2 Administrative and Political Division...... 8

2.1.3 Physiography...... 11

2.2 Main Festivals ...... 11

2.3. Road Accessibility...... 12

2.4. Demographic Features...... 13

2.4.1. Education Status ...... 13

2.4.2. Major Ethnic Group...... 14

2.5. Ownership of Housing Unit ...... 15

2.6. Main Sources of Drinking Water ...... 15

2.7. Toilet Facilities and types ...... 16

2.8. Land Use ...... 17

2.9. Settlement Pattern...... 17

3. Data Analysis...... 18 3.1 Demographic Characteristics ...... 18

3.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics ...... 26

3.3 Infrastructure Development ...... 32

4. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ...... 48

5. CONCLUSION...... 57 List of Figures Table 1 Details of Survey Sample ...... 8

Table 2 Table showing Population distribution ...... 13

Table 3 Table showing Education Status ...... 13

Table 4 Table showing Population Distribution according to Caste ...... 14

Table 5 Ownership of Housing Units...... 15

Table 6 Main Sources of Drinking water ...... 15

Table 7 Toilet Facilities and types...... 16

Table 8 Table showing Family, Total Population and Average Household (Source: VDC Profile 2067)...... 18

Table 9 Table showing Male Female Ratio(Source: VDC Profile)...... 20

Table 10 Table showing Male and Female Population according to Age Distribution (Source: VDC Profile)...... 21

Table 11 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Religion (Source: VDC profile) ...... 22

Table 12 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Language (Source: VDC profile) ...... 23

Table 13 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Caste/Ethnicity (Source: VDC Profile)...... 24

Table 14 Table showing list of road name and its respective length ...... 32

Table 16: Table showing list of available bridge ,its connection , type and length ...... 34

Table 17: Table showing electricity source ...... 34

Table 18: Table showing various means of communication used in household...... 35

Table 19: Table showing number of household according to water supply source ...... 35

Table 20: Table showing different toilet types , number of household without toilet and with Bio gas system...... 36

Table 21: Table showing list of forest name and area covered ...... 37

Table 22 Table showing list of Government institution...... 38

Table 23 Table showing list of Child Club ...... 39 Table 24 Table showing list of Youth club ...... 39

Table 25 Table showing list of Community Based Organization...... 41

Table 26 Table showing list of NGOs...... 42

Table 27 Table showing list of Educational institution Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)...... 44

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Nepal has gone through rapid urbanization in past decade. The Government of Nepal had declared 58 municipalities in 2053B.S. After 19 years, it has increased the number to 217 Municipalities in total. This was done in three different phases in very short periods of time. This declaration of Municipalities increased the population in urban areas in Nepal from 17% to 42%. In the process of this declaration, 26 new municipalities were declared in the final phase among which three Municipalities belonged to Lamjung that are Karaputar, Madhya Nepal and Rainas. Rainas is among the youngest municipalities declared on 19 September 2015.

Lamjung District is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal. The district, with Besisahar as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 square kilometers and as of 2011 had a population of 167,724. Lamjung lies in the mid-hills of Nepal with spanning from tropical to trans-Himalayan geo-ecological belts. It has mixed habitation of different cast and ethnicity - host probably the highest density of Gurung ethnic population in the country.

Rainas is a one of the newly formed municipalities of Lamjung with the Vision: “Rainas Municipality: Agriculture, Tourism, Education and Environmentally friendly City”. The municipality was established by merging the existing Tarkughat, Dhamilikuwa, Chakratirtha, Bhalayakharkha, Pyarjung and Mohoriyakot village development committees (VDCs) having a total of 73 square km. The center of the municipality is established in the former Tinpiple Bazaar. After merging the six VDCs population it had a total population of 18,527 according to 2011 Nepal census. The population density of Rainas is 254 person/sq. km. Rainas Municipality has altogether 14 wards.

Although many smaller municipalities continue to be settlements with rural characteristics, urbanization in Nepal is often characterized by unplanned and haphazard growth. This situation has resulted in a lack of basic infrastructure such as quality roads, sanitation, and drinking water. In addition, this unplanned growth can cause environmental problems such as air and water pollution, public space and riverbank encroachment, and unmanaged solid waste disposal. Unless timely development interventions are made, many municipalities are

1 destined to grow into large, crowded cities with poor quality of life for the inhabitants who will be faced with inadequate infrastructure and amenities.

In accordance with the decentralization policy of Nepal, the Local Self-Governance Act 1999gives municipalities complete responsibility for local-level planning and decision- making. Planning and management of resources and infrastructure at the local level need to be based on accurate and up-to-date information and to use modern techniques that enable complex analysis and assessment.

1.2. Rationale of Study

This municipal profile of Rainas Municipality has been prepared by the first year students of M.Sc. in Urban Planning as the part of partial fulfillment of course of Planning Studio-I. The report aims at covering the physical, social and cultural aspects of the area with main focus on the demography, infrastructure, built-up structures, land use and the problems as well includes the assessment of earthquake vulnerability.

1.3. Historical Background

Government of Nepal declared Rainas Municipality in 2072 BS. Historical importance of the municipality is connected to the Shah dynasty, which has contributed in the unification of the Nation Nepal. This dynasty has the strong history of its origin from the present Rainas Municipality. Drabya Shah who is the first Shah King of Gorkha is supposed to be the resident of Rainas. The two brothers, Narahari Shah, King of Rainas, and Drabya Shah, King of Gorkha, had continuous fight to expand their reign. To manage the conflict among two brothers, their mother went to the Chepe River, boundary of Rainas and Gorkha, and flowed down her milk in the river and said, “no one of you should cross this river from now to expand the reign” and thus the conflict was solved. This happened in Rainas Municipality ward no 7. Thus, a point where the mother of Narahari Shah and Drabya Shah poured her breast milk not to fight further for border lies in earlier Chakratirtha (Earlier: Chakratirtha VDC Ward no 6).

2 Narahari Shah once come down from the horse and walked along the bank of Chepe River. The foot prints so formed were called as Chakra. Later on, the Chakreshowr Mahadev temple was established there and then the Chakratirtha VDC was declared from the same.

The other historically important place Rainaskot is the ancient fort and also had the Palace of Drabya Shah before he went to Gorkha. This fort was in the high altitude and was built to fight against the enemy during that period.

1.4. Objectives

The main objectives of this study is to prepare Municipal Profile of the study area- Rainas Municipality in order to use this profile for the formation of Local Area Plan in future as well as to bring many development projects to upgrade the current situation of this area.

General objectives of the study of municipality profile is as follows:

 To familiarize with the onsite current situation of the municipality.  To prepare municipal profile which consists of whole spatial and non spatial data of the present day with analysis using statistical tools to give clear information for all stakeholders.  To collect socio-economic, cultural and environmental data from the sample population through household survey.  To gather relevant information about the study area through the study of secondary data and literature review.

1.5. Scope and limitations of the work

The main theme of this study is to give a true picture of existing scenario of the study area for the formulation of the plans for the future development. The profile will cover the detail information, prioritized problems and opportunity related to physical, social, economic and environmental situation of study area. The settlement of the study area is undergoing physical and social changes since last decade.

3 The study will be limited to the collection of primary data from representative sample of about 12% of the total households. So error that is inherent in the sample survey method is expected. The data is collected by house to house data collection through primary survey, interviewing people based on questionnaire. The authenticity of the data depends very much on the facts provided by the public themselves during their response to the questionnaire. The study of the municipality will not incorporate the influences from the neighboring municipality. The scope of the work is limited within the municipality only.

The collection of survey data, editing, updating and preparation of the ward map is limited to the sample survey. The map preparation is based on the digital form and it provides the basis for the future retrieval information, updating and in use.

1.6. Parameters of the Survey

The parameters of the survey taken for the formulation of Municipality profile are as follows:

- General Information

- Salient Feature of the Municipality

- Demography

- Municipality Office Information

- Socio-Economic Indicators

- Physical Infrastructures

- Social and Cultural Institutions

- Environmental Institutions

- Health and Educational Institutions

4 1.7. Methodology

The process of preparation of municipality profile of Rainas follows a systematic methodology which can be classified in following three major steps-

Figure 1 Methodology

Stage I: Study and Discussions

Class Study and Group Discussions

After the site for preparing municipality profile has been decided for around some days, groups were formed. Then group discussions and class study were done to prepare the strategy of how to start and schedule our work. In this, our course coordinator Prof. Dr.

5 Sudha Shrestha and Ar. Nisha Shrestha also gave guidance to how to initiate and perform our work and the requirements which need to be there in our study.

Review of the Existing Literature

After getting some ideas regarding the process and requirement details, some of the group members were dispersed for collection of literatures available. Similarly, Library search and online searches were performed in parallel manner.

The team reviewed the available literature gather from the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lamjung district administrative office, Nepal Engineers’ Association and other related institutions. The internet search was also carried out to find the further details of the site and other related topics.

Meeting Discussion with related institutions

Before starting our Survey, initially we had a meeting with different related institutions to let them notify of our scope and objective of preparing municipality profile, in order to get the required official support and permission from them.

We were immensely supported by MoFALD, MoUD, Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA), Regional and Urban Planners’ Society of Nepal (RUPSON), UNSW Australia.

Preparation of Questionnaire

Questionnaire incorporating all the pertinent questions viz. Demography, Socio-economic and Physical characteristics were developed to extract the required information. The Questionnaire was developed in English language for the ease of coding. The entire questionnaire was developed explicitly for the computer coding system, which was essential for the SPSS package. Apart from the questionnaire, a checklist for key informants was also prepared and administered.

Stage II: Investigation and Site Survey

Meeting with chief executive of municipality, locals and related authorities

On the second day of our site visit, a meeting was conducted as an interaction with the executive chief, locals and associated authorities to notify them about the objective of our visit and to get the support and required information needed for us for our study. Survey was then conducted with the available map of the municipality and boundary of the municipality was also made clear with the concerned technical person. This was further corrected and enhanced in the meeting with the chief executive of the municipality.

Field Investigation and Visual Survey

Field investigation was carried out to assess the existing physical infrastructure interims of their locations, existing conditions and other relevant issues. Apart from this investigation of

6 general trend of development, local construction techniques, land type and other engineering and pertinent architectural aspects were carried out. Tentative surveys, for missing details were also carried out.

Door to door survey

Door to door survey was conducted to determine the actual physical situation of the municipality in terms of utility distribution and other relevant information. Information on type of shop by construction along with types of business was collected using prescribed format.

Stage III: Compilation and Analysis

Data Processing

The collected data was extensively reviewed for any fallacies before entering them into the computer. Photographs were used for proof reading. Packages especially SPSS and MS Excel were used for the basic analysis. In order to avoid the error, all the parameters have been cross tabulated with help of the SPSS Package.

Data Compilation

A dummy table, to organize collected data from the household survey was developed before the analysis of the data.

Data Analysis

The SPSS package was used to analyze the data. Both basic parametric statistics and relational statistics have been used to better analyze the data. In order to see the consistency and error in the data, cross tabs of all collected data were prepared.

Preparations of Maps

All the maps were prepared in AutoCAD which was then transferred to ArcGIS 9.3 for preparation of final presentation maps, drawings and charts.

Total sample selected for our studies is 586 i.e. around 12 % of the total 4751 household in the municipality. The sample selection is done on the random basis.

For the study, we divided our site in two zones; ten members in each zone were involved for the survey. The details of which has been listed as below-

7 Details of Survey Sample

Table 1 Details of Survey Sample

Name of Mohoriyakot Tarkughat Dhamilikuwa Total Place

Ward no. 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 Zone I Surveyed 74 52 35 30 67 83 34 375 HH

Name of Pyarjung Bhalayakharkha Chakratirtha Place

Ward no. 11 12 9 10 6 7 8 Zone II Surveyed 32 20 20 35 21 61 22 211 HH

586

2.0. STUDY AREA

2.1 Municipality's Geo-physical Characteristics

2.1.1 Location Geographic Location

Rainas Municipality lies between the latitudes 28°03'21.49"N and 28°10'15.51"N and longitudes 84°26''04.71"E and 84°33''15"E and is located at a mean elevation of about 600 meters above sea level.

Relative Location

 East, South- East: Chepe River, Gorkha District  South: Marsyangdi River, Tanahu District: Purkot VDC  West: Marsyangdi River, Sundar Bazaar Municipality  North: Bharte VDC, Gauda VDC, Kolki VDC

2.1.2 Administrative and Political Division Development Region : Western Zone : Gandaki

8 District Headquarter : Besisahar Constituency No. : 1 Municipality Office Center: Tinpiple, Chakratirtha Ward : 14

9 10 2.1.3 Physiography Total Area: 73 sq.km.

Average Annual Rainfall: Minimum 3mm (Jan, Feb, Nov), Maximum 129mm (July) (Data taken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)

Average Annual Temperature: Minimum 0°C (Jan, Nov, Dec), Maximum 21°C (April, August) (Data taken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)

Climate: Climate varies from tropical to sub-tropical

Main Rivers: Marsyangdi, Chepe

2.2 Main Festivals

People residing habitually in this municipality are Hindu and Buddhists but at some parts of the municipality Christians and Muslims can also be found. Muslim settlement was seen at Tarkughat. People of this municipality celebrate a dozens of festivals which are generally celebrated by all the Nepalese like Dashain, Tihar, Maghi Sankranti, Holi, Teej, Lhosar, Baisakh Purnima, Chaitya Dashain, Gai Jatra, Bisket Jatra, Lakhey Jatra, Ropai Jatra, Janai Purnima, Eid, Easter day, Christmas, etc.

Special festivals celebrated by inhabitants of some wards of this municipality are mentioned below:

S.No. Name of Festival Description

1. Lakhe Nacch This is a special festival celebrated by some Newars of Tarkughat which is celebrated at Bhadra for a day. Due to some reasons, it isnot continue till date. This may be due to lack of interest of people towards their tradition and culture and influence from modern society.

11 2. Ghatu Nacch This is specially celebrated by Gurungs of Mohoriyakot which lasts for two days during the month of Baisakh (Buddha Purnima). The person skilled at this form has grown old so this was not celebrated last year. It is believed that once this trend is broken, this should not be continued for following two years so may be after two years this festival would again be celebrated.

3. Shivaratri mela This is celebrated by people all over Mohoriyakot in Rainaskot for three days on the month of Falgun (Shivaratri)

4. Ekadasi mela This is celebrated by people of Tarkughat on month of Mangsir for a day.

2.3. Road Accessibility

Rainas municipality is readily accessible from Gorkha and Bhoteodar. The Midhill highway running east west from the mid hill is under construction. 45 km of this highway lies in Lamjung district while almost 13 km of the overall length runs through Rainas municipality which is on the process of black topping.

Nearest Black Topped Roads

i. Turture Bazar (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 20 km ii. Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 17 km iii. Baishjangar Bazar (Tanahu) to Borangkhola Internal roads:

 Dumre to Turture Bazar: 10 km, Turture to Nepal Danda: 5+ km  Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Tarkughat (Lamjung): 1 km  Turture to Chepeghat: 4km  Chepeghat (Lamjung) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 16 km  Dumre to Besisahar: 42 km  Borangkhola to Besisahar: 42km (approx.) Rainas Municipality is connected by 5 motorable bridges (Bhandarthok, Chepeghat, Baaisjangar, Tarkughat and Paundidhik)

12 2.4. Demographic Features

According to census 2011, Rainas Municipality has a total population of 18527. The average household size of the municipality is 3.57 and the sex ratio is equal to 77.67. The male population is 8099 and female population is 10428 as per CBS 2011. This shows that Rainas has more females than males. Out of 18527 population, 43.71% are male and 56.29% are female.

Figure 2 Population based on Gender

Table 2 Table showing Population distribution

Population

Household Total Male Female Average Sex Household Size Ratio

Total 5453 18527 8099 10428 3.57 77.67

2.4.1. Education Status The literate population of Rainas Municipality is only 31.48%. Although there are schools providing education up to secondary level, but there is no facility of higher education. Education is one of the major reason for migration in Rainas Municipality.

Table 3 Table showing Education Status

Population Literate (%) Illiterate (%)

18527 31.48 68.52

13 2.4.2. Major Ethnic Group The main ethnic group of Rainas Municipality are Brahmin, Gurung and Chhetri with a population of 3475, 3221 and 2968 respectively. Likewise, there are also other ethnic groups in the Municipality such as Kami, Tamang, Sarki, Damai, Newar, Gharti, Magar, Kumal, Thakuri, Sanyasi, Muslim etc. The distribution of population based on caste are presented in the table.

Table 4 Table showing Population Distribution according to Caste

Caste Population %

Gurung 3221 17.39

Chhetri 2968 16.02

Brahmin 3475 18.76

Kami 1649 8.90

Tamang 1211 6.54

Sarki 1872 10.10

Damai 800 4.32

Newar 907 4.90

Gharti/Bhujel 470 2.54

Magar 326 1.76

Kumal 656 3.54

Thakuri 337 1.82

Sanyasi 221 1.19

Muslim 184 0.99

Others 230 1.24

Total 18527 100

14 2.5. Ownership of Housing Unit Out of total 4751 households, 95.05% houses are owned by themselves, 3.75% are rented, and 0.29% are institutional and 0.91% others.

Figure 3 Ownership of Housing Units

Table 5 Ownership of Housing Units

Own Rented Institutional Others 4516 178 14 43

2.6. Main Sources of Drinking Water

Out of 4751 households, 83.41% use tap water, 0.17% use tube well, 0.84% use covered well, 5.30% use uncovered well, 8.74 % use spout water, 1.03% use river/stream and 0.51% use other sources of water.

Table 6 Main Sources of Drinking water

Tap Tube Covered Uncovered Spout Water Well Well Well Water River/Stream Others 3963 8 40 1242 415 49 24

15 Figure 4 Main Sources of Drinking Water

2.7. Toilet Facilities and types

Figure 5 Toilet Facilities and types

Table 7 Toilet Facilities and types

No Toilet Flush Toilet Ordinary Toilet Others 962 2575 1192 22

16 2.8. Land Use

Rainas Municipality can broadly divided into various land use category. The majority of the land in the municipality has land use of agriculture and Forests area, with compact settlement on various designated area, and water body as Marsyangdi, Chepe and Tarte River. The built- up areas can be divided into residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and recreational areas.

2.9. Settlement Pattern

The settlement of the Rainas have developed on the plain areas along the main road to the upper slopes of Rainaskot. The settlement cluster are emerging as the ribbon development along the main roads connecting Dhamilikuwa to the Bhalayakharkha and nearby secondary roads. The majority of the settlement have residential purpose with some concentration of commercial activities along the major roads. Some of the major emerging commercial areas are Tarkughat, Panchbhai Chautari, Syauli, Tinpiple, Alkatar, Borangkhola, Kundule and Borang, and these areas are emerging as the urban centers.

The agricultural areas area mostly located on the southern flat part of the municipality, with the better facility of irrigation. The land on the slopes are used for agriculture on the form of terraced farming, dependent on rainwater for the irrigation and the settlement cluster are existing in a compact form.

17 3. Data Analysis

3.1 Demographic Characteristics

3.1 Population Profile and Analysis

3.1.1 Population size

According to household survey (year 2016), total population of the municipality is 22728. The average household in the municipality is 5.6.

Table 8 Table showing Family, Total Population and Average Household (Source: VDC Profile 2067)

Total family Total Average Population Household

Bhalayakharka 477 3187 6.7

Chakratirtha 1067 5877 5.5

Dhamilikuwa 948 4368 4.6

Pyarjung 487 2601 5.3

Mohoriyakot 490 2897 5.8

Tarkughat 688 3798 5.5

Total 4157 22728 5.6

18 Figure 6 Graph showing Total Family in Each VDC (Source: VDC Profile 2067)

Figure 7 Graph showing Total population in each VDC (Source: VDC Profile)

19 3.1.2 Basic Characteristics of Population

Male female ratio

Table 9 Table showing Male Female Ratio(Source: VDC Profile)

VDC Total male Total Female Population Population

Bhalayakharka 1638 1549

Chakratirtha 2920 2957

Dhamilikuwa 1992 2376

Pyarjung 1232 1369

Mohoriyakot 1487 1404

Tarkughat 1922 1876

Total 11191 11531

The composition is nearly even with almost equal number of male and female. Out of total 11191 are male which is 49.25% and 11531 are female which is 50.75% of the total population.

20 Figure 8 Male and Female Population in VDCs (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.3 Age wise population

Almost half the population lies between the age of 16 and 44. So there is great potential of development in this period because of youth dividend. Least people lies in the age group of 0- 5.

Looking at the age group data we can conclude that, economic active population is high in this area and Rainas is likely to develop.

Table 10 Table showing Male and Female Population according to Age Distribution (Source: VDC Profile)

Female Male Total Percentage 0-5 1058 1088 2146 9.44% 6-10 1283 1345 2628 11.56% 11-15 1325 1218 2543 11.19% 16-44 5317 5363 10580 46.55% >44 2548 2177 4727 20.80% Total 11531 11191 22728

21 Figure 9 Male and Female Population as per Age group (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.4 Population based on Religion

Almost three fourth of population is Hindu. After survey we found out, most Buddhist also celebrate festival similar to Hindu. The most common festivals celebrated in the region are Dashain and Tihar. Apart from that Buddhist celebrate Loshar and Maghe Shankranti.

Table 11 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Religion (Source: VDC profile)

Hindu 75.81%

Buddhist 23.39%

Muslim 0.21%

Christian 0.58%

22 Figure 10 Percentage of people as per Religion (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.5 Population based on Language

Some of the major languages spoken in the municipality are Nepali, Gurung and Tamang. Among them Nepali is mostly spoken, 63%.

Table 12 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Language (Source: VDC profile)

Nepali 63.14% Gurung 23.61% Rai 0.01% Newari 1.61% Muslim 0.18% Magar 1.05% Tamang 6.25% Others 4.16%

23 Figure 11 Percentage showing the spoken Language (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.6 Population based on Caste/ethnicity

Most people in this place are Gurung with around 27% of total population. After that lies Brahmin and Chhetri with percentage of 20 and 18 respectively.

Table 13 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Caste/Ethnicity (Source: VDC Profile)

Caste Percentage Brahmin 20.75 Chhetri 18.44 Newar 4.44 Gurung 27.15 Magar 2.05 Tamang 5.64 Bhujel 2.31 Majhi 0.2 Giri 0.31 Sunar 0.15 Sarki 7.78 Kami 6.46 Damai 2.46 Gandarva 0.43 Muslim 0.57 Thakuri 0.53 Limbu 0.02 Sanyasi 0.26

24 Figure 12 Percentage showing Caste (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.6 Population absentee

From the recent sample survey conducted, the reason population migration is as follows.

Figure 13 Reason for Migration

25 3.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics

Figure 14 Education Level based on Gender

4.1 Education level

Figure 15 Education Level

26 4.2 Source of Income (Major Occupation)

Figure 16 Major Occupation

4.3 Respondent’s Caste and Religion

Figure 17 Respondent’s Caste

27 Figure 18 Respondent’s Religion

4.3 Respondent’s Mother Tongue

Figure 19Respondent's Mother Tongue

28 4.4 Family structure

Figure 20 Family Type

4.5 Property Ownership

Figure 21 Building Ownership

29 Figure 22 Land Ownership

4.6 Place of Origin

Figure 23 Place of Origin

30 4.7 Migration Trend

Figure 24 In-Migration Trend

Figure 25 Out-Migration Trend

31 3.3 Infrastructure Development

As an indicator of physical development municipality has various infrastructure such as roads, bridges, electricity, communication system, etc. There are basic facilities in the municipality but the services are yet not satisfactory in the municipality. Some of the Physical infrastructures developed are as follows :

Roads

Roads are basic mode of transportation. It connects the whole municipality area and helps in further development. There are mostly earthen road in the municipality. Road has almost connected whole part of the municipality but there is no frequent transportation facility and the routes are limited. Most of the roads here , are of earthen type and many are under construction.Following table shows list of roads in use in Rainas Municipality along with its length in km .

Table 14 Table showing list of road name and its respective length

Road Details Length in KM Road Connected village VDC Black Gravel Earthen and road name topped Road Road S.N road Chepeghat-Dhamelikuwa- 1 Borang Khola-Dudhpokhari Dhamelikuwa 47 Harrabot-Lupugau- Aapchaur-Bohoragaun- 2 Panthedada-Pyarjung Dhamelikuwa 31 3 Syauli-Lupugaun-Rainaskot Dhamelikuwa 7 4 Borangkhola-Pyarjung Pyarjung 8 Bhairabsthan-kudule- 5 simghari-pyargunj Pyarjung 6 Tarkughat-Mohariyakot- 6 Pyarjung-Dudhpokhari Pyarjung 47 Harrabot-Lupugaun- Aapchaur-Panthedada- 7 Pyarjung Pyarjung 31 8 Borang khola - Pyarung Bhalyakharka 8 Chepeghat, Dhamilikuwa,Borang khola, 9 Dudhpokhari Bhalyakharka 47 10 Chepeghat-Borang khola Bhalyakharka 21

32 Harabot Lupu village , Aapchor , Bohora village , Dhadkhadka , Panthedad , 11 Pyarjung Bhalyakharka 31

Chakratirtha Mandir 12 Rainaskot Chakratirtha 11 13 Timure Chakratirtha Chakratirtha 11 Chepeghat -Dhamilikuwa- 14 Borangkhola -Dudhpokhari Chakratirtha Harabot- Lupugau- Aapchaur-Bohoragau- Dhadhkhak-Pantheydanda- 15 pyarjung Chakratirtha 47 16 Tinpiple Kumal Gau Chakratirtha 17 Tinpiple Kumal Gau Chakratirtha 31 Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S) Bridges

Bridges are important means of access across rivers. In hills suspension bridges are mostly built for connecting across the rivers. Different bridges constructed in the municipality are as follows:

Name of Wooden Suspension Motarable S.N VDC Connection Bridge bridge Bridge Bridge Length Bhandarithok 1 63.7 1 Okhle Dhamelikuwa Gorkha 2 Naringhat Dhamelikuwa Purkot Tanahu 1 124.6 Palungtar 1 91 3 Chepeghat Dhamelikuwa Gorkha Palungtar 1 4 Kaliraha Dhamelikuwa Gorkha 5 Chilli Khola Pyarjung Kolki 1 36.5 Dhulpure Kolki 1 35 6 Bridge Pyarjung Borang Bhalyakharka-7 1 - 7 Khola Bhalyakharka -

33 Borang Bhalyakharka 4- 1 - 8 Khola Bhalyakharka 9 - Borang Bhalyakharka 4- 1 - 49 9 Khola Bhalyakharka Gorkha - Bhalyakharka- 1 - 10 Soti Bhalyakharka Harmi Gorkha - Bhalyakharka - 1 - 11 Dobhan Bhalyakharka Kolki Ekle Julunge Aapiple Gorkha 1 12 pool Chakratirtha Table 15: Table showing list of available bridge ,its connection , type and length .

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S) Electricity

Electricity is one of the essential energy resource in today's era . Electricity is basic physical infrastructure and is indicator of development . Most of the people living here are facilitated with electricity from national electricity grid . Some use solar energy and gas plant for electricity service . Many people of Pyarjung and Mauriyakot are deprived of electricity service.

Following table shows the source of electricity in all six VDC :

Electricity National Solar gas Without Name of VDC S.N grid Energy plant electricity 1 Bhalyakharka 473 1 3 2 Chaktratirtha 907 26 3 DhameliKuwa 908 4 Pyarjung 13 137 1 246 5 Mauriyakot 145 35 280 6 Tarkughat all home Table 16: Table showing electricity source .

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

34 Communication Various means of communication is available in this district .Major means of communication in the municipality is mobile phone. There is no landline in this municipality. More details of use of various communication means are given as in the table given below .

HH with radio HH with TV HH with Computer Internet and cassette Telephone S.N Name of VDC 1 Bhalyakharka 318 188 468 7 2 Chaktratirtha 890 404 863 11 3 DhameliKuwa 908 601 431 653 2 4 Pyarjung 305 66 199 5 Mauriyakot 430 61 320 6 Tarkughat 438 126 Table 17: Table showing various means of communication used in household.

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

Water supply and Sanitation

Clean , pure and healthy drinking water is basic needs and fundamental rights of human being .Sanitation is the precondition of healthy life . Access to pure drinking water and sanitation area important for healthy life survival . Most people are fascinated water through pipes . Following table shows number of family facilitated with water supply through various source .

Water supply Number of family using Piped Well/ VDC S.N water Tube well Kuwa River/Pond/Canal 1 Bhalyakharka 770 85 66 2 Chakratirtha 593 332 115 3 Dhamelikuwa 770 85 51 26 4 Pyarjung 422 21 5 Mauriyakot 453 0 30 7 6 Tarkughat Table 18: Table showing number of household according to water supply source .

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

35 Without Bio Gas Toilet type With Toilet toilet Connected S.N VDC name Permanent Temporary 1 Bhalyakharka 256 178 52 2 Chaktratirtha 243 342 256 3 DhameliKuwa 578 258 60 2 4 Pyarjung 162 111 168 2 5 Mauriyakot 251 183 464 23 6 Tarkughat Table 19: Table showing different toilet types , number of household without toilet and with Bio gas system.

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

Forest and Environment Forest

Forest is one of the main resources of Rainas municipality. People’s livelihood is dependent on the forest resource. Forests help to keep ecosystem in balance. Most of the forest area is covered with trees such as Bankarela , Harro , Bari , Tetepati , Bet , Gurjo , Gurjango etc . Following table shows name of forest and area is shown below:

Area S.N Name of Samudaek Ban VDC Name (Hector ) 1 Rani ban Bhalaikhadka 34.25 2 Odalpato Bhalaikhadka 14 3 Kaprechaur Bhalaikhadka 54.15 4 Suryodaya Bhalaikhadka 31.78 5 Satidevi Bhalaikhadka 136.45 6 Dundure Dhanpakha Bhalaikhadka 16.25 7 Pangate Community Forest Pyarjung 40.54 8 Lama gaun Community Forest Pyarjung 57.54 9 Samlekot Community Forest Pyarjung 54.43 10 Mandali Community Forest Pyarjung 16.1

36 11 Sani Pokhari community Forest Pyarjung 21.47 12 Silapathar Community Forest Pyarjung 7.26 13 Manichakra Community Forest Pyarjung 17.24 14 chakratirtha forest Chakratirtha 64.55 15 Deworali Chakratirtha 37.91 16 Jhakri than Chakratirtha 119.85 17 Aapchaur Dhamelikhuwa 122.5 18 Lupu Gaun Dhamelikhuwa 137.19 19 Salfedi Dhamelikhuwa 21.11 20 Simalchau Ranighat Dhamelikhuwa 61.84 21 Garambesi Dhamelikhuwa 23.55 22 Chamfawoti Dhamelikhuwa 37.7 23 Gauritar Dhamelikhuwa 28.14 Shree Marshyandi Community 24 Forest Maghigaun Shree Kataharbari Community 25 Forest Harrabot 26 Shree Nabojotyi Community Forest Harrabot 27 Shree Kalika Community Forest Sika 28 Shree Mahadev Community Forest Sika Shree Ananpurna Community 29 Forest Sika 30 Shree Taleju Community Forest Sika 31 Shree Pipaltari Community Forest Pipaltar 32 Shree Kalamata Community Forest Tarkughat Table 20: Table showing list of forest name and area covered .

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

37 Bio Diversities

Tropical climate and rivers have made the municipality rich in diversity in terms of biodiversity. Major animals found in the municipality are leopard , bear , fox , squirrel , bat , monkey , wild cat etc. Major birds found in the municipality are crow , dove , owl , eagle , crane , duck , swan . Main crops available here are rice , millet , maize , wheat, lentil , mustard . Governance and Institutions

Institutions are the organization founded for religious , educational , professional or social purpose.Institutions are identified with a social purpose , transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behaviour.Various types of institution have been established with different set of objectives . Government institutions

S.N Name of Sastha VDC Name Number 1 Health post / Sub health Post Chakratirtha 4 2 Post Office Chakratirtha 4 3 Ayurved Chakratirtha 2 4 Pashu Sewa Kendra Chakratirtha 3

5 Health post / Sub health Post Bhalaikhadka 4 6 Post Office Bhalaikhadka 3 7 Krishi Bikash Bank Tarkughat 8 Jila Aayurbed Aausadhalaya Tarkughat Table 21 Table showing list of Government institution

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S) Non Governmental organizations

A. Child Club S.NO Name VDC Name 1 Raginas Jharana Bal Club Dhemelikuwa 2 Namuna Bal Club Dhemelikuwa 3 Sunaulo Bal Club Dhemelikuwa 4 Samaj Sudhar Bal club Dhemelikuwa

38 5 Aadarsha Namuna Bal club Dhemelikuwa 6 Balchutari Bal Club Dhemelikuwa 7 Pratibha Bal club Bhalaikhadka 8 Makhamali Bal club Bhalaikhadka 9 Manakamana Bal club Bhalaikhadka 10 Baludhar Bal club Bhalaikhadka 11 Gaurishankar Bal club Bhalaikhadka Mahendra Balbikash Higher 12 secondary council Bhalaikhadka 13 Pratishya Bal club Bhalaikhadka 14 Shivashakti Bal club Bhalaikhadka 15 Nawa Jyoti Bal club Bhalaikhadka 16 Surodaya Bal club Bhalaikhadka 17 Himshikhar Bal club Bhalaikhadka 18 Kalika Balmanch Bal club Bhalaikhadka 19 Srijansheel Bal club Chakratirtha 20 Birota Bal club Chakratirtha Table 22 Table showing list of Child Club

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

B.Youth Club S.NO Name VDC Name 1 Samaj Kalyan Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa 2 Navikaran Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa 3 Savya Srijan Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa 4 Sunaulo Bihani Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa Table 23 Table showing list of Youth club

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

39 C. Community Based Organization (CBO) S.NO Name VDC Name Est. Date 1 Aakakrit Mahila Samuha Dhemelikuwa 2 Rainas Bikash Samiti Dhemelikuwa 3 Aanusandhan tatha Bikash Kendra Dhemelikuwa 4 Chiluwan Kalyankari Samaj Dhemelikuwa 5 Champawati Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 6 Samridhi Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 7 Janjyoti Mahila Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 8 Srijanshel Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 9 Himachuli Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 10 Khadka Devi Raniban Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka 11 Bridha Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka Pragatisheel Janjagaran Tarkari tatha Krishi 12 Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha 13 Janhit Coffee Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha Chakratirtha Bachat Tatha Reen Sahakari 14 Sanstha Chakratirtha

15 Janshakti Bachar Tatha Reen Sahakari Chakratirtha Pashu Tatha Bahuudeshiyae Sahakari 16 Sanstha Chakratirtha 17 Janhit Upabhokta Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha 18 Sunrise Youth Club Chakratirtha 19 Nawajyoti Club Chakratirtha 20 Sachetana Youth Club Chakratirtha Rudra Devi Bachat Tatha Rin Sahakari 21 Sanstha Tarkughat 2054 Marsandi tarakari wotpadan Samuha 22 Tarkughat 2062 23 Balchetana Sil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2058 24 Jana Kalyan Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2059 25 Himalaya yuva club Tarkughat 26 Rudra Devi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

40 27 Samaj Kalyan Mahila Samuha Tarkughat Namuna Bachat tatha Rin Bakhra Palan 28 Mahila Samuha Tarkughat Kamana Bachat tatha Rin Bakhrapalan 29 Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 30 Aayeaarjan Samuha( ka) Tarkughat 2048 31 Aayeaarjan Samuha ( Kha) Tarkughat 2048 32 Pragatisil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 33 Milijuli Krishi Sahakari Santha Tarkughat 34 Namuna Mauri Palan Samuha Tarkughat 35 Srijansil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2058 36 MatriBhumi Aama Samuha Tarkughat 2059 37 Nawojyoti Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2059 38 Santosi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 39 Karola Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 40 Saraswoti Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 41 Manakamana Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 42 Kalika Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 43 Taleju Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 44 Sansari Devi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat Kaligandaki Bachat thatha Rin Sahakari 45 Sanstha Tarkughat 2054 46 Samudayik Aadyen kendra Tarkughat 2054

47 Sarvodaya Sewashram Tarkughat 2059 Table 24 Table showing list of Community Based Organization

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

D. Non - Government Organization (NGO)

S.N Name of Sanstha VDC Name Est. Date

1 Janhit Upabhokta Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha Pashu Tatha BahuUdeshiya Sahakari 2 Sanstha Chakratirtha

41 Chakratirtha Bachaat Tatha Reen 3 Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha 4 Janhit Coffee Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

Pragatisheel Janjagaran Tarkari Tatha 5 Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha Krishak Janagaran Bachat Tatha Reen 6 Sahakari Sanstha Limited Chakratirtha 7 Imapack Nepal Chakratirtha 8 Mahila Aapashi Chakratirtha Kalika Bachat Tatha Reen Sahakari 9 Sastha Limited Bhalaikhadka 6 Bhalaikharka Bachat Tatha Reen 10 Sahakari Sastha Limited Bhalaikhadka 6

Gyanodaya Alumunni Association 11 Tatha Reen Sahakari Sastha Limited Bhalaikhadka 12 Gramin Sawalamban Bikash Kendra Tarkughat

13 Samagra Bikash Sewa Kendra Tarkughat 14 C.R.T Tarkughat Bal swastha ra Bataworan Bachau 15 Samaj Nepal Tarkughat 2054 Janachetana aavibridri ra Bikash 16 Aadyen Kendra Tarkughat 2047 17 Mahila Aapasi Sahayok Kendra Tarkughat 18 Dipross Nepal Tarkughat Tarkughat-Mauriyakot -Gaida 19 Dudhpokhari Haritsadak Tarkughat 20 Pagre- Harabot Faat Sichai Aayojana Tarkughat Table 25 Table showing list of NGOs

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S) Education Institutions

Education is one of the basic pillar of development .Key to skilled human ,is quality education and training . For development of an area , human development is needed in several fields . Following table lists various schools established in all 6 district of Rainas Municipality .

42 Established Name of School S. N date Address VDC Tole Milan Prathamik 1 Bidhyalaya 2050 Dhamelikuwa Batase Mahendra Jyoti Kadam 2 Prathamik Bidhyalaya 2035 Dhamelikuwa Khola Sheilaputri Higher 3 Secondary School 2030 Dhamelikuwa Saraswati Primary 4 School 2045 Dhamelikuwa Sal Dada 5 Chandi Primary School 2031 Dhamelikuwa Lupu Gaun Bir Shanti Primary 6 School 2048 Dhamelikuwa Aapchaur Birendra Deep Primary 7 School 2060 Dhamelikuwa Syauli Sarada Pre Primary 8 School 2012 Dhamelikuwa Garambesi 9 Gautam Primary School 2045 Pyarjung Kamibari 10 Ratna Primary School 2046 Pyarjung Simghari Siddhartha Primary 11 School 2044 Pyarjung 12 Devi Primary School 2032 Pyarjung Mahendra Primary 13 School 2013 Pyarjung Borang Buddha Milan 14 Secondary School 2036 Pyarjung Gyanodaya Higher 15 Secondary School 2011 Sahilitar Mahendra Bal Higher 16 Secondary School 2033 Suryodaya Prathmik Higher Secondary 17 School 2045 Kalika Higher 18 Secondary School 2020 Samata Sikshya Sadan 19 Boarding School 2063

43 Champawati Prathmik 20 Vidyalaya 2038 Timure Saraswoti Prathmik 21 Vidyalaya 2048 Manakamana Prathmik 22 Vidyalaya 2033 Bora Gau Pragati Prathmik Regmi Dan- 23 Vidyalaya 2048 da 24 Bal Vidhya mandir 2045 Tinpiple Shishu Bishram Higher 25 Secondary School 2012 Birauta Basantawati Prathmik 26 Vidyalaya 2052 Rainas and Global 27 Boarding school 2052 Dandkhataha Janchetana Prathmik 28 Vidhyala 2028 29 Shree Krishna pra.vi 2050 Maghi gaaun Shree Rudra Nimna Ma. 30 Vi, Harabot 2025 Harabot Shree Santa Pra. Vi, 31 Sikha 2050 Sikha Subhadaya Pra. Vi, 32 Amale Dada 2009 Amale Dada 33 Sudarsan Pra. Vi 2030 34 Buddha Santi Pra. Vi 2055 Amar Joti Pra. Vi., 35 Pipaltari 2048 Pipaltari 36 Bir Bhakta H.S.S 2019 Table 26 Table showing list of Educational institution Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

44 SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT analysis is one of the method for analysis that was developed for the business but was adopted for the planning purpose too. Generally SWOT analysis is done and goal statement is made. According to Wikipedia “SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT matrix) is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—and is a structured planning method that evaluates those four elements of a project or business venture.”

After the process of data collection and gathering information, these information were arranged in the matrix call SWOT matrix as per following

 Strengths: Characteristics of the municipality that give it an advantage over others  Weaknesses: Characteristics the municipality at a disadvantage relative to others  Opportunities: Elements that municipality could exploit to its advantage  Threats: Elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the municipality

More clearly, we have classified the factors that could be controlled by itself as strength and weakness for positive and negative factors respectively. Factors that were presented by the environment to the municipality and cannot be controlled were classified as opportunity and threats for positive and negative factors respectively.

Strength, Opportunities, weakness and Threats that were detected from observation and survey are listed below in the SWOT matrix and strategies are developed

Opportunity Threat

 Market of besisahar  Pokhara and Kathmandu and Bandipur attracting nearby towns more tourist  Tourism,  Out migration to large paragliding cities  Located  Barren agricultural approximately at the land middle of country  Haphazard  Virgin land for development due to development lack of bye laws  Besisahar as a threat

Strength

 Agriculture  Availability of water for irrigation  Natural beauty  Presence of historical places like mohariya Strength-Opportunity kot and Rainas kot

45  Forest and medical strategies Strength-Threat strategies herbs  Greenery of the municipality

Weakness Weakness-Opportunity Weakness-Threat strategies strategies  Lack of infrastructures like water supply, health services, drainage system and road networks  Unemployment  Improper waste disposal  Less no of schools  Landline telecommunication not available  High terrain topography  Low institutional capacity

STRATEGIES

Following are the strategies that are developed after the use of SWOT matrix

Strength - opportunity strategies

In this part we are suggesting strategies which can maximize the opportunities of municipality from identified strengths. Following are the suggestions

 Supplying agricultural products to nearby towns  Developing historical places as tourism centers  developing trekking routes on the upper part of municipality  Supplying forest products and medical herbs to nearby towns  These nearby towns can be used as base for exporting products mentioned in above points  Central location of Lamjung can be used for supplying local products all over Nepal  Optimum use of land through land use planning Strength - Threat strategies

46  Developing tourism center in municipality to attract some tourist going to nearby towns so that their visit to can be prolonged in Nepal  Creating job opportunities from agriculture, herbs and forest products so as to minimize the out migration from municipality  Using job opportunities generated from tourism development to stop the out migration form the municipality  Converting barren agricultural land back to agriculture land through the initiation of local government with participatory approach

Weakness - Opportunity strategies

 Taking help from nearby towns to develop infrastructure  Reducing unemployment from the jobs created through newly developed sectors

Weakness – Threats strategies

 Initially providing home stay facilities for tourists so as to improve the initial condition of municipality and developing tourist facilities on long run to develop tourism on full capacity

47 4. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES The problem and the issue of the study area were identified through the house hold survey and its analysis. The real world problem which could be addressed through the physical infrastructure development and the social problem which could be addressed through software part were incorporate during household

Water supply problem

Out of 587 household surveyed 36.09% household responded that there is sever water problem and 25.18% people responded there is no water problem. Only Chakratirtha has house hold taps which has been installed from the local initiation which is about 38.56% of total and 21.65% of people use community tap.

For the purification of water 20.74 % of household responded as boiling, 17.16% of people responded as filtration and 68.31% of people responded that they don’t use any kind of purification method.

48 49 Solid waste disposal problem

In Rainas municipality about 81.87 % household produce 1-3 kg solid waste and 14.79% household produce 3-6 kg solid waste. Most of population disposes the waste in their own compound by burning and 96.83% of people buries in their own compound and 75.18% household converts it to compost. Only Pyarjung has few dustbins in public places.

50 Problem of health facilities

Out of total house hold 46.03% responded for using hospital and 49.03 % responded for using clinic and health post. Although maternal health facilities are not enough in the municipality 76.23% of household responded using maternal health service. In case of child vaccination municipality seem to be aware as all of the household responded positively for the vaccination of children. Despite these facilities, few households are using traditional healers for medical purpose

51 Problem of educational facilities

Out of total population 20.60% are literate, 21.13% are illiterate, 5.28% have primary education, 8.97% have lower secondary education, 27.46% have secondary education, 10.74% have higher secondary education, 4.40% have bachelor’s degree, and 1.05% have master’s degree.

Problem of accessibility

In Rainas municipality there is no black topped road. 13.73% of road is stone paved 20.95% of road is graveled and 41.20 % of road is earthen, 23.94% of road is trial. According to survey 30.99% of road is < 1m and 36.80% of road is 1-3.5m. For future set backs are as 23.24 % of 0-1m setback and 27.99% of 1-5m setback

52 53 Unemployment problem

Unemployment being a national problem Rainas is also suffering from same problem. Actually a vicious circle has been created due to this problem. To find employment 63% outside municipality and 37% migrated to outside country.

Migration problem

In Rainas, it was found that 35.66% of people migrating due to domestic reason9.79% people migrated for education, 13.29% migrated due to employment, 11.89% migrated due to business and 2.09% migrated due to mirage. All of these migrations are form upper part of municipality to lower part of municipality. In other words we can say that upper part of the municipality is experiencing negative population growth.

Apart from this 56.17% migrated to Kathmandu,4.53% migrated to besisahar, 3.02% migrated to Gorkha, 5.48% migrated to Pokhara, 0.56% migrated to Biratnagar,0.37% migrated to Birgunj, 0.56% migrated to Nepalgunj which is inside Nepal. And outside Nepal, 58.36% migrated to Middle East, 16.09% migrated to India. 45.77% responded migration as a problem

54 55 56 5. CONCLUSION

 Rainas is a one of the newly formed municipalities of Lamjung with the Vision: “Rainas Municipality: Agriculture, Tourism, Education and Environmentally friendly City”.

 SWOT analysis showed that agriculture, tourism and central location of Lamjung as one of the strong factor that can help Rainas to self- sustain and develop further

 Water supply, solid waste, health facilities, educational facilities, accessibility, unemployment and migrations were detected as problems of Rainas municipality which could be developed through social and infrastructure development.

SNO FACILITES PERCENTAGE

1 Water supply to house hold 38.65

23 People using water without filtration 68.31

4 Waste buried in compound by households 96.83

5 Household using hospital 46.03

6 Household using maternal service 76.23

7 Illiterate population 21.13

8 Earthen road 41.20

9 Road width less than 1 meter 36.80

10 Outside country migration 37

57