Layers of Morphosyntactic Number in Eastern Sudanic Project
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Some Notes on Implosive Consonants in Nyangatom
Studies in Ethiopian Languages, 5 (2016), 11-20 Some Notes on Implosive Consonants in Nyangatom Moges Yigezu (Addis Ababa University) [email protected] Abstract Nyangatom is a member of the Teso-Turkana cluster within the Eastern-Niltoic group of languages (Vossen 1982) and is spoken in Ethiopia, in the lower Omo valley, by approximately 25,000 speakers (CSA 2008). While there is a detailed description on the Turkana variety spoken in Kenya (Heine 1980, Dimmendaal 1983) there are few grammatical sketches on the Nyangatom variety (Dimmendaal (2007) and Kadanya & Schroder (2011)) spoken in Ethiopia. The status of implosives in the Teso-Turkana group in general and in Nyangatom in particular has not been investigated more clearly and different authors have reached different conclusions in the past. Heine (1980), for instance, recorded implosives as having a phonemic status in Turkana while Dimmendaal (1983) has described implosives in Turkana as variants of their voiced counterparts. In Nyangatom the grammatical sketches published so far have not identified implosive consonants as phonemes of the language. The current contribution gives a preliminary phonological analysis of implosives in Nyangatom with some comparative-historical notes and claim that implosives are full-fledged phonemes in Nyangatom and the opposition is between voiceless stops and implosives while the voiced stops are virtually absent from the phonological system. 1 Introduction Nyangatom belongs to the Teso- Turkana dialect cluster that consists of four major groups and spread over four East African countries, namely, the Nyangatom in Ethiopia, the Toposa in Southern Sudan, the Turkana in Kenya, and the Karamojong in North Eastern Uganda. -
Nilo-Saharan’
11 Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Nilo-Saharan’ Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland, Angelika Jakobi, and Constance Kutsch Lojenga 11.1 Introduction The phylum referred to today as Nilo- Saharan (occasionally also Nilosaharan) was established by Greenberg (1963). It consists of a core of language families already argued to be genetically related in his earlier classiication of African languages (Greenberg 1955:110–114), consisting of Eastern Sudanic, Central Sudanic, Kunama, and Berta, and grouped under the name Macrosudanic; this language family was renamed Chari- Nile in his 1963 contribution after a suggestion by the Africanist William Welmers. In his 1963 classiication, Greenberg hypothesized that Nilo- Saharan consists of Chari- Nile and ive other languages or language fam- ilies treated as independent units in his earlier study: Songhay (Songhai), Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman (Coman). Bender (1997) also included the Kadu languages in Sudan in his sur- vey of Nilo-Saharan languages; these were classiied as members of the Kordofanian branch of Niger-Kordofanian by Greenberg (1963) under the name Tumtum. Although some progress has been made in our knowledge of the Kadu languages, they remain relatively poorly studied, and there- fore they are not further discussed here, also because actual historical evi- dence for their Nilo- Saharan afiliation is rather weak. Whereas there is a core of language groups now widely assumed to belong to Nilo- Saharan as a phylum or macro- family, the genetic afiliation of families such as Koman and Songhay is also disputed (as for the Kadu languages). For this reason, these latter groups are discussed separately from what is widely considered to form the core of Nilo- Saharan, Central Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. -
World Bank Document
Public Disclosure Authorized Refugee Impacts on Turkana Hosts Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A Social Impact Analysis for Kakuma Town and Refugee Camp Turkana County, Kenya Varalakshmi Vemuru, Rahul Oka, Rieti Gengo, and Lee Gettler Public Disclosure Authorized Refugee Impacts on Turkana Hosts A Social Impact Analysis for Kakuma Town and Refugee Camp Turkana County, Kenya Varalakshmi Vemuru, Rahul Oka, Rieti Gengo, and Lee Gettler NOVEMBER 2016 Copyright © 2016 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved. First printing: November 2016 Manufactured in the United States of America. Cover photo: Entrepreneurial women; Photo credits (cover and text): Rahul Oka, University of Notre Dame The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affili- ated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. -
Conditions on Nuclear Expressions in Phonology
CONDITIONS ON NUCLEAR EXPRESSIONS IN PHONOLOGY by MARGARET COBB Submitted to the Department of Linguistics in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON March 1997 ProQuest Number: 10752726 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10752726 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to provide a principled account of the distribution of ‘tense’/Tax’, and ‘high’/Tow’ vowels in vowel harmony systems. It is based on the principles and parameters of Government Phonology in which variation is accounted for by possible combinations of parameter settings. To explain variation in ‘tense’/lax’ and TiighV’low’ distribution, I exploit the interaction of the parametric aspects of three universal mechanisms: Licensing Constraints, Head-licensing (both Kaye (1993b)), and the Complexity Condition (Harris (1990a)). The type of language data this thesis seeks to account for has received some attention in the phonological literature, in terms of other frameworks as well as Government Phonology. -
The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis
The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis Jie Zhang For my family Table of Contents Acknowledgments xi 1 Background 3 1.1 Two Examples of Contour Tone Distribution 3 1.1.1 Contour Tones on Long Vowels Only 3 1.1.2 Contour Tones on Stressed Syllables Only 8 1.2 Questions Raised by the Examples 9 1.3 How This Work Evaluates The Different Predictions 11 1.3.1 A Survey of Contour Tone Distribution 11 1.3.2 Instrumental Case Studies 11 1.4 Putting Contour Tone Distribution in a Bigger Picture 13 1.4.1 Phonetically-Driven Phonology 13 1.4.2 Positional Prominence 14 1.4.3 Competing Approaches to Positional Prominence 16 1.5 Outline 20 2 The Phonetics of Contour Tones 23 2.1 Overview 23 2.2 The Importance of Sonority for Contour Tone Bearing 23 2.3 The Importance of Duration for Contour Tone Bearing 24 2.4 The Irrelevance of Onsets to Contour Tone Bearing 26 2.5 Local Conclusion 27 3 Empirical Predictions of Different Approaches 29 3.1 Overview 29 3.2 Defining CCONTOUR and Tonal Complexity 29 3.3 Phonological Factors That Influence Duration and Sonority of the Rime 32 3.4 Predictions of Contour Tone Distribution by Different Approaches 34 3.4.1 The Direct Approach 34 3.4.2 Contrast-Specific Positional Markedness 38 3.4.3 General-Purpose Positional Markedness 41 vii viii Table of Contents 3.4.4 The Moraic Approach 42 3.5 Local Conclusion 43 4 The Role of Contrast-Specific Phonetics in Contour Tone Distribution: A Survey 45 4.1 Overview of the Survey 45 4.2 Segmental Composition 48 -
'Advanced Tongue Root' in Lopit: Acoustic and Ultrasound Evidence
‘Advanced Tongue Root’ in Lopit: Acoustic and ultrasound evidence Rosey Billington University of Melbourne [email protected] Abstract 1.2. Acoustic characteristics of ATR This paper presents the results of an acoustic and articulatory in- Though ATR contrasts are widely attested, phonetic investi- vestigation of Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) in Lopit, an East- gations remain limited, and have primarily focused on Niger- ern Nilotic language. As a phonological feature, ATR is widely Congo languages. A very consistent finding is that vowels attested in African vowel systems, and is held to correlate with classed as [+ATR] tend to have a lower first formant frequency tongue root advancement as a corollary of pharyngeal expan- (F1) than their [-ATR] counterparts. Among Eastern Nilotic sion. In the limited descriptive work on Lopit, there are different languages, this has been observed in the 9-vowel system of views on the presence and nature of such a contrast. Acoustic Maasai [2], and for the [+ATR] low vowel in in the 10-vowel results indicate that Lopit has a 9-vowel system with an ATR- system of Bari [8]. Differences in F2 values and duration be- type contrast. Pilot ultrasound results suggest that the gestural tween [+/-ATR] vowels have also been observed, but the pat- correlate of the contrast is one of tongue root advancement. tern is less consistent across languages or pairs of vowels within Index Terms: Advanced Tongue Root, ultrasound, Nilotic languages (see [1]). There is also evidence that [+ATR] vowels may tend towards a more breathy voice quality [2] [9]. In gen- 1. -
Atypology of Marked-S Languages
A typology of marked-S languages Corinna Handschuh language Studies in Diversity Linguistics, No 1 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea) A typology of marked-S languages Corinna Handschuh language science press Language Science Press Berlin Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/18 © 2014, Corinna Handschuh Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-944675-19-0 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Corinna Handschuh Proofreading: Eitan Grossman, Daniel W. Hieber, Aaron Sonnenschein Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, ac- curate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but Language Science Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Für Tommeck Contents Acknowledgments ix List of abbreviations xi I Preliminaries 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Marked-S coding .......................... -
Ateso Grammar: a Descriptive Account of an Eastern Nilotic Language
Ateso Grammar: A Descriptive Account of an Eastern Nilotic Language David Barasa Thesis presented for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN 15th March, 2017 Supervised by: Prof. Ana Deumert Dr. Mantoa Smouse University of Prof. Cape Gerrit Dimmendaal Town Dr. Helga Schroeder The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Declaration I declare that “Ateso Grammar: A Descriptive Account of an Eastern Nilotic Language” is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this thesis from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: 15th March, 2017 ii Abstract This study discusses the structure of Ateso, an Eastern Nilotic language. Based on interview and recorded data from fieldwork conducted in both Uganda and Kenya, where Ateso is spoken, the study provides the first comprehensive description of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the language. The main findings of this study are as follows: The key feature of Ateso’s phonological structure is that vowel alternation strategies are constrained by three harmony rules: root-control, feature-control, and, finally, mid-vowel assimilation. While Ateso shares this structure with the other Eastern Nilotic languages, it has its unique features as well. -
VERB TONE in IL-KEEKONYOKIE MAA by KENT A. RASMUSSEN A
VERB TONE IN IL-KEEKONYOKIE MAA by KENT A. RASMUSSEN A THESIS Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts © March 2002 iv CURRICULUM VITA NAME OF AUTHOR: Kent A. Rasmussen PLACE OF BIRTH: Seattle, Washington, USA DATE OF BIRTH: November 1971 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon Oregon SIL Oregon State University DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts in Linguistics, 2002, University of Oregon Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry/Biophysics, 1994, Oregon State University Bachelor of Science in Speech Communication, 1994, Oregon State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Minority Language Analysis and Description Phonology Translation Literacy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Reseach Assistant, UO, Africa 1999-2000 Research Graduate Teaching Fellow 1998-2001 Maasai Dictionary Project Teaching Graduate Teaching Fellow Fall and Winter 2001-2002 PUBLICATIONS: Rasmussen, Kent. in press. A tonal split in bound arguments pronouns in Il- Keekonyokie Maa. To appear in Spring 2001 issue of Studies in African Linguistics. CONTACT INFORMATION: [email protected] [email protected] v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the data in this paper I am severely indebted to several friends, mostly from the Il-Keekonyokie section of Maasai, from the Narok area of Kenya. Most of the data in this thesis is from Sarah Tuukwo, but often checked with Leonard Ole-Kotikash. Underlined data is from Wilson Ole-Nayomah of the Il-Wuasinkishu Maasai. Keswe Mapena Ole-Lekutit, from the Purko of Kajiado Maasai, has also been of great personal and cultural help, though not directly providing language data for this thesis. -