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VERB TONE in IL-KEEKONYOKIE MAA by KENT A. RASMUSSEN A

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VERB TONE in IL-KEEKONYOKIE MAA by KENT A. RASMUSSEN A VERB TONE IN IL-KEEKONYOKIE MAA by KENT A. RASMUSSEN A THESIS Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts © March 2002 iv CURRICULUM VITA NAME OF AUTHOR: Kent A. Rasmussen PLACE OF BIRTH: Seattle, Washington, USA DATE OF BIRTH: November 1971 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon Oregon SIL Oregon State University DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts in Linguistics, 2002, University of Oregon Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry/Biophysics, 1994, Oregon State University Bachelor of Science in Speech Communication, 1994, Oregon State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Minority Language Analysis and Description Phonology Translation Literacy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Reseach Assistant, UO, Africa 1999-2000 Research Graduate Teaching Fellow 1998-2001 Maasai Dictionary Project Teaching Graduate Teaching Fellow Fall and Winter 2001-2002 PUBLICATIONS: Rasmussen, Kent. in press. A tonal split in bound arguments pronouns in Il- Keekonyokie Maa. To appear in Spring 2001 issue of Studies in African Linguistics. CONTACT INFORMATION: [email protected] [email protected] v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the data in this paper I am severely indebted to several friends, mostly from the Il-Keekonyokie section of Maasai, from the Narok area of Kenya. Most of the data in this thesis is from Sarah Tuukwo, but often checked with Leonard Ole-Kotikash. Underlined data is from Wilson Ole-Nayomah of the Il-Wuasinkishu Maasai. Keswe Mapena Ole-Lekutit, from the Purko of Kajiado Maasai, has also been of great personal and cultural help, though not directly providing language data for this thesis. Some of the data in this thesis is from Doris Payne’s field notes, and all of it was collected under her academic and financial support (NSF grant SBR-9616482). Fieldwork in Kenya was conducted under Kenya research permit #OP/13/001/23C28. I am also grateful to both the Maasai Cultural Center (Kenya) and various SIL personnel in Nairobi for much logistical and personal help during our time in Kenya. I am grateful to Doris Payne for copious comments on all my papers, as well as general guidance through this thesis and the M.A. program in general. I am also grateful to Susan Guion for comments on several papers, including this thesis. Keith Snider of Canada SIL was instrumental in the initial brainstorming that lead to the analysis in Chapter VI. Scott Delancey, Eric Pederson, and Spike Gildea have also been critical to my development as a linguist. I have received much help from many SIL colleagues, including Larry Hayashi, Bob Carlson, Kathy Sands and David Watters, among others. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the patience and love of my wife Kimberly, especially toward the end of this project. Without her support this would have been exceedingly difficult, if not impossible. vi to the glory of God vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 3 II. SCOPE AND CONVENTIONS............................................................................. 4 2.1. Scope .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Il-Keekonyokie Maa.......................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Data Collection: Focused on Tone.................................................... 6 2.1.3. Aspect................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Conventions of Orthography...................................................................... 8 III. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ON MAA VERB TONOLOGY ..................... 9 3.1. Maa Tonology ............................................................................................ 9 3.2. Other Maa Work....................................................................................... 11 3.3. Nilotic Tonology ...................................................................................... 13 IV. TYPOLOGY OF MAA TONE ............................................................................. 14 4.1. Tone vs. Stress ......................................................................................... 15 4.2. Phonological Contrasts............................................................................. 20 4.3. Function of Tone ...................................................................................... 22 4.4. Tone Rules................................................................................................ 24 4.5. Notes ........................................................................................................ 28 V. MAA MORPHOLOGY........................................................................................ 29 5.1. Basic Verb Structure ................................................................................ 29 5.1.1. Variety of Morphology ................................................................... 30 5.1.2. Prefixes............................................................................................ 31 5.1.3. Suffixes ........................................................................................... 32 5.1.3.1. INST and CAUSII.................................................................. 33 5.1.3.2. INCEP and FUT..................................................................... 36 5.1.3.3. Other Observations on Maa Verb Morphological Combinations.................................................................................. 37 5.2. Inflectional Morphology .......................................................................... 39 5.3. Maa Phonology in General....................................................................... 40 5.4. Notes ........................................................................................................ 43 viii VI. A TONAL SPLIT IN MAA BOUND ARGUMENT PRONOUNS..................... 45 6.1. Overview .................................................................................................. 45 6.2. Discourse Marker M-................................................................................. 46 6.3. Overview of Argument Pronoun Analysis............................................... 47 6.3.1. The Split, and Neutralization, in Maa ............................................. 47 6.3.2. Overview of Tonal Contrasts by Person Marking........................... 49 6.3.3. Person Tone vs. Stem Tone............................................................. 50 6.4. The Tonal Split: Morphologically Complex Forms................................. 51 6.5. Possible Analyses of the High/Low Split................................................. 54 6.5.1. Full Specification Analysis ............................................................. 55 6.5.2. Third Person Underspecification with Default Low ....................... 58 6.5.3. First Person Singular Underspecification (with Spreading)............ 62 6.6. The Exception: Morphologically Simple Forms...................................... 63 6.7. Resolving the Split and Neutralized Data ................................................ 66 6.7.1. Class I Roots.................................................................................... 67 6.7.2. Class II Roots .................................................................................. 74 6.8. Unspecification of Apparently High Prefixes .......................................... 77 6.9. Conclusion................................................................................................ 80 6.10. Notes ...................................................................................................... 82 VII. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX A. OTHER BOUND ARGUMENT PRONOUNS.................................................... 86 A.1. 1PL .......................................................................................................... 87 A.1.1. Class I Causative (CAUS), Middle (MID) and Plural Perfect (PF.PL) ............................................................................................ 87 A.1.2. Class I Causative (CAUS) and Perfect (PF)................................... 87 A.1.3. Motion Away (AWAY) and Plural Perfect (PF.PL) ...................... 87 A.1.4. Ventive (VENT)............................................................................. 87 A.1.5. Antipassive (APAS) and Perfect (PF)............................................ 87 A.1.6. Dative (DAT) ................................................................................. 88 A.1.7. Dative (DAT) and Plural Perfect (PF.PL)...................................... 88 A.1.8. Dative (DAT) and Middle (MID)................................................... 88 A.1.9. Middle (MID)................................................................................. 88 A.1.10. Middle (MID) and Perfect (PF).................................................... 88 A.1.11. Simple Non-perfect Forms ........................................................... 88 A.1.12. Simple Perfect Forms ................................................................... 89 A.1.13. Simple Progressive (PROG) Forms
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