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Wearing an Amulet: Land Titling and Tenure (In) Security in Tanzania

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Wearing an Amulet: Land Titling and Tenure (In) Security in Tanzania Wearing an amulet: Land titling and tenure (in) security in Tanzania A dissertation presented by Anne Fitzgerald to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Maynooth University Department of Anthropology February 2017 Head of Department: Dr Mark Maguire Supervisor: Dr Abdullahi El Tom Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iv Declaration ................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vi List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Locating Land Reform in Tanzania....................................................................................... 10 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 16 Thesis Questions .................................................................................................................. 19 Imagining Tradition ............................................................................................................. 20 Loans for Development ....................................................................................................... 26 Bourdieu and the Theory of Practice .................................................................................. 27 Doing Ethnography .............................................................................................................. 34 Layout of the thesis ............................................................................................................. 47 Chapter One – The Road to Development .............................................................................. 50 The Fetish of ‘Development’ ............................................................................................... 50 The Rush for African Land ................................................................................................... 51 The Schemes and Dreams of Development ........................................................................ 56 Developing Tanzania – Yesterday’s dreams ........................................................................ 63 The SAGCOT Scheme – Dreaming of development today................................................... 67 The Presidential Commission of Enquiry into Land Matters – The Shivji Commission (1994) ............................................................................................................................................. 75 National Land Policy 1995 ................................................................................................... 79 The World Bank – Donors, consultants and workshops...................................................... 84 The Land Laws of Tanzania 1999 ......................................................................................... 89 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 96 Chapter Two - MKURABITA in Manyoni: Three Villages, Four Years and a Printer Cartridge . 98 Village Structures and Land Use Planning ......................................................................... 100 The Strategic Plan for the Implementation of the Land Laws (SPILL) ............................... 105 Formalising the Informal ................................................................................................... 108 Ground level bureaucracy ................................................................................................. 116 MKURABITA in Manyoni District ....................................................................................... 118 Waiting for Formalisation .................................................................................................. 119 Social Differentiation ......................................................................................................... 124 Hoping for tenure security ................................................................................................ 128 Land Use Planning ............................................................................................................. 130 The Local Land Market ...................................................................................................... 132 The District Office .............................................................................................................. 135 Debt and Development ..................................................................................................... 139 Women’s Access to Land ................................................................................................... 145 Land Disputes .................................................................................................................... 149 Endgame ............................................................................................................................ 151 Chapter Three - Monduli District: pastoralists and agro-pastoralists ................................... 156 Becoming Maasai .............................................................................................................. 157 Dispossession through Conservation: ‘Museum Parks without People’ ........................... 165 Good Fences Make Good Neighbours – Mapping the Boundaries of Village Lands ......... 182 A Tale of Two Villages ........................................................................................................ 185 The Disputed Territory ...................................................................................................... 187 The Amulet: Formalisation as Protection .......................................................................... 194 Disputing Processes ........................................................................................................... 198 Loans.................................................................................................................................. 201 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 202 Chapter Four - The Gendered Life of Things ......................................................................... 205 Woman’s Work/Men’s Work ............................................................................................ 209 Family Matters: Women’s Access to Land ........................................................................ 216 Inheritance Rules ............................................................................................................... 223 Women of Manyoni District .............................................................................................. 230 Legacies ............................................................................................................................. 232 Gendered Access to Land and Livestock in Monduli District ............................................ 235 Female and male breadwinners ........................................................................................ 236 Rights to Land .................................................................................................................... 239 Civil Society Activism ......................................................................................................... 243 Women and the Land Law ................................................................................................. 248 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 253 Chapter Five - The Disputing Process .................................................................................... 255 Justice and the ‘Have Nots’ ............................................................................................... 257 Legal Pluralism ................................................................................................................... 261 ii The Living Law ................................................................................................................... 265 Legal Traps: Emboley Murtangos- Kiteto District ............................................................. 268 Legal Tropes....................................................................................................................... 276 The Disputing Process in Manyoni District ........................................................................ 278 Legal Aid in Morogoro ....................................................................................................... 288 Telesia’s Story .................................................................................................................... 290 What Chance for the ‘Have Nots? ..................................................................................... 297 Chapter
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