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Norw. J. Entomol. 49, 81-92. 2002

The order Raphidioptera in

Uta Greve

Greve, L. 2002. The order Raphidioptera in NOlway. Norw. J. Entomol. 49, 81-92.

The order Raphidioptera, snake-flies, is reviewed based on material in the collections of the four Norwegian university museums, and material in the collections ofsome private collectors, altoget­ her 454 specimens belonging to the three species Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius, 1781), Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel, 1832) and Raphidia ophiopsis L.,1758. Keys to species for adults and larvae are presented. The distribution is mapped. Remarks on the phenology and biology are given.

Key words: Raphidioptera, snake-flies, distribution, Norway.

Lira Greve, Zoological Museum, University ofBergen, Museplass 3, NO-5007 - Univ., Norway.

INTRODUCTION The order Raphidioptera is divided in two well­ characterized families, the Raphidiidae with Three species of the order Raphidioptera, snake­ around 180-190 species and the Inocelliidae with flies, have been recorded from Norway. Raphidio­ about 20 species (Aspock et al. 1991). ptera is on a world scale basis a small order, and only 205 species are known. Probably not more than Snake-flies are confined to arboreal habitats, 250 species exist today (Aspock 1998, 1999). bushes may do for some. All species need a period oflow temperature around or below zero to induce The Raphidioptera is an old group with many fossil pupation or hatching ofadults. The larvae ofmost species from the Jurassic and the Cretaceous periods. species lives under bark of trees or shrubs, or in In the end of the Cretaceous all snake-flies in the crevices of living wood. The larvae ofsome spe­ tropical areas died out, and today only species adap­ cies ofRaphidiidae lives in the top layer ofsoil or ted to cold climates survive. The whole order has in the leaf layer around the stem and roots of been described as living fossils as the snake-fly shrubs (Aspock et al.1991). fauna of the Mesozoic was much richer than the present one, and snake-flies occurred in tropical The development from egg to adult takes at least climates and in the southern hemisphere as well one year in the genus Raphidia. For many species (Aspock 1998). Today few species are distributed of Raphidiidae this period may last two or three south ofthe 30° N, none in the southern hemisphere. years, for most Inocelliidae three years or longer. Pupation takes place shortly after overwintering, The known distribution ofthe majority of species and adults appear in late spring or early summer is restricted to the Holarctic with a smaller species in most species (Aspock et al. 1991). group restricted to the Western part ofNorth Ame­ rica and southernmost Canada southwards to Gua­ The larvae and adults of snake-flies are carnivo­ temala. rous, feeding on a great variety of softskinned arthropods, particularly egg and larvae of insects. The Raphidioptera was until recently considered In captivity both adults and larvae may eat other one of three suborders in the order Neuroptera. types of food (Aspock et al. 1991). The larvae are Today the Raphidioptera is considered a separate probably active and hunt during night-time and the order in the superorder Neuropterida. The group darker hours ofthe day. The adults are poor flyers is considered among the most primitive orders and rarely cross open areas. Often they do not leave among the Holometabola (Aspock et al. 1991).

81 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway

Key to Raphidioptera - families - Head as broad or somewhat broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Compound eyes smaller than in Raphidiidae. Ocelli not present. Antennae filiform, number of segments around sixty-five. Pterostigma without crossveins ...... Fam. Inocelliidae. [One species in Fennoscandia and (lnocellia crassicornis (Schummel, 1832)). In Fennoscandia recorded from localities in Middle and Northern and once from Kuusamo in Finland]

- Head narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. Large compound eyes and three ocelli present. Antennae filiform. number ofsegments around thirty-five. Three genera, each with one species, in Fennoscandia and Denmark ...... Fam. Raphidiidae

Key to adults of Raphidiidae 1. Pterostigma fairly long, pale yellowish brown. Three cellules between pterostigma and the upper branch of M ...... Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel. 1832)

- Pterostigma very dark blackish 2

2. Pterostigma with two crossveins. Four cellules between pterostigma and the upper branch of M, the second might be three-sided or sometimes poorly developed in one or both wings ...... Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius, 1781) - Pterostigma fairly short, nearly always with only one cross-vein. Three cellules between pterostigma and the upper branch of M Raphidia ophiopsis L. 1758

Key to larvae of the Raphidioptera - families Note: The number oflarval stages in Raphidioptera is around ten. This key can only be used for older larval stages where the pigmentation ofthe dorsal side ofthe body segments can be seen clearly. The key is wholly based on the larval keys made Asp6ck et a1. (1974, 1991). For more detailed figures a~d photos of larvae see Asp6ck et al. (1974).

- Head with four stemmata. The median front end ofthe mesenotum with a small elevation.... Family Inocellidae. [One species lnocellia crassicornis (Schummel, 1832)]

- Head with six to seven stemmata. No median frontal elevation on the mesenotum Family Raphidiidae.

Key to the Norwegian Raphidioptera larvae of the family Raphidiidae See the simplified drawing ofthe median figure (with a superficial likeness to a standing man) - on third dorsal abdominal segment (Figure I). The shape ofthe following pigmented areas are important: M = Median figure, LA = Lateral figure. LE = «Legs», F = «Feet» and S = Light, median stripe. Parts of the abdominal segment outside these figures noted here can also be slightly coloured/pigmented.

1. Without a narrow light, median stripe. Land F equally broad and strongly pigmented on reaching the posterior edge (P) ofthe segment Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius, 1781)

- Median figure with a narrow light, median stripe 2

2. Median figure lighter pigmented. Land F equally broad reaching the posterior edge of the segment. F lighter pigmented than L. The lateral figures and the median figure are narrowly separated ...... x xallthostigma (Schummel, 1832)

- Median figure stronger pigmented. There is a constriction ofthe pigmented area where L ends and F begins. F is lighter pigmented then L, and widens towards posterior edge of segment. The lateral figures and the median figure are wider separated R. ophiopsis L. 1758.

82 Norw. J. EntomoJ. 49, 81-92. 2002 the particular three or shrub on which they live figure shows a snake-fly which is either Phaeostig­ (Aspock 1998). The largest compiled information ma notata or Raphidia ophiopsis on account ofthe on this family is found in Aspock et al. (1991). dark pterostigma. The oldest Norwegian specimen is one specimen ofP notata recorded by Zetterstedt The snake-flies are fairly large insects, and very (1838-40) from Verdalen in Northern Trondelag, still easy to recognize on account of the cylindrical present in University Museum. This specimen prothorax which is longer and more narrow than was referred to by Wallengren (1871), Schoyen the head. The head has large compound eyes, ocel­ (1887) and Tjeder (1937, 1943a), and the specimen li are present in one recent family, lacking in the (without abdomen) is present in Wallengren's other. The antennae are slender, filiform, and fairly collection in Lund (R. Danielsson pers. comm.). short. The legs are normal walking legs with five­ jointed tarsi. Meso- and meta-thorax carry two Tjeder (1932,1937, 1943a, b, 1944) made refe­ pairs of hyaline wings which are subequal. The rences to Norwegian material of Raphidioptera pterostigma is prominent and the wing-ribs are and Tjeder (1945) presented a catalogue ofNor­ blackish. The male genitalia show a great variation wegian Neuroptera. His catalogue was based on and the characters are important in determination. museum material as Tjeder himselfdid not collect The females have a very long ovipositor. in Norway. The first record, from «SondIlli'Jre», of a Norwe­ Tjeder (1937, 1940, 1953, 1972) also listed a gian snake-fly was published by Strom (1783). fourth species from Sweden: Inocellia crassicor­ Strom's material do not exist any longer, but his nis (Schummel, 1832).1. crassicornis was recor-

LA M Figure 1. Simplified drawing of the third abdominalsegment, dorsally, of a Raphidiidae larva. A = Ante­ rior part of segment, P = Posterior part of segment. The shape of the following pigmented areas are important: M =Median figure, LA =Lateral figure, LE =«Legs», F =«Feet» and S =Light, median stripe.

83 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway ded 1901 from Sweden (Borg 1901) and was for ColI.). AK (18 crcr 14991 spm.) : Bekkela­ hundred years only recorded from the province get, Hoff, Klemetsrud, Oslo, Ris, Rosenberggaten, Dalarna in Middle Sweden though Tjeder T0yen, 0stensj0vann (ZMO); As: Arungen; Bce­ predicted that it must have a wider distributional rum: Bomya (ZMO), Bcerum (ZMO), S. Hogstad, area in Sweden. I. crassicornis has recently been Ost0ya, Sceterbekken (ZMO); : Bj0rkas, recorded from five other provinces in Middle and Sem; S0rum: L0fenfallet (Egner) (ZMO); Ene­ Northern Sweden (Bergsten & Pettersson 2000), bakk: Vangen. os (19) : Lilleham­ and thus might perhaps be present in Norway too. mer (ZMO). BO (2 crcr 3 W) Hole: R0ysehalv0ya (ZMO); : Ringerike (TM), Rishueasen (ZMO); Nedre : Mj0ndalen (Hagatjern MATERIAL Ryggsetra). BV (2 crcr 19 3 larvae) : Brat­ Material from the Norwegian university museums asen, Traen saga (ZMO); : Gudbrandseter­ in Oslo (=ZMO), (Vitenskapsmuse­ fjellet (Heimseterasen) (larvae, uncertain deter­ et=VT) and Troms0 (=TM), as well as from some mination). VE (5 crcr 19) Borre: Adalstjem; Stok­ private collections are marked with brackets in ke: Robergmyra; N0ttemy: Hella; Tj0me: Kjcere; the material lists. Unless otherwise stated the ma­ Brunlanes: Pauler (B. Borgersen Coll.). TEY (I terial is deposited in Zoological Museum, Univer­ cJ) : Skultrevassasen (ZMO). TEI (3 crcr sity ofBergen. 2MB is used when material from 5 99) Notodden: Lisleherad; : Skogly ( the same locality is deposited in two different mu­ ZMO). AAY (2 99) Lillesand: H0vag, Kvivika seums. (ZMO), Kvase. AAI (1 9) Bygland: Heddevika (ZMO). MRI (1 cr) Rauma: Isfjorden (H. Hatlen Regional abbreviations are given according to Coll.). NTI (3 99 1 spm.) : Egge (Rana 0kland (1981). The records are referred to the grid Museum), Steinkjer (Heggeliveien 14), Vassaunet zones ofthe European Invertebrate Survey (EIS). (Rana Museum); : Games (University of MT = Malaise-trap, LT = Light trap, CL = Colli­ Lund, Museum), Steinkjer: Egge (Rana Museum). sion trap, PT = Pitfall trap, CoIl. = Collection. NSI (1 9 1 spm.) Rana: Ramna (ZMO); Svart­ The material consists of 454 adults, larvae and vasshei (Rana Museum). pupae belonging to three genera and three species. EIS 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 19,20,21,27,28,29,35,36, Zetterstedt's specimen from Northern Tmndelag, 54,77,98,123. Verdal, Games in The University Museum, Lund, has been checked by B. Tjeder, but not seen by P. notata is new to 0, BV, TEI, YE, AAY, MRl the author. and NSI. P. notata is a fairly rare species in Nor­ way as only 79 specimens have been collected Most ofthe older material has been collected by throughout the last 150 years. sweep-netting and dry mounted. Adult snake-flies can be dry mounted orkept in alcohol, while larvae P. notata is the largest of the three Norwegian and pupae should all be kept in alcohol. snake-flies with a wing-length ofthe first pair of wings from 9 mm to 14 mm. The fairly long, dark pterostigma with normally two crossveins and the Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius, 1781) four cellules between the pterostigma and the Synonym: Raphidia notata Fabricius, 1781 upper branch of vein M are two good characters For complete list of synonyms, see Asp6ck et al. to separate P. notata from X xanthostigma and R. (1991). ophiopsis. Note should be taken that there are some specimens in the material where one wing Material: 38 (X) 35 W 3 spms., 3 larvae. Figure 2. has only three cellules. Already Tjeder (1937) no­ 0(6 crcr 3 W) : Korsetdalen (ZMO), Rem­ ted this variation in Swedish material, and Meinan­ mendalen (ZMO); : Sandbakken; der (1962) noted it as well from Finland. Meinan­ : Huser (ZMO); : B0ensetra; Tune: der (1962) also remarked on the second ofthe four Holleby, Rakil, Kil (ZMO), Rakil (T. J. Olsen cellules which can be threesided, and short. The

84 Norw. J. Entomol. 49, 81-92. 2002

Phaeostigma notata

Figure 2. Distribution of Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius) in Norway mapped in EIS squares.

85 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway teeth ofthe small rib-forks in the wing margin of Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel, P. notata are closer together at the wing margin 1832) than the teeth ofthe same rib-forks in the two other Synonym: Raphidia xanthostigma Linnaeus, species. The male genitalia give good characters 1758 (Asp6ck et al.1980). For complete list ofsynonyms seeAsp6ck et al. (1991 ). Some published records have not been confinned: Material: 106 crcr 17899 8 spm. 2 pupae 5 larvae. Schoyen (1887) noted P. notata from Solor and Figure 3. Odalen, but material from these localties was not found by Tjeder (1943) in his revision. The spe­ 0(7 crcr 899) Halden: Strupe; : Fred­ cimen collected by Fritz Jensen from Ravml is a rikstad: Fredrikstad (ZMO), Borge Varde; Moss: Jel­ slightly uncertain locality, but very probably Ram­ oy, Hvittingbukta; Hvaler: Hvaler, Huser (ZMO), ml in Rana. The locality «Ringerike» is not mar­ Rod; Aremark: Boensetra; Fredrikstad: Fredrikstad ked. (ZMO), Borge Varde; Tune: Rakil (T. J. Olsen Coil.! 2MB), Tunevannet, : Sildebauen; Valer: Eng From Figure 2 is it clear that P. notata has an eas­ (T. R. Nielsen Coll.), Flesjovannet; county not defi­ tern distribution in Norway and the northenmost ned: Vandsjo (ZMO). AK ( 15 crcr 23 99) Oslo: records are slightly north of66 oN. The northern­ Oslo, Froen, 0stensjovann (ZMO), As: As (Hre­ most locality, Svartvasshei (Rana), fits well with rumshagen) (CoIl. Planteforsk); : Drobak, recent records from Sweden published by Berg­ Hulvik, Haoya; : Fagerstrand; Brerum: sten & Pettersson (2000) where P. notata are recor­ Bomya (ZMO), Haslum gard (Planteforsk Coll.); ded from Vasterbotten somewhat south of the Asker: Bjorkas, Sem; Sorum: Lorenfallet (Egner) northernmost Norwegian locality. (ZMO); Rrelingen: Losby; : Vangen; The distributional records of P. notata with one Lorenskog: Losby. RES (1 cr 5 99) : exception fits well with the distribution of spon­ Vinger; : Helgoya (Eiksasen); Sor-Odal tanous spruce (Picea abies) in Norway (Moe orNord-Odal: Odalen (ZMO); : Holmsjoen, 1970). One record, however, from inner MRI is Braserudberget (ZMO); : Hernes. HEN (2 outside this area. The total distribution ofP. notata crcr 19) Rendal: Storsjoen, Ytre Rendal (ZMO), is shown in Asp6ck et al. (1991). All localities are Solbakken (ZMO). OS (2 crcr 2 99 2 spms.) in the lowlands. Lillehammer: Lillehammer (ZMO); Sor-Fron: Toverud (B. Borgersen ColI.); : Ringebu The flight period of P. notata as recorded from (ZMO); : Grindvold (ZMO); : the material is from May until early August. Only Dokka. ON (2 crcr 4 99) Skjak: Marlo, Pollfoss; few specimens are collected in August and late Nord-Fron: Vinstra. BO (7 crcr 29991 spm.) Dram­ July. The few specimens from Northern Trondelag men: Underlia (ZMO, 2MB); Ringerike: Vreleren and Nordland province are all collected this late. (ZMO); Hole: Roysehalvoya (ZMO); Royken: Further south in Europe the flight period starts Hyggen, Kinnartangen; Hurum: Filtvedt, Molen, somewhat earlier. The developement from egg to Tofteholmen, Verket, 0stnestangen (ZMO, 2MB). adult in middle Europe is estimated to last from BV (9 crcr 14 99 1 larva) Sigdal: Heimseterasen, two to three years (Asp6ck et al.199l). Trillemarka (ZMO); Rollag: Bramsen, Rollag, Traen High population densities have not been recorded saga, Varviken (ZMO). VE (9 crcr 15 99 1spm. 1 in Norway. Even intensive netting has seldom pro­ pupa) : Botne; Tonsberg: Frodasen; duced more than one specimen each time. Malai­ : Sandar, Nes; Borre: Adalstjem (ZMO); se-traps, light traps and other types oftraps have : Middagskollen (ZMO), Vemannsas (ZMO); only collected few specimens at separate localities : Near Minnehallen; Sande: Killingholmen, even when the traps have been open throughout a Kommersoya; Notteroy: Herstad; Tjome: Gon, summer season. Kjrere, Momarka, Moutmarka. TEY (3 99) : Porsgrunn (ZMO); : Langoya; Kragero: Jomfruland (near lighthouse). TEI (20 crcr

86 Norw. J. Entom01. 49, 81-92. 2002

Xanthostigma xanthostigma

Figure 3. Distribution of Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel) in Norway mapped in EIS squares.

87 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway

26 99) Notodden: Lisleherad; B0: Hestetun; Outside FennoscandiaX xanthostigma is distribu­ : Kviteseid, Morgedal nearBrekke; : ted south to Bulgaria, and from the British Isles Uirdal. AAY (1 (j(j 9 99) Arendal: HasseUisen, to East Asia. This represents one of the largest Trol110Ya, Bjelland; Grimstad: Feviktjern; Lillesand: distributional areas of any species of snake-fly H0vag (0rslia), Storemyr (ZMO). AA! (5 99) Evje (Aspock et al. 1991). & Homes: Stjernebyen; Bygland: Heddevika X xanthostigma has been collected at 600 m a s I (ZMO); Bykle: Bykle. VAY (4 (j(j 5 99 1 spm.) in Pinus silvestris forest. This is the highest ele­ : Baneheia (ZMO), Vagsbygd (TM, vated locality in the material. Two Malaise traps 2MB); Mandal: Mandal (TM), Rona (Hole) (TM), in a xerotherm Pinus forest at 450 m a s land 520 N. Brinsdal; S0gne: Kvernhusvann (near S0gne m as 1respectively collected a total eleven speci­ Folkeh0yskole); Marnardal: Bjelland (Tjelland) mens in two summer seasons (Oddvar Hanssen, (ZMO), Lyngdal: Lyngdal (near Travikas), Nebblet coll.). (ZMO). VAI (1 (j 1 9) H(egebostad: Naglestad; Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad. HOY (2 (j(j 2 991 pupa) The larvae develop under the bark of different Tysnes: Anuglo; Os: Leps0Y; : Eidslandet, trees, not only conifers. The development time near Midtvannet; Oster0Y: Herlandsnesjane. HOI from egg to adult is at least two years (Aspock et (4 (j(j 6 99 1 spm. 2 larvae) Kvinnherad: iEnes­ al. 1991). dalen; : Sekse (Planteforsk CoIL), The flight period is from early May, a single record Dj0nno; : Mab0dalen; Granvin: Granvin, from late April. Adults are found until early Au­ (19) Skjervet; : near Svevatn (Varden). SFY gust. The few records from the Northern provinces Gloppen: Vereide. SFI (2 (j(j 1 spm.) Leikanger: are nearly all from July. Grinde; Aurland: Almenningshytta; Luster: Joste­ dalen (ZMO). MRI (l (j) Stranda: Lauvvika. STY Old specimens are mostly netted. Several speci­ (1 (j) : Vetaliheia (VT). STI (6 (j(j 6 99 1 mens caught in the later years have been collected larva) : L0nset; Midtre : St0fen (Rog­ in Malaise traps. X xanthostigma has also been nes) (VT). NTI (1 9) Steinkjer: Steinkjer (ZMO). collected in light traps, but rarely (Greve & Kobro NSI (799)Vefsn: Vefsn (ZMO/TM); Beiarn: Kval; 1998). A few specimens have been collected in Saltdal: Storjord. NNV (l larvae - uncertain collision traps and one single specimen is from a determination) Sortland: Sortland. TRI (3 991 spm.) pitfall trap. A couple of specimens have been Malselv: Malsnes (TM); 0verbygd: Bjerkeng (TM), collected inside houses. X xanthostigma is the Ravatn (TM); Malangen: Keianes (TM). FI (1(j most common of three Norwegian species. The 299)Alta: Vina (TM), Detsika (Buolamalia) (ZMO). total number of individuals recorded throughout one hundred and fifty years is 299. EIS 1,2,4,5,6,9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21, 23,27,28,29,30,31,32,35,36,37,38,41,45, 46,50,54,60,62,63,64,67,69,70,77,79,87, Raphidia ophiopsis Linnaeus, 1758 96,98, 118, 126, 127, 154, 173. Material: 33 (j(j 3699 6 spms. 1larva. Figure 4. X xanthostigma is new to B0, BV, TEI, AAI, VAI, () (3 (J(j 299) Sarpsborg: Near Borregard (T. 1. Olsen HOY, SFY, MRI, STY and NNV. The only possi­ Coll.), Sandbakken; Tune: Rakil (T. 1. Olsen CoIl.! ble record from NNV, however, is a larva ofuncer­ 2MB); Ons0y: Foter. AK(6d'd' 13 994 spms.) Oslo: tain determination. The distribution covers nearly Dragonskov, Hoved0ya, Rosenberggaten, Ryenberg, all the provinces in Norway, but the records from Sk0yen, T0yen (ZMO); Nesodden: Fagerstrand; are few. In other parts ofNorth­ Oppegard: Svartskog; B(erum: B(erum, BOf0ya em Fennoscandia the distribution is also scattered (ZMO), Haslum (ZMO), Ost0ya; Asker: Bj0fkas; (Meinander 1962, Bergsten & Pettersson 2000). -H01and: Halsnes; S0rum: S0rlil0kka The yellow pterostigma is the easiest way to iden­ (ZMO); L0renskog: Losbydalen (ZMO). HES (I d' tify X xanthostigma from the two other Norwe­ 1spm.) : Romedal, Tangen. HEN (19) Rendal: gian snake-fly species. Ytre Rendal, Rensaskarven (ZMO). ON (19) :

88 Norw. J. Entomol. 49, 81-92. 2002

Raphidia ophiopsis

Figure 4. Distribution of Raphidia ophiopsis L. in Norway mapped in EIS squares.

89 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway

Fokstua. B0 (299) Hurum: Verket, Verks0ya. BV wegian material it is clear that the species is not (2 eJeJ 3 99 I larva); Sigdal: Heimseterasen; Rollag: common in the northern parts of Fennoscandia. Bratasen, Traen saga, Veggli. VE (4 eJeJ 3 99) The distribution ofR. ophiopsis ophiopsis reaches T0nsberg: Frodasen; Vale: Lang0ya; Sem: Eik; from southern and middle Europe eastwards to Tj0me: Kjcere, Tj0me. TEY (1 eJ 1 9) Porsgrunn: Sibiria. The western border in Europe is around Porsgrunn; Bamble: Valle. TEI (3 eJeJ) Notodden: 5° E. R. ophiopsis must as P notata be considered Lisleherad. AAY (2 99) Ris0r: South of Granli a fairly rare species in NOlway as only 76 speci­ church; Lillesand: H0Vag, Indre Arsnes. VAY (2 eJeJ) mens have been collected in the last 150 years. Kristiansand: Bravann (K. Berggren CoiL), The development time from egg to adult is at least , Gimlemoen. HOY (1 eJ) Stord: Near two years (Aspock et al. 1991). Tveitavann. HOI (1 eJ) Kvam: Ljosnesvag. SFY (1 9) Gaular: . SFI (1 9) Vik: Fresvik. MRI (2 The flight period is from May to late August/primo W) Sumadal: Tal0yan (ZMO); Rauma: Isfjorden (H. September. However, the main part ofthe material Hatlen Coll.). STI (3 eJeJ 3 99) Oppdal: L0nset; has been collected in May and June. Specimens Klcebu: Malsj0en (VT). NTI (1 eJ 1 9) Snasa: Stod from northern NOlway are all from July. station; Lieme: Storbekken. TRI (2 eJeJ 1 spm.) Bardu: Bardufoss (ZMO); Malselv: 0verbygd, DISCUSSION Bjerkeng; Storfjord: Skibotn. FI (1 eJ) Karasjok: Karasjok (TM). FO (2 eJeJ) S0f-Varanger: Pasvik, The snake-fly species in Norway are fairly rare (Near small lake east ofEllenvann) (ZMO). insects. Snake-flies are very characteristic insects which are recognised in the field by amateurs as EIS 2, 6, 11, 19,20,23,27,28,31,35,37,46,50,58, well as experts. They are relatively large and are 64,71,77,79,85,92,101,103,154,155,160,167. not difficult to catch since they are rather poor R. ophiopsis is new to 0, HES, BY, YE, TEI, VAY, fliers. Snake-flies begin their fly period rather ear­ HOY, HOI, STI, NTI, F0. The locality ON Dovre: ly in the year when relatively few collectors are Fokstua (more than 925 m a si) was mentioned active. Adults are, however, active in the light of by Tjeder (1937). This is the highest elevation in the day, and can be collected in warm and sunny the material. There is also one specimen without weather. The adults do not spend much time flying abdomen in ZMO (No.3489) probably labelled and thus perhaps devoid detection. «Romsdal June 6 1934 leg. Munster». Only 454 specimens have been collected from Material from the locality Sol0f was mentioned Norway throughout, but there is no reason to think by Sch0yen (1887), but Tjeder (1943a) did not they might have been overlooked by entomolo­ record such material in his revision, and the author gists. The author has «hunted» and collected this has not seen such material in Zoological Museum, group along with other Neuropterida for more than University ofOslo. three decades. R. ophiopsis is a complex species where the The larvae is more seldom caught since their are subspecies R. ophiopsis ophiopsis is the only sub­ active during the dark hours, and hide during day species represented in Fennoscandia. In the south­ time. ern parts of the distributional area R. ophiopsis Two ofthe species mentioned here, P notata and splits into four subspecies, see Aspock et al. R. ophiopsis, represent 79 and 76 specimens res­ (1991). The distributional area for R. ophiopsis pectively, and these species are decidedly more ophiopsis as well as the other subspecies is map­ scarce than X xanthostigma representing 299 ped in Aspock et al. (1991). specimens ofthe total material. None ofthe three The distribution ofR. ophiopsis in Northern Swe­ species can be said to be common insects. den has been recorded by Bergsten & Pettersson Collection by Malaise-trap seems to be a good (2000), and in Northern Finland by Meinander method for catching adults. Light traps are not (1962). Based on this information and the Nor-

90 Norw. J. Entomol. 49, 81-92. 2002 very efficient as snake-flies are rarely attracted to lection in the museum of the Lund University. I also light (Aspock et al. 1991). Occasionally a few want to thank especially Lars Ove Hansen for informa­ specimens can be collected where light traps are tion on material in the Zoological Museum, University run throughout several summers (Greve & Kobro of Oslo. I am also grateful to collectors from which I have borrowed material: Karl 1. Grimstad, Branddal, 1998). «Fogging» of trees using gas do produce Oddvar Hanssen, Trondheim, Halvard Hatlen, Isfjorden, Raphidioptera larvae (l Skartveit, pers. comm.). Tore RandulffNielsen, Sandnes, Thor Jan Olsen, Sarps­ In the northern parts of Scandinavia the distri­ borg, Bj0rn A. Sagvolden, Rollag, John Skartveit, Ayr, bution is scattered for X xanthostigma and R. Scotland and Bj0rn 0kland, As. ophiopsis which are the two species recorded from the two northernmost provinces in Norway. In REFERENCES there is a rather remarkable fact Aspock, H. 1998. Distribution and biography of the that no snake-fly have been caught in the province order Raphidioptera: updated facts and a new hy­ ofRogaland. This is probably not because oflittle pothesis. Acta Zoo1. Fennica 209,33-44. collection, as the entomologist Fritz Jensen speci­ Aspock, H. (ed.) 1999. Kamelhiilse, Schlammfliegen, ficly collected Neuropterida in this province, and Ameisenlowen. Staphia 60, Neue Folge, 138,244 left a large collection which is in ZMO. Another pp. 00. Landesmuseums, Estermann Druck, Aur­ field entomologist, Tore R. Nielsen, has not obser­ olzmiinster. ved any snake-flies in this area either (pers. Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Holzel, H. 1980. Die Neuro­ comm.). The records from , Sogn og pteren Europas. Vo1. 1& 11, 495 pp. - 355 pp. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. Fjordane and M0re og Romsdal are also few Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. 1974. Bestim­ despite much collection done the last decades. mungssch1iisse1 der Larven der Raphidiopteren The distribution of P notata in Norway is over­ Mitteleuropas (Insecta, Neuropteroidea). Z. ang. lapping the distribution of spontanous spruce Zoo1. 61,45 - 62. Picea abies L. Only one locality in inner M0re Aspock, H., Rausch, H. & Aspock, U. 1974. Untersuch­ ungen iiber die Okologie der Raphidiopteren Mittel­ and Romsdal province lies outside the distribu­ europas (Insecta, Neuropteroidea). Z. ang. Ent. 76, tional area. Perhaps this record is due to larvae 1 - 30. coming in with planted spruce as the there has Aspock, H. Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. 1991. Die Raphi­ been an extensive planting of spruce the last diopteren der Erde. Vo1. I & 11, 730 pp. - 549 pp. hundred years. P notata could have been a late Goecke & Evers, Krefe1d. invader into Fennoscandia after the glaciation Borg, H. 1901. Anteckningar ofver Svenska Neuroptera. periods, and followed the natural immigration of Ent. Tidskr. 22, 175 - 176. spruce in the area. This has been suggested for Bergsten, J. & Pettersson, R. B. 2000. Sveriges niibb­ other insects as well, like for Wesmaelius quadri­ sliindor, vattenniitvingar, ha1ss1iindor och niitvingar - en uppdaterad provinsforteckning med nya fynd­ fasciatus (Greve 1984). angive1ser. Natur i Norr 19,61 -73. P notata is not only, however, recorded from spru­ Greve, L. 1984. The genus Wesmaelius in Norway, pp. ce. According to Aspock et al. (1991), P notata 71-75. Progress in World's Neuroptero10gy. Graz, has a clear preference for conifers, but the spe­ 265 pp. Greve, L. & Kobro, S. 2000. Preliminary data on abun­ cies has also been collected from many different dance ofphototactic Neuroptera and Raphidioptera species of trees further south in its distributional in SE Norway as indicated by light-trap catches. area (Aspock et al. 1991). In a recent survey from ActaZoo1. Fennica209, 119-120. Essex (Plant 2001), P notata was collected from Meinander, M. 1962. The Neuroptera and Mecoptera oak (Quercus sp.) only, so perhaps different of Eastern Fennoscandia. Fauna fenn. 13, I- 96. populations of P notata thrives on different Moe, D. 1970. The post-glacial immigration of Picea species oftrees. abies into Fennoscandia. Bot. Notiser 123,61 - 66. 0k1and, K. A. 1981. Inndeling av Norge ti1 bruk ved biogeografiske oppgaver - et revidert Strand-sys­ Acknowledgements. I am very grateful to Dr. Roy tem. Fauna (Oslo) 34, 167 - 178. Danielsson, Lund, Sweden for information on the col-

91 Greve: The order Raphidioptera in Norway

Plant, C. 200I. Snake-flies, alderflies and lacewings (Neuropterida) and scorpion flies (Mecoptera): A provisional review of their status and distribution in Essex with notes on their etymology. Essex Natu­ ralist (New Series) 18, 177 - 218. Sch0yen, W. M. 1887. Fortegnelse over de i Norge hidtil observerede Neuroptera Planipennia og Pseudo­ Neuroptera. Christiania Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 13, 1 - 30. Strom, H. 1783. Insecters Beskrivelse med Anmrerk­ ninger. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Nye saml. 11, K0benhavn, 49 - 93. Tjeder, B. 1932. Some Neuroptera, Mecoptera, and Trichoptera from Norway. Ent. Tidskr. 53, 36 - 38. Tjeder, B. 1937. Geographical and synonymical notes on some Raphididae and Sialidae. Opusc. entomol. 2,118 -124. Tjeder, B. 1940. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae. Neuro­ ptera et Mecoptera. Opusc. entomol. 5, 116 - 121. Tjeder, B. 1943a. Revision of the Norwegian Neuro­ ptera and Mecoptera recorded by W.M. Sch0yen. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 6, 133 - 139. Tjeder, B. 1943b. The Neuroptera and Mecoptera of Northern Norway (Nordland, Troms and Finmark). Troms0 Mus. Arsh. Nat. hist. avd. 25, 63 (1940), 1 - 15. Tjeder, B. 1944. Norwegian Neuroptera and Mecoptera in the Bergen Museum. Bergens Mus. Arbok 1944, Nat. vit. rekke 1, 1-11. Tjeder, B.1945.Catalogus Neuropterorum et Meco­ pterorum Norvegiae. Norsk Ent. Tidsskr.7, 93 - 98. Tjeder, B. 1953. Catalogus Neuropterorum et Meco­ pterorum Sueciae. Additamenta I. Neuroptera et Mecoptera. Opusc. Ent. 18, I- 71. Tjeder, B. 1972. Reviderad fOrteckning over Sveriges Neuroptera och Mecoptera. Entomologen I, 21 ­ 27. Wallengren, H. D. 1. 1871. Skandinaviens Neuroptera. Forsta Avdelningen Neuroptera-Planipennia. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (N.F.) 9, 1 - 76. Zetterstedt, J. W. 1838-1840. Insecta Lapponica. 1140 pp. Lipsiae. Received 17 April 2002, accepted 2 September 2002

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