DOCSLIB.ORG

SIFAT FISIK DAN ORGANOLEPTIK PERMEN KARAMEL SUSU DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BUAH DURIAN (Durio Zibethinus Murr) DAN PENAMBAHAN SARI JERUK GERGA (Citrus Sp)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SIFAT FISIK DAN ORGANOLEPTIK PERMEN KARAMEL SUSU DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BUAH DURIAN (Durio Zibethinus Murr) DAN PENAMBAHAN SARI JERUK GERGA (Citrus Sp) https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/agroindustri pISSN: 20885369 eISSN: 26139952 DOI :10.31186/j.agroind.9.2.56-65 SIFAT FISIK DAN ORGANOLEPTIK PERMEN KARAMEL SUSU DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BUAH DURIAN (Durio zibethinus Murr) DAN PENAMBAHAN SARI JERUK GERGA (Citrus sp) PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK CARAMEL CANDY WITH DURIAN FRUIT (Durio zibethinus Murr) AND GERGA CITRUS (Citrus sp) JUICE Endang Sulistyowati1*, Sigit Mujiharjo2, Irnad3, Agria Susanti1, Siti Phatonah1 1) Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu 2) Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Bengkulu 3) Jurusan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Bengkulu Jalan W. R Soepratman Kandang Limun Bengkulu 38371 A *Email korespondensi: [email protected] Diterima 26-09-2019, diperbaiki 19-11-2019, disetujui 23-11-2019 ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the characteristics of milk caramel candy products including physical and organoleptic properties after the addition of durian and gerga orange fruit. This study used a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications namely P0: control, P1: 3% durian, P2: 6% durian, P3: 9% durian and G0: control, G1: 10% gerga orange fruit juice, G2 : 15% gerga orange fruit juice, G3: 20% gerga orange fruit juice. Variables measured included yield, density and organoleptic characteristics including color, aroma, taste, texture and tenderness. Organoleptic test showed that addition of durian fruit meat affect the texture and tenderness which showed significant differences (P <0.05); but had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on color, aroma, and taste. Addition of gerga orange fruit juice also had no significant difference (P> 0.05) organoleptic characteristic being tested. Based on preference, addition of durian fruit meat had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the yield but had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on density. The addition of gerga orange fruit juice showed no significant effect (P> 0.05) on yield but gave a very significant effect (P <0.01) on density. Addition of durian fruit meat increased organoleptic characteristic; but addition of gerga orange fruit juice bring down the assessment of organoleptic tests on color, aroma, taste, texture and tenderness. Key words: Durian fruit, gerga orange fruit, milk caramel candy, organoleptics, physical properties ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik produk permen karamel susu meliputi sifat fisik dan organoleptik setelah adanya penambahan durian dan jeruk gerga. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan yaitu P0: kontrol, P1: 3% durian, P2: 6% durian, P3: 9% durian dan P0: kontrol, P1: 10% sari jeruk gerga, P2: 15% sari jeruk gerga, P3: 20% sari jeruk gerga. Variabel yang diukur yaitu sifat fisik (rendemen dan kerapatan) dan sifat organoleptik yang meliputi warna, aroma, rasa, tekstur dan keempukan. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa penambahan daging buah durian mempengaruhi tekstur dan keempukan dengan perbedaan nyata (P<0,05) ; namun berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap warna, aroma, rasa. Penambahan sari jeruk gerga juga berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap sifat organoleptik permen caramel susu. Berdasarkan modus kesukaan, penambahan daging buah durian berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap rendemen tetapi tidak memberikan pengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap kerapatan. Penambahan sari jeruk gerga berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap rendemen tetapi memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap kerapatan. Penambahan daging buah durian meningkatkan sifat-sifat organoleptik yang diamati, dan penambahan sari jeruk gerga menurunkan penilaian organoleptik warna, aroma, rasa, tekstur dan keempukan. Kata kunci: buah durian, buah jeruk gerga, organoleptik, permen karamel susu, sifat fisik 56 | Jurnal Agroindustri Vol. 9, No. 2, Nopember 2019:56-65 PENDAHULUAN zibethinus Murr) merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak hidup di daerah tropis, Susu merupakan sumber protein dengan ciri khas kulit buahnya yang keras dengan mutu yang sangat tinggi. dan berlekuk-lekuk tajam berupa duri. Sususegarmemiliki kadar protein sekitar Durian mendapat julukan king of fruits 3,5% dengan kadar lemak sekitar 3,0- (raja dari segala buah) karena memiliki 3,8%. Protein yang tekandungdalam susu rasa yang lezat dan aromanya yang khas, mewakili salah satu protein yang mutunya sehingga menjadi daya tarik tersendiri sepadan dengan daging (Winarno, 1997). bagi penggemar. Selain lezat, buah durian Nilai gizi tinggi yang terkandung di mengandung beberapa zat gizi. Didalam dalamnya yang menyebabkan susu 100 g buah durian mengandung 134 kal menjadi media yang sangat disukai oleh kalori, 2,5 g protein, 3 g lemak, 28 mg mikroba sebagai tempat tumbuh dan karbohidrat, 7,4 mg kalsium, 44 mg berkembang, sehingga daya simpan susu fosfor, 1,3 S.I. zat besi, 175 mg vitamin tidak lama dan dapat dengan mudah rusak A, 0,1 mg vitamin B1, 53 mg vitamin C, dalam waktu yang sangat singkat sehingga dan 65 g air (Direktorat Gizi, Departemen tidak layak dikonsumsi bila tidak ditangani Kesehatan RI, 1981). dan diolah dengan benar (Miskiyah, 2011). Jeruk gerga merupakan salah satu Pengolahan dapat meningkatkan jenis jeruk yang banyak dikembangkan di daya tahan susu. Pengolahan juga akan Provinsi Bengkulu dan merupakan meningkatkan nilai jual susu karena akan komoditi unggulan yang banyak terbentuk harga baru dalam proses dibudidayakan. Jeruk ini dikenal juga pengolahan. Salah satu produk usaha dengan nama Rimau Gerga Lebong pengolahan susu yaitu permen susu atau (RGL). Jeruk mempunyai keunggulan karamel susu (Usmiati dan Abubakar, kompetitif, yaitu rasanya yang manis 2009). Selama ini, karamel susu yang telah keasaman dengan bulir buah yang besar, ada hanya berbahan dasar susu sehingga warna kulit buah kuning-orange, berbuah hanya memiliki rasa original sebagai cita sepanjang tahun, ukuran buah besar 200- rasanya. Oleh karena itu, untuk memberi 350 g dan kadar sari buah tinggi yaitu variasi rasa yang lebih banyak terhadap mencapai 40-60% (Suwantoro, 2010). permen susu perlu dilakukan penelitian Jeruk gerga memiliki karakteristik tentang pembuatan karamel susu dengan kimia yaitu kandungan air sebanyak berbagai cita rasa (flavor) yang disukai. 89,20%, asam 0.92%, dan vitamin C Pemberian flavor pada permen karamel sebanyak 18.34 mg/100 g (BPSB, 2010). susu bisa menggunakan berbagai jenis Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk buah-buahan yang diminati masyarakat, menganalisis karakteristik produk meliputi diantaranya buah durian dan jeruk gerga. fisik dan organoleptik terhadap permen Berdasarkan penelitian Sistanto et karamel susu setelah adanya penambahan al., (2014) tentang permen karamenl susu daging buah durian dan sari jeruk gerga. dengan penambahan rasa jahe dan Penambahan flavor buah durian dan temulawak menghasilkan aroma khas jeruk gerga sebagai cita rasa permen rempah yang justru menurunkan tingkat karamel susu dapat dilakukan secara alami kesukaan panelis yaitu dari 37,50% yaitu dengan menambahkan buah durian menjadi 31,25%. Untuk itu penulis dan sari jeruk gerga dalam proses mencoba menambahkan cita rasa lain pembuatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan terhadap permen karamenl susu dengan untuk menganalisis karakteristik permen buah yang memiliki karakterisitik aroma caramel susu yang meliputi fisik dan yang menyegarkan seperti buah Durian organoleptik setelah adanya penambahan dan Jeruk gerga. daging buah durian dan sari jeruk gerga. Durian dengan nama latin (Durio Sifat Fisik dan Organoleptik Permen Karamel Susu …. (Sulistyowati, et al) |57 MATERI DAN METODE dan memanaskan susu 500 g, gula 100 g dan daging buah durian sesuai perlakuan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada kemudian diaduk terus menerus hingga bulan Agustus - September 2019 di mencapai suhu +80˚C - 85˚C pada menit Laboratorium Jurusan Peternakan Fakultas ke-10. Selanjutnya ditambahkan tepung Pertanian Universitas Bengkulu. Bahan agar-agar 2 g dan mentega 4 g sambil terus utama yang digunakan adalah susu segar diaduk hingga mengental pada waktu 30 – yang diperoleh dari peternakan sapi perah 35 menit. Untuk penambahan sari jeruk di Desa Mojorejo, Kecamatan Selupu gerga waktu untuk mengental 40 – 45 Rejang, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, menit. Pemanasan dihentikan setelah Bengkulu. Bahan lain yang digunakan mencapai tingkat kekentalan permen yaitu daging buah durian, sari jeruk gerga, karamel susu yang diinginkan yaitu pada gula pasir, mentega dan tepung agar-agar. suhu 92-940C dengan waktu 30-35 menit Alat yang digunakan untuk membuat untuk permen karamenl susu rasa durian permen karamel susu antara lain kuali, dan waktu 40-45 menit untuk permen baskom, pengaduk kayu, kompor gas, karamenl susu rasa jeruk gerga cetakan permen, sendok, timbangan Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui digital, plastik klip dan kantong plastik. adonan tersebut sudah menjadi permen Buah durian didapat dari penjual karamel susu adalah dengan memasukkan buah yang berada di kota Bengkulu. Buah sedikit adonan dalam wadah berisi air tersebut aslinya didapat dari daerah dingin, apabila adonan membentuk bulatan Bengkulu Utara yaitu Lubuk Durian yang utuh, maka permen karamel susu sudah merupakan sumber buah durian terbesar di siap untuk dicetak. Setelah semua adonan daerah Bengkulu Utara. Karakteristik buah dicetak, adonan dibiarkan dingin dan durian yang dipilih untuk dijadikan pasta mengeras di dalam cetakan; yaitu sekitar yaitu buah yang sudah matang sempurna, 45-60 menit; kemudian dikeluarkan dan memiliki aroma khas durian, daging
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "On the Relations of Canaanite Exploration to Pre-Historic Classic
    176 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION These inecriptions, and the bas-reliefs on the monument called Kamna Hurmill, in Crelo-Syria, near the source of the Orontes, and possibly of the same pe1·iod, are an enigma, as yet, to the most learned Orientaliots. It is to be hoped, however, now that attention is again called to the subject, that the clue may be found that shall unlock their meaning, and that Northern 8yI"ia will be no longer overlooked by tho explorer. DISCOVERY AT THE l\IOSQUE EL AKS.A, JERUSALEM.-llo A DISCOVERY of considerable interest has been made in this :Mosque by the Rev. J. Neil, who has only recently gone to Jerusalem for the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. "In the Mosque of El Aksa," he writes, "you will remember that there is a long plain room opening out at the south-east angle, called the Mosque of Omar, in which the only object of interest whatever is a recess supported by two twisted pillars, and called the Mihrab, or Praying-place of Omar. You may, perhaps, remember that the pillars on each side of this recess, of Solomonic twisted pattern and polished marble, appear to have been turned upside down, and to have their capitals of greyish stone in broken leaf-like patterns below. On vi~iting this the day before yesterday, July 5th, I discovered that a great part of the yellowish plaster had been removed from the top of these pillars, and that rich grotesquely carved capitals were exposed to view in an admirable state of preserva­ tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Sexuality Studies in Latin America
    Bibliography of Sexuality Studies in Latin America In 1997 Donna J. Guy and I published a bibliography of sexuality studies on Latin America in our edited book Sex and Sexuality in Latin America (New York University Press, 1997), including studies in a wide variety of fields. This bibliography was updated for the Spanish edition of that book, Sexo y sexualidades en América Latina (Paidos, Buenos Aires, 1998); that version included a number of items that had come to our attention after we turned in the book to NYU. Interestingly, the number of publications in Latin America (and in Spanish and Portuguese) increased in that brief period, and continues to increase. Adán Griego has added his own bibliography and has agreed to maintain it and keep it current. The bibliography that follows is based on the previous ones but has the advantage of not being fixed in time. —— Daniel Balderston, 1999. This bibliographic list is organized alphabetically by author, or by title in a few cases where no specific author appears. Select the initial letter of the author or the title of the work you are looking for or simply scroll down the list. Please send corrections, additions and comments to: [email protected] A A las orillas de Lesbos. Narrativa lésbica. Lima: MHOL, 1997. Abad, Erika Gisela. "¿La Voz de Quién?" Diálogo, No.12, (Summer 2009): 28. Abdalla, Fernanda Tavares de Mello and Nichiata, Lúcia Yasuko Izumi. A Abertura da privacidade e o sigilo das informações sobre o HIV/Aids das mulheres atendidas pelo Programa Saúde da Família no município de São Paulo, Brasil.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monumental Villa at Palazzi Di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During the Fourth Century AD
    The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. by Maria Gabriella Bruni A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Committee in Charge Professor Christopher H. Hallett, Chair Professor Ronald S. Stroud Professor Anthony W. Bulloch Professor Carlos F. Noreña Fall 2009 The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. Copyright 2009 Maria Gabriella Bruni Dedication To my parents, Ken and my children. i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my advisor Professor Christopher H. Hallett and to the other members of my dissertation committee. Their excellent guidance and encouragement during the major developments of this dissertation, and the whole course of my graduate studies, were crucial and precious. I am also thankful to the Superintendence of the Archaeological Treasures of Reggio Calabria for granting me access to the site of the Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and its archaeological archives. A heartfelt thank you to the Superintendent of Locri Claudio Sabbione and to Eleonora Grillo who have introduced me to the villa and guided me through its marvelous structures. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Ken, my sister Sonia, Michael Maldonado, my children, my family and friends. Their love and support were essential during my graduate
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage in the Realm of the Commons: Conversations on the Case of Greece
    Stelios Lekakis Stelios Lekakis Edited by Edited by CulturalCultural heritageheritage waswas inventedinvented inin thethe realmrealm ofof nation-states,nation-states, andand fromfrom EditedEdited byby anan earlyearly pointpoint itit waswas consideredconsidered aa publicpublic good,good, stewardedstewarded toto narratenarrate thethe SteliosStelios LekakisLekakis historichistoric deedsdeeds ofof thethe ancestors,ancestors, onon behalfbehalf ofof theirtheir descendants.descendants. NowaNowa-- days,days, asas thethe neoliberalneoliberal rhetoricrhetoric wouldwould havehave it,it, itit isis forfor thethe benefitbenefit ofof thesethese tax-payingtax-paying citizenscitizens thatthat privatisationprivatisation logiclogic thrivesthrives inin thethe heritageheritage sector,sector, toto covercover theirtheir needsneeds inin thethe namename ofof socialsocial responsibilityresponsibility andand otherother truntrun-- catedcated viewsviews ofof thethe welfarewelfare state.state. WeWe areare nownow atat aa criticalcritical stage,stage, wherewhere thisthis doubledouble enclosureenclosure ofof thethe pastpast endangersendangers monuments,monuments, thinsthins outout theirtheir socialsocial significancesignificance andand manipulatesmanipulates theirtheir valuesvalues inin favourfavour ofof economisticeconomistic horizons.horizons. Conversations on the Case of Greece Conversations on the Case of Greece Cultural Heritage in the Realm of Commons: Cultural Heritage in the Realm of Commons: ThisThis volumevolume examinesexamines whetherwhether wewe cancan placeplace
    [Show full text]
  • Ephesians IVP Bible Background Commentary
    IVP Bible Background Commentary: to help him adapt his basic message for different situations in different churches. Ephesians Situation. Paul writes this letter from prison, probably in Introduction Rome. As readers in the Ephesian region of Asia Minor would know, he had been arrested on the charge of having Authorship. Although scholars often dispute the brought a Gentile into the temple (Acts 21:28–29; 28:16). authorship of Ephesians, most of the so-called non- Racial or cultural division between Jew and Gentile was a Pauline words, phrases and stylistic features appear at least major issue in the Ephesian church (cf. Acts 19:17), and occasionally in letters that everyone agrees were written by Paul was one of the best qualified writers of antiquity to Paul. Many differences between Ephesians and earlier address both sides intelligently. Pauline letters are insignificant. For example, some note From his detention under Roman authorities that “the genuine Paul” speaks of Christ as the head (1 Cor (probably in Rome), Paul is also aware of the possibility of 11:3) and the church as his body (Rom 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12) imminent persecution and the need for the church to be a only separately. But ancient philosophers sometimes used good witness in society (cf. especially comment on Eph the body metaphor with the head and sometimes without 5:21–6:9). He is also aware of the church’s struggle with its it, and requiring Paul always to express himself the same own background in the occult practices of Asia Minor— way in his few extant letters, although other writers did magic (Acts 19:19), astrology and attempts to escape the not, is hardly fair to Paul.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ears of Hermes
    The Ears of Hermes The Ears of Hermes Communication, Images, and Identity in the Classical World Maurizio Bettini Translated by William Michael Short THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRess • COLUMBUS Copyright © 2000 Giulio Einaudi editore S.p.A. All rights reserved. English translation published 2011 by The Ohio State University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bettini, Maurizio. [Le orecchie di Hermes. English.] The ears of Hermes : communication, images, and identity in the classical world / Maurizio Bettini ; translated by William Michael Short. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1170-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1170-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-9271-6 (cd-rom) 1. Classical literature—History and criticism. 2. Literature and anthropology—Greece. 3. Literature and anthropology—Rome. 4. Hermes (Greek deity) in literature. I. Short, William Michael, 1977– II. Title. PA3009.B4813 2011 937—dc23 2011015908 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1170-0) CD-ROM (ISBN 978-0-8142-9271-6) Cover design by AuthorSupport.com Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Translator’s Preface vii Author’s Preface and Acknowledgments xi Part 1. Mythology Chapter 1 Hermes’ Ears: Places and Symbols of Communication in Ancient Culture 3 Chapter 2 Brutus the Fool 40 Part 2.
    [Show full text]
  • BEEKEEPING in the MEDITERRANEAN from ANTIQUITY to the PRESENT Front Cover Photographs
    Edited by: Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT Front cover photographs Part of a beehive lid. Early Byzantine period (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Beehive from a country house of the 4th century B.C. (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Traditional ceramic beehive “kambana” (bell) in its bee bole (Andros Island. Photo: F. Hatjina). Back cover photographs Stone built apiary of the 18th century from Neochori, Messinia, Peloponnese (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house from Andros Island. Inside view (Photos: G. Ratia). Walls of a mill house with bee balls from Andros Island. Inside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Traditional pottery beehives and their bee boles: the ‘bee garden’, Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house (the ‘cupboards’) from Zaharias, Andros Island. Outside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Bee boles from Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Edited by: Nea Moudania 2017 Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones Based on selected presentations of the INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM of BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SYROS, OCTOBER 9-11 2014 © DIVISION of APICULTURE Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”-GREECE CHAMBER of CYCLADES EVA CRANE TRUST - UK Dedicated to the memory of Thanassis Bikos hanassis Bikos was a pioneer of the valuable legacy for current and future research- systematic research on traditional bee- ers of the beekeeping tradition. keeping in Greece. From the early 1990s The creation of a museum of Greek beekeep- until the end of his life he studied the ing was a life dream for Thanassis, for which traditionalT beekeeping aspects in most regions he gathered material for more than thirty-five of Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifth International Conference on the Ancient Novel Houston, Texas September 30–October 4, 2015
    1 Fifth International Conference on the Ancient Novel Houston, Texas September 30–October 4, 2015 Abstracts Adkins, Evelyn Discourse and Power: Lucius and Milo in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses Speech, gesture, and other types of discourse such as silence and written text are tools of self- presentation as well as media for negotiating social relationships of status and power. In this paper, I examine the mechanisms of these negotiations in the fictional world of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses, focusing on the protagonist Lucius’ discursive self-fashioning in Books 1–3. Recent work on the ancient novel has examined the importance of speech, especially rhetorical speech, as one mode of characterization (Van Mal-Maeder 2001, De Temmerman 2014a & b; see also Harrison, forthcoming), while studies of the Second Sophistic have emphasized the importance of public performance and social networks in the self-definition of individuals and groups (Gleason 1995, Whitmarsh 2011, Eshleman 2012). Yet negotiations of power and identity may occur not only in public, rhetorical contexts, but also in private exchanges between individuals. Drawing on Laird’s discussions of the representation of speech and power in Latin literature (1990, 1999), I investigate Lucius’ fluid negotiations of identity and status during his private interactions with others in the opening books of the Metamorphoses. In his conversations with the strangers on the road to Hypata and his host Milo, Lucius seeks to present himself verbally as a member of the elite and an aspiring intellectual. Yet he undermines this image through his own words and actions, revealing an excessive curiosity about magic and a verbal and physical passivity that belie his claims to elite status and prefigure his metamorphosis into a speechless, enslaved animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 61 Ephesus Compiled by C
    Map 61 Ephesus Compiled by C. Foss and G. Reger (islands), 1994 Introduction The continental part of the map comprises three distinct geographic regions: the coasts of Ionia and Caria, the Maeander valley, and the mountainous hinterland of Caria. The coastal region, settled by Greeks in their first great expansion in the Iron Age, became the site of major cities and many smaller settlements along its deeply indented coastline. The excavators of Ephesus and Miletus have long surveyed the regions of those cities, and other classical scholars have investigated the rest of Ionia. The Ionian coast has seen great physical changes since antiquity. The vast quantities of alluvium deposited by the R. Maeander have made the ancient port of Ephesus an inland town, and turned the former Gulf of Latmos near Miletus into a lake (inset and E2). The Carian coast, with its numerous small ports, is well known thanks to the researches of Bean and Fraser. The broad Maeander valley, which divides Ionia from Caria, always played a major role in the economy of the region with its fertility and the communication it provided between coast and interior. It has not been systematically surveyed. The river’s tributaries offered an outlet for the scattered settlements in the basins and plateaus of the heavily forested interior of Caria. Much of this region, as well as many parts of neighboring ones, was carefully explored by Louis Robert. The map omits Carian sites for which no Greek name is attested; for these, see Radt (1970). For unnamed village sites also not marked, see Marchese (1989, 147-54).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Curiosities
    ROOTS OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES PLANT CURIOSITIES What do those cryptic scientific names mean? Before starting with the plant list, here are some names that occur in multiple species, so the details are put here and will not be repeated later. Names derived from people fremontii After John Charles Frémont (1813–1890), the “Pathfinder.” Frémont was an Army officer, a senator representing the new state of California in 1850, and in 1856 a presidential candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party. Apparently, he was also an avid and prolific plant collector on his four expeditions to the American West in the 1840s. nuttallii, nuttallianus, nuttallianum, nuttalliana After Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859), an English botanist and ornithologist who explored America from 1808 to 1841. parryi, parryii After Dr. Charles Christopher Parry (1823–1890), who, of course, named the Torrey Pine and the Chaparral Yucca, among numerous other plants that actually bear his name. Names related to places californica, californicus, californicum: California Suffixes meaning flowers -anthos, -anthus, from the Greek anthos, blossom -florum, -flora, from the Latin flos Suffixes meaning grasses -chloa, possibly from Greek, in which chloros is greenish Suffixes meaning leaves -folium, -folia, from the Latin word folium -phyllum, -phylla, from the Greek word phyllon Prefixes and names for specific features edulis-, edible; from the Latin edere, eat dumosum, dumosa, bushy, shrubby; from the Latin dumus, thorny bush 1 Eri-, Erio-, hairy or woolly; from the Greek erion fasciculata,
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Strabo. with an English Translation by Horace
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY tT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.htst.soc. THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO VI THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY HORACE LEONARD JONES, Ph.D., LL.D. CORNELL DNIVERSITT IN EIGHT VOLUMES VI LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MOMLZ G SI Mil' '' First printrd 1929 V. G> lirprinled 1954, I960 I 4 10952?O rrintrd in Great Britain CONTENTS PAOl BOOK XIII 3 BOOK XIV 197 A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 887 THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRABO BOOK XIII A 2 2TPABnN02: rEOrPA<MKnN I C581 1. Mexpi' fJ-^v Bevpo (K^coptaOw ra wepl tt)? ^pvyCa^' eTTavi6vT€^ Be irdXiv iirl rrjv WpoTzov- TiBa Kal TT)v €<l)€^ij<i T(p AlcrtjiTM irapaXiav Trjv avrrjv Tr}<; TrepioSelat rd^iv (iTToBcoao/j-ev. eaTi Se Tpwa? Trpdyrr) tt}? Trapa\ia<^ TavTr}<i, »^? to TToXvdpvXrjTov, Kalirep iv €p€nrLot<; kol iv €prip.ia XenrofjLeitjf;, o/xo)? TroXvXoyiav ov rijv Tvxovaav irapex^'' ^fi ypa<f)fj. 7rpb<; tovto Be avyyv(op.rj^ Bel Kal 7rapaKXr]<Te(Of;, 07r&)9 rrjv alriav rov ^ ^i]Kov^ p,r} rjfilv pdXXov dvintTwcnv oi evrvy- iroBovai, raw Xdi'OVTe'i 7j T0t9 a(f)6Bpa Ttjv ei>B6^a)i> Kal TraXaicov yvwaiv irpoaXaix^dvei Bk t^ p,T)Ket, Kal TO 7rX7j0o<i tmp eTroiKTjadvToyp rijv Xoipav '^^XXi]v(ov re Kal fiap^dpcaVy koX oi avyypa<f)eU, ov^l to, avra ypd^ovre^ irepl rwv avToiv, ovBe aa<f)M<; irdvra' mv ev Tot9 rrptoToi^ earlv "O^rjpo^t, eiKd^eiv irepl twv TrXelariov irapexfop.
    [Show full text]
  • Oct27-1915.Pdf (11.65Mb)
    ■ ■ S;i. P THE N ANAIMO FRE^E^ RES f * i «P1»» oxmaixr^wm ^omamr rmt.*jn Vfmyrmm^^nm »acox.Trx»x»r» -rmw ______. NANAIMO, VAHOOUVEB ISLAND. BWTISB COLOMBIA, WEDNESDAY, OCT. 27, 1915 *»*«*»■ Ottawa. Oet. M— ram. chairman of the nl RIFLE MON. iffiH m CASE AI tntimntod thto moratag that oontracta OtUwa, Oct. tA.—The chief eom- miaaloner of Domlnloa pollen baa giv ­ for shelU to the rain* of »0,#*A,- •e» will be tot tn the ooorse of a tew en notice to allent In all eonunnnitlea CONUTOE days. AH lenders ahe now tn aad ASSIZE com TODAY that they mnat report themneWea to nr* being examined by tbe commu ­ ONiyiSNANIHMI the local poetmaatera. The poetmaa- te*. hut deAalto acUon wlU not be tn- ten in tarn ihall report to the near- ken uttUl Lionel Hlehen*. the Brit­ chief of police at intenrale of one THE WAR ish eheU expert, return* to Cnaada Two affmaee parties of tho 11th - rtortke«per of L* m.ln, of the optUlr. door were mIm month. irom New York. Canadian Mountad RtAe. hara nliea- dy auitod or ate about to elart from rA^rr riL'Ti. sirrr ‘ Venom for tho a , Gael, OMB- After the noon receu the croee- today that Premier Aeunlth wonU poaod of a d it of 4S trooporo jxamlnation of Conatable RnMell make a lUtemMt on the conduct of to charge of I vaa made bjr Mr. Rnblnowlta. the war next Tnecday. Wltneaa aald hU examlnat CEM ATTACK “^rfnind m are to the prea (ING GEORGE torla.
    [Show full text]