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ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Sabians of Harran’s Impact on the Islamic Medicine: From Third Century to the Fifth AH 97 Abstract Reza Afsharisadr1 Various factors have been involved in the growth and flourishing of Mohammadali Chelongar2 Medicine as one of the most important sciences in Islamic civilization. Mostafa Pirmoradian3 The transfer of the Chaldean and Greek Medicine tradition to Islamic 1- PhD student, department of history, Medicine by the Sabians of Harran can be regarded as an essential ele- Faculty of Literature and Humanity, Uni- ment in its development in Islamic civilization. The present study seeks vercity of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2- Professor, department of history, Fac- to investigate the influence of Sabians of Harran on Islamic Medicine ulty of Literature and Humanity, Univer- and explore the areas which provided the grounds for the Sabians of city of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 3- Assistant Professor, department of his- Harranon Islamic Medicine. It is also an attempt to find out how they tory, Faculty of Literature and Humanity, influenced the progress of Medicine in Islamic civilization. A descrip- Univercity of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran tive-analytical method was adopted on early sources and later studies to answer the research questions. The research results indicated that in the Correspondence: Mohammadali Chelongar first place, factors such as the Chaldean Medicine tradition, the culture Professor, department of history, Faculty and Medicine of Greek, the transfer of the Harran Scoole Medicine in of Literature and Humanity, Univercity Baghdad were the causes of the flourishing of Islamic Medicine. Then, of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran [email protected] the caliphs and other officials’ treatment through doctors’ examinations had contribution to the establishment and administration of hospitals, while influencing the process of medical sciences in Baghdad and other Citation: parts of the Muslim world, thereby helping the development of this sci- Afsharisadr R, Chelongar M, ence in Islamic civilization. -
Bilim Devrimi” Kavramı Ve Osmanlı Devleti
Aysoy / “Bilim Devrimi” Kavramı ve Osmanlı Devleti “Bilim Devrimi” Kavramı ve Osmanlı Devleti Mehmet Aysoy* Öz: Bilim tarihinde modern bilimin ortaya çıkışı kadar yayılması da eş değer önemdedir. Bilim tarihinde “Bilim devrimi” yaklaşımı astronomiyi nirengi noktası yapmakta ve modernliği bu merkezden kavramlaştırmaktadır. Astronomide ortaya çıkan gelişmelerin Batı-dışına yansıması aynı etkiyi vermezken diğer bilim alanlarındaki gelişmelerin yansımaları belirleyici olmuştur, ki tıp bu alanların başında gelmektedir, erken modernlik döne- minde gelişimi tartışılabilir boyutlarda olmasına rağmen Batı-dışında özelde Osmanlıda karşılık bulmuştur. Bu durumun değerlendirilebilmesi için modern bilimin ortaya çıkması ve yayılmasına dair daha ucu açık yak- laşımların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada bilim devrimi kavramı yanında tıp alanında gerçekleşen çalışmalar, İslam/Osmanlı tıp düşüncesinin konu edilebilmesi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Konunun modernlik açısından değerlendirilmesi, modernliğin tarihine dair dönemlerin içinde değerlendirilmesini gerektirmektedir ve bu anlamda ‘erken modernlik’ bilim devrimi olarak kayıtlanan döneme sosyolojik bir bağlam kazandırır. Erken modernlik geleneğin kavramsal bir çözümleme aracı olarak işlevsel olduğu bir dönemdir. Modernlik bir devrim ekseninde değil de bir süreç içerisinde değerlendirildiğinde gelenek ve geleneğin değişimi temel bağ- lamı ifade eder, bu doğrultuda da yeni kavramlaştırmalar gerekli olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ‘arayüz’ kavramına başvurulmuştur ve geleneğin değişimi ‘arayüz’ -
© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83824-5 - The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 4 Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century Edited by Robert Irwin Index More information Index NOTES 1. The Arabic definite article (al-), the transliteration symbols for the Arabic letters hamza (p) and qayn (q), and distinctions between different letters transliterated by the same Latin character (e.g. d and d.) are ignored for purposes of alphabetisation. 2. In the case of personal names sharing the same first element, rulers are listed first, then individuals with patronymics, then any others. 3. Locators in italics denote illustrations. Aba¯d.iyya see Iba¯d.iyya coinage 334, 335, 688–690, 689 qAbba¯da¯n 65 Dome of the Rock built by 690 qAbba¯s I, Sha¯h 120, 266, 273, 281, 300–301, 630 qAbd al-Qa¯dir al-Baghda¯d¯ı 411 qAbba¯s II, Sha¯h 266 qAbd al-Rapu¯f al-Singkil¯ı 103, 518 al-qAbba¯s ibn qAbd al-Mut.t.alib 109, 112 qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n II ibn al-H. akam, caliph of qAbba¯s ibn Firna¯s 592 Cordoba 592, 736 qAbba¯s ibn Na¯s.ih. 592 qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n III, caliph of Cordoba qAbba¯sids 621, 663 qAbba¯sid revolution 30, 228–229, 447; and qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n al-S.u¯f¯ı 599–600, 622 religion 110, 111–112, 228; and qAbd al-Razza¯q Samarqand¯ı 455 translation movement 566, qAbd al-Wa¯h.id ibn Zayd 65 567–568 qAbda¯n 123–124 foundation of dynasty 30, 31, 229 qAbdu¯n ibn Makhlad 397 Mongols destroy Baghdad caliphate 30, 49 abjad system 456 rump caliphate in Cairo 49, 56, 246, 251, ablaq architectural decoration 702 253–254 abna¯ p al-dawla 229 see also individual caliphs and individual topics Abraham 19, 27, 36, 125, 225 qAbba¯siyya see Ha¯shimiyya abrogation, theory of 165 qAbd Alla¯h ibn al-qAbba¯s 111, 225 A¯ bru¯, Sha¯h Muba¯rak 436 qAbd Alla¯h al-Aft.ah. -
146 Farmacologos Andalusies
Farmacólogos andalusíes: punta de lanza de la farmacia medieval Moreno Toral, Esteban ; Ramos Carrillo, Antonio; Rojas Álvarez, Mª Ángeles Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Sevilla. La ciencia árabe, medieval en general, estará caracterizada por dos notas particulares: la primera, el gran poder de asimilación de los conocimientos, tanto de las civilizaciones anteriores a ellos como de los pueblos con los que entra en contacto durante la expansión del Islam; y la segunda, el carácter enciclopédico de la gran mayoría de las obras de sabios y científicos árabes. Podemos afirmar por tanto que la ciencia árabe de los siglos VIII y IX se encuentra en período de formación, en la que coexisten aspectos científicos, empíricos y mágicos. Todo este caldo de cultivo del saber, no eclosionaría en Al-Andalus hasta bien entrado el siglo X, casi un siglo más tarde que en Oriente, alcanzando gran madurez y producción en la Córdoba califal. Durante el califato de Abderrahman III, Córdoba se constituye como un gran centro del mundo científico y cultural. Ello se debe a tres causas: las peregrinaciones a la Meca, los viajes de estudio, cada vez más frecuentes en quienes pretendían ocupar algún puesto destacado en el mundo cultural de la Corte, y la importación de sabios orientales a Córdoba con el fin de emular a Bagdad. Todo ello supondría el auge y desarrollo de disciplinas como la Astronomía, las Matemáticas, la Ingeniería, la Medicina, la Botánica y la Farmacología. Con este excepcional substrato, no resulta extraño que se dieran las circunstancias idóneas para la aparición de una pléyade de grandes figuras, cuyo legado a la humanidad, en todas las ramas del saber, ha sido de gran valor. -
Medical Breakthroughs in Islamic Medicine Zakaria Virk, Canada
Medical Breakthroughs in Islamic Medicine Zakaria Virk, Canada ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Physicians occupied a high social position in the Arab and Persian culture. Prominent physicians served as ministers or judges of the government and were also appointed as royal physicians. Physicians were well-versed in logic, philosophy and natural sciences. All of the prominent Muslim philosophers earned their livelihood through the practice of medicine. Muslim physicians made astounding break throughs in the fields of allergy, anatomy, bacteriology, botany, dentistry, embryology, environmentalism, etiology, immunology, microbiology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, pathology, pediatrics, psychiatry, psychology, surgery, urology, zoology, and the pharmaceutical sciences. The Islamic medical scholars gathered vast amounts of information, from around the known world, added their own observations and developed techniques and procedures that would form the basis of modern medicine. In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine stands out as the period of greatest advance, certainly before the technology of the 20th century. Aristotle teaching, from document in the British Library, showing the great reverence of the Islamic scholars for their Greek predecessor 1 This article will cover remarkable medical feats -
History of Islamic Philosophy Henry Corbin
History of Islamic Philosophy Henry Corbin Translated by Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard KEGAN PAUL INTERNATIONAL London and New York in association with ISLAMIC PUBLICATIONS for THE INSTITUTE OF ISMAILI STUDIES London The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London The Institute of Ismaili Studies was established in 1977 with the object of promoting scholarship and learning on Islam, in the historical as well as contemporary context, and a better understanding of its relationship with other societies and faiths. The Institute's programmes encourage a perspective which is not confined to the theological and religious heritage of Islam, but seek to explore the relationship of religious ideas to broader dimensions of society and culture. They thus encourage an inter-disciplinary approach to the materials of Islamic history and thought. Particular attention is also given to issues of modernity that arise as Muslims seek to relate their heritage to the contemporary situation. Within the Islamic tradition, the Institute's programmes seek to promote research on those areas which have had relatively lesser attention devoted to them in secondary scholarship to date. These include the intellectual and literary expressions of Shi'ism in general, and Ismailism in particular. In the context of Islamic societies, the Institute's programmes are informed by the full range and diversity of cultures in which Islam is practised today, from the Middle East, Southern and Central Asia and Africa to the industrialized societies of the West, thus taking into consideration the variety of contexts which shape the ideals, beliefs and practices of the faith. The publications facilitated by the Institute will fall into several distinct categories: 1 Occasional papers or essays addressing broad themes of the relationship between religion and society in the historical as well as modern context, with special reference to Islam, but encompassing, where appropriate, other faiths and cultures. -
Arabic Manuscripts the CHESTER BEATTY LIBRARY
A HANDLIST OF THE Arabic Manuscripts THE CHESTER BEATTY LIBRARY A HANDLIST OF THE Arabic Manuscripts Volume VI. MSS. 4501-5000 BY ARTHUR J. ARBERRY LITT,D., F.B.A. Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge With 22 plates DUBLIN HODGES, FIGGIS & CO., LTD. 1963 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD BY VIVIAN RIDLER PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTIONS OF MANUSCRIPTS 45or (r) RISALA FI 'L-$AN'AT AL-ILAHIYA, by al-Shaikh MAGHUSH. [A tract on alchemy; foll. r-6.] Any other copy? Foll. 7-74 contain extracts from various works on alchemy includ ing books by Ibn Umail, al-Jildaki and Jabir al-~adiq .. Foll. 7 5-77 contain some poems. (2) RISA.LA FI 'L-$AN'AT AL-ILAHITA [Anon.]. [ A fragment of a text on alchemy; foll. 78-97.] Any other copy? (3) RISA.LA QAIDARUS. [A similar tract; foll. 98-ro2.] Any other copy? Foll. ro3-4 contain further alchemical extracts. Foll. I 04. r 9· 5 x r 5·7 cm. Clear scholar's naskh. Undated, r 2/ I 8th century. 4502 MAURID AL-?AM:AN FI RASM AL-QUR'.J.N, by Abu eAbd Allah Muhammad. b. Muhammad. b. Ibrahim al-U1nawi al- Sharishi AL-KHARRAZi (ft. 703/1303). [ A metrical treatise on the orthography of the Qur~an.] Foll. 22. 21·3 x I 5·8 cm. Clear scholar's maghribi. Undated, r r/r7th century. Brockeln1ann ii. 248, Suppl. ii. 349• 45°3 SHLI.RH AL-RISALAT AL-PdT]JlrA, by Ma)}mud b# lv!u. -
Music Therapy and Mental Health Mental Health Care and Bimaristans in the Medical History of Islamic Societies
Rüdiger Lohlker (Vienna University) Music Therapy and Mental Health Mental Health Care and Bimaristans in the Medical History of Islamic Societies Even recent studies on the histories of hospitals only have few pages on Islamic hospitals.1 Thus, it is necessary to turn to a thorough study of Islamic hospitals as an important element of a global history of hospitals and health care. There are other names for hospitals in Islamic times, but this study will use the term bīmāristān to identify these institutions. Our focus will be on mental health and bīmāristāns another field still underresearched.2 Recent studies claim that going beyond the classical studies of ideas of medicine and leaving the old paradigms of Islamic exceptionalism behind, would allow for an integration of the study of medicine in Islamic societies into the field of science studies3 and for a better understanding of the institutional contexts of medical practice.4 Understanding the history of Islamic hospitals means turning to pre-Islamic times.5 We could turn to pre-Islamic Arabia6, but more important may be the Eastern part of what was to be the Islamic world. Thus, we will be able to look into the institutional contexts of Islamic medicine7 – and especially its aspects related to mental health.8 1 In numbers: four pages, thus, excluding Islamic institutions from a general history of hospitals (Risse 1999). 2 Thanks to Margareta Wetchy for her valuable comments. Thanks also to the organizers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences of the Maimonides Lectures 2019 in the Austrian city of Krems who gave the opportunity to present a first version of these ideas. -
Christian Apostate Literature in Medieval Islam Dissertation
Voices of the Converted: Christian Apostate Literature in Medieval Islam Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Clint Hackenburg, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Kevin van Bladel, Advisor Bilal Orfali Hadi Jorati Copyright by Clint Hackenburg 2015 Abstract This dissertation seeks to discuss the dialectical (kalām) and scriptural (both biblical and qurʾānic) reasoning used to justify Christian conversion to Islam during the medieval period (750 - 1492 C.E.). With this objective in mind, I will compare and contrast the manners in which five different Arabophone authors, ʿAlī ibn Sahl Rabban al-Ṭabarī (d. ca. 860), al-Ḥasan ibn Ayyūb (fl. ca. mid-tenth century), Naṣr ibn Yaḥyā (d. 1163 or 1193), Yūsuf al-Lubnānī (d. ca mid-thirteenth century), and Anselm Turmeda (d. 1423), all Christian converts to Islam, utilized biblical and qurʾānic proof-texts alongside dialectical reasoning to invalidate the various tenets of Christianity while concurrently endorsing Islamic doctrine. These authors discuss a wide variety of contentious issues pervading medieval Christian-Muslim dialogue. Within the doctrinal sphere, these authors primarily discuss the Trinity and Incarnation, the nature of God, and the corruption of the Bible (taḥrīf). Within the exegetical realm, these authors primarily discussed miracles, prophecy, and prophetology. Moreover, this dissertation seeks to discern how these authors and their works can be properly contextualized within the larger framework of medieval Arabic polemical literature. That is to say, aside from parallels and correspondences with one another, what connections, if any, do these authors have with other contemporary Arabophone Muslim, Christian, and, to a lesser extent, Jewish apologists and polemicists? ii In the course of my research on Christian apostate literature, I have come to two primary conclusions. -
Studia Orientalia 114
Studia Orientalia 114 TRAVELLING THROUGH TIME Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg EDITED BY SYLVIA AKAR, JAAKKO HÄMEEN-ANTTILA & INKA NOKSO-KOIVISTO Helsinki 2013 Travelling through Time: Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg Edited by Sylvia Akar, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila & Inka Nokso-Koivisto Studia Orientalia, vol. 114, 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the Finnish Oriental Society Societas Orientalis Fennica c/o Department of World Cultures P.O. Box 59 (Unioninkatu 38 B) FI-00014 University of Helsinki FINLAND Editor Lotta Aunio Co-editors Patricia Berg Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Librarian of the Society) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-84-1 Picaset Oy Helsinki 2013 CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................................... xi Kaj Öhrnberg: A Biographical sketch ..........................................................................1 HARRY HALÉN Bibliography of the Publications of Kaj Öhrnberg ..................................................... 9 An Enchanted -
History of Islamic Science
History of Islamic Science George Sarton‟s Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the “Introduction to the History of Science,” ”It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, Al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, ‘Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, ‘Ali Ibn ‘Isa al- Ghazali, al-zarqab,Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D.” Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation. In the interval, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar and Spain had been submitted to the Islamic State, and a new civilization had been established. The Arabs quickly assimilated the culture and knowledge of the peoples they ruled, while the latter in turn - Persians, Syrians, Copts, Berbers, and others - adopted the Arabic language. The nationality of the Muslim thus became submerged, and the term Arab acquired a linguistic sense rather than a strictly ethnological one. As soon as Islamic state had been established, the Arabs began to encourage learning of all kinds. -
History of Islamic Philosophy Henry Corbin
History of Islamic Philosophy Henry Corbin Translated by Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard KEGAN PAUL INTERNATIONAL London and New York in association with ISLAMIC PUBLICATIONS for THE INSTITUTE OF ISMAILI STUDIES London Contents Transcription xi Foreword xiii PART ONE From the Beginning Down to the Death of Averroes (595/1198) I. The Sources of Philosophical Meditation in Islam 1 1. Spiritual exegesis of the Quran 1 2. The translations 14 n. Shiism and Prophetic Philosophy 23 Preliminary observations 23 A. Twelver Shiism 31 1. Periods and sources 31 2. Esotericism 36 3. Prophetology 39 4. Imamology 45 5. Gnosiology 51 6. Hierohistory and metahistory 61 7. The hidden Imam and eschatology 68 B. Ismailism 74 Periods and sources: proto-Ismailism 74 I. Fatimid Ismailism 79 1. The dialectic of the tawhld 79 2. The drama in Heaven and the birth of Time 84 3. Cyclical time: hierohistory and hierarchies 86 4. Imamology and eschatology 90 n. The reformed Ismailism of Alamut 93 1. Periods and sources 93 2. The concept of the Imam 97 3. Imamology and the philosophy of resurrection 100 4. Ismailism and Sufism 102 m. The SunnI Kalam 105 A. The Mu'tazilites 105 1. The origins 105 2. The doctrine 109 B. Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 112 vii CONTENTS 1. The life and works of al-Ash'ari 112 2. The doctrine of al-Ash'arl 114 C.Ash'arism 117 1. The vicissitudes of the Ash'arite School 117 2. Atomism 120 3. Reason and faith 122 IV. Philosophy and the Natural Sciences 125 1.