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Correspondence & Conversations of Alexis De Tocqueville with Nassau

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CORRESPONDENCE &> CONVERSATIONS OF Alexis de Tocqueville WITH Nassau William Senior FROM 1834 TO 1859 * , • EDITED BY M. C M. SIMPSON JN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME I. LONDON Henry S. King & Co., 65 Cornhill 1872 LONDON : PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET All rights reserved PREFACE. One day in the year 1833 a knock was heard at the door of the Chambers in which Mr. Senior was sitting at work, and a young man entered who announced himself in these terms: 'Je suis Alexis de Tocqueville, et je viens faire votre connaissance,' He had no other intro- duction. Alexis de Tocqueville was at that time unknown to fame. His great work on America had not yet ap- peared. Mr. Senior, however, perceived at once the extra- ordinary qualities of his new acquaintance. M. de Tocqueville became a frequent visitor in Mr. Senior's house, and the intimacy thus begun was continued by letter or conversation without interruption (indeed every year drew it closer) until the premature death of Tocqueville in 1859. Soon after that event Mr. Senior collected and ar- ranged his letters and conversations with a view to ' iv Preface. their publication at some future time : some extracts from them appeared in the ' Memoir of Tocqueville pubHshed in 1861. I have thought it would add to the interest of the correspondence to print Mr. Senior's letters, which were sent to me by M. de Beaumont after my father's death. I wish that I could have reproduced the French as well as the English originals, as I cannot hope in a translation to give an idea of the force or the grace of M, de Tocqueville's style. Mrs. Grote has kindly permitted me to insert in these volumes her notes of conversations in 1849 and 1854. I have included Mr. Senior's journal of a visit which we paid to Madame de Tocqueville after the death of the great philosopher. She had collected round her three or four of his most intimate friends, and he seemed to be still amongst us, for we talked of him continually and he was never absent from our thoughts. How much we wished that we could once more hear his voice, which, sweet, low, and varied in its tones, added so much to the charm of his conversation. In person he was small and delicate. He had very thick and rather long black hair, soft yet brilliant dark eyes, and a finely marked- brow. The upper lip was long and the mouth wide, but sensitive and expressive. His manner was full of kindness and playfulness, and his fellow-countrymen used to say of him that he was Preface. v a perfect specimen of the ' gentilhomme de I'ancien regime.' Although he had a keen sense of humour, his counte- nance was sad in repose. Indeed the 'fond' of his character was sad, partly from sensitiveness, partly from ill-health. The period in which his lot was cast was not calculated to raise his spirits ; he foresaw, only too clearly, the troubled future in store for France. The convulsions of the last two years, while they would have deeply pained, would not have surprised him ; and though France could ill afford to lose such a man, his friends may find some consolation in the reflec- tion that he is at rest. M. C. M. Simpson. Kensington : May 7, 1872. Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/correspondenceco01tocqiala MR. SENIOR'S INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO THE CONVERSATIONS, Written in 1859. I WAS honoured by the friendship of Alexis de Tocque- ville for twenty-six years—from 1833 to 1859—but I did not attempt to preserve his conversations until 1848. In the May of that year I visited Paris, and I was so much struck by the strange things which I saw and heard, that I took notes of them, which swelled into a regular Journal. The practice once begun, I continued during my sub- sequent travels, and these volumes contain perhaps the most valuable part of my Journals—that which was con- tributed to them by M. de Tocqueville. Of course his conversation loses enormously by tran- slation. Its elegance and finesse could not be retained, but its knowledge and wisdom were less- volatile, and I have reason to hope that they have been, to a certain extent, preserved. viii Introductory Note to the Conversations. In general I sent M. de Tocqueville my reports as they were written, and he corrected them before they were copied. In one or two cases he made notes on the fair copy. That nothing of his might be lost I have reproduced the originals with his notes. Nassau William Senior. CONTENTS THE FIRST VOLUME Letters from 1834 to 1848. PAGE ' Mr. Senior's criticisms on the Democratie ' 3 M. de Tocqueville's answer ........ 6 On M. de Beaumont's 'Marie' ....... 10 ' On the Bien des pauvres ' .10 Poor Law Report 12 Timidity of English Ministry ........ 14 Whig Ministry necessarily more honest than Tory .... 14 Reform Bill in reality a Revolution , . .15 Prosperity of France . .16 Conversion of the Funds . .17 Instability of French Ministry . .18 Absorption of M. de Tocqueville in preparing the latter volumes of the ' Democratie '........ 20 ' Further criticisms on the Democratie ' . .22 Comparison of the French and English . .22 Indifference of the general public in England to conquest . 23 Causes which regulate wages . .24 Treaty for the suppression of the Slave Trade .. -27 Should M. Guizot have resigned ? . .27 Mr. Senior's opinion that he should not 29 Article on Ireland .......... 30 Anxiety in France .......... 32 Want of Aristocratic element ........ 33 Excess of the Monarchical 34 , 1 X Contents of the First VoltLine. PAGE False notions of the French on Political Economy .... 35 Causes of Revolution of 1848. ....... 35 Speech of M. de Tocqueville, January 27, 1848 .... 36 Government of Louis Philippe ....... 37 Emeute of April 16 39 Attack on the Assembly, May 15 40 Journal in Paris^ 1848. Tocqueville's account of May 15 41 Why the Assembly should work ill ...... 44 Dinner at Tocqueville's ......... 44 Characters of French Statesmen ....... 45 Expectations of a street fight ........ 46 Frenchmen never bold on the defensive .47 Garde Mobile 48 Character of Lamartine ........ 49 Comparison between the Revolutions 1789 and 1848 ... 50 Contempt has taken the place of hatred against the upper classes . 5 Decrease in the influence of women . -Si Letters in 1849. Foreign policy of English Ministers 53 Universal listlessness in France 54 Probable character of the new Assembly 55 Increase of the influence of the upper classes . 56 English politics ...... 58 Notes by Mrs. Grote. M, de Tocqueville's account of the days of June 60 ' ' Story of the Rouge Concierge . 62 Journal in Paris, 1849 Terms of peace between Austria and Piedmont 66 Prussian aggrandisement dangerous to France 67 Tocqueville's difficulties as a speaker 68 Distinction between noble and roturier . 69 Exertion of public speaking .... 69 Bores in the House .... 70 Contents of the First Volume. XI Letter from Mr. Senior^ December 1849. PACK Bugeaud's account of Febraary 24 71 Jotinial in Paris, 1850. Tocqueville disapproves of what is going on . 73 Believes that the present Constitution might be made to work 73 Danger of historical parallels . 75 Objects of the Conservative party . 75 Probable result of an Emeute 76 Greek affairs ..... 77 Absolute government of Louis Philippe . 78 Its foundation a quick sand 78 Popularity of Lord Normanby 79 All parties conspiring .... 81 No end to Revolution in our time . 81 No hero cast up by the Revolution of 1848 82 Foreign policy of Lord Palmerston 82 Position of clergy in France . 83 Depression of the Due de Broglie . 86 Revolution of 1789 has never ceased 87 Review of French History from 1789 to 1850 87 Greek affairs . ... 91 Preference of egalite to liberty 92 Definition of egalite .... 93 Journal in Normandy, 1850. Description of Chateau de Tocqueville 99 The Reign of Terror 100 New election law . 100 Prospects of the four great parties lOI Republicans powerless . lOI Orleanists unpopular lOI Legitimists associated with feudalism 102 Probable re-election of the President 103 Probabilities of a Fusion 104 State of Religion .... 106 Re-action after 1789 106 Religion as an engine of Government 107 xii Contents of the First Vohune. PAGE Observances of Catholicism 107 Farming at Tocqueville ......... 108 Condition of the peasantry ........ 109 Extent and value of estate . 1 10 Agriculture affected by instability . .Ill Thiers' History of the Empire . .112 Character of Napoleon I. ,113 Tocqueville hopes to write his history . .114 life . Country-house . .. -US Paucity of modem great men . .116 Character of Peel . .116 Character of Wellington . • "7 OfSoult, Bugeaud, and Lamoricifere . .118 Nicholas intolerant of Constitutional Monarchy . • "9 French Army .......... 120 Warlike propensities of the French . .121 New education law ......... I2l Ecole Polytechnique . .122 Exclusiveness of country society ....... 122 French marriages . .123 Tocqueville as leader of a party . .124 His love of work . 125 Cherbourg 127 Valuable against England . .128 Revolution of 1848 129 The National Guard revolutionary . .130 How the Monarchy might have been saved . • 131 The Banquet abandoned . .132 Fire in the Boulevard des Capucines . .132 Unpopularity of Louis Philippe's Government . "133 It was a plutocracy ......... 134 Paid representatives . '135 Collective voting , . -135 Tendency of properties to coalesce . .136 Danger of mortgages to small proprietors . .136 Society formerly much more amusing . .... 137 Influence of women—Madame Recamier . .138 A wedding near Limoges . .138 French households . '139 Scanty population ......... 140 Golden age of French literature 141 Deterioration in the present day ......
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