USA‐NPN Technical Series 2012‐001

USA National Phenology Network

2011 Data & Participant Summary

Jherime L. Kellermann1, Theresa M. Crimmins2, Ellen G. Denny3, Carolyn A.F. Enquist4, R. Lee Marsh5, Alyssa H. Rosemartin6, Jake F. Weltzin7

1Technical Research Associate, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; University of Arizona

2Partnerships & Outreach Coordinator, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; University of Arizona

3Monitoring Design & Data Coordinator, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; University of Arizona

4Science Coordinator, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; The Wildlife Society

5Applications Programmer, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; University of Arizona

6Assistant Director & Information Technology Coordinator, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; University of Arizona

7Executive Director, USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office; US Geological Survey

Suggested citation: Kellermann, J.L., T.M. Crimmins, E.G. Denny, C.A.F. Enquist, R.L. Marsh, A.H. Rosemartin, J.F. Weltzin. 2012. USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary. USA‐NPN Technical Series 2012‐001. www.usanpn.org.

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 2

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.

This report complies with US Geological Survey Fundamental Science Practice standards. It has undergone peer and policy review and approval.

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 5 The USA National Phenology Network ...... 5 Phenology ...... 5 Nature's Notebook ...... 5 Observer Recruitment, Training, and Retention ...... 6

2011 STATUS OF NATURE’S NOTEBOOK ...... 6

2011 PARTICIPATION SUMMARY ...... 7 Spatial patterns ...... 8 Temporal patterns ...... 10 Partner organizations ...... 11

DATA SUMMARY ...... 14 Observed species ...... 14 Tracking Species Interactions ...... 19

DISCUSSION ...... 20

REFERENCES ...... 22

CONTRIBUTIONS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 22

APPENDIX A. 2011 PLANT DATA SUMMARY ...... 243

APPENDIX B. 2011 ANIMAL DATA SUMMARY ...... 3231

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 4

INTRODUCTION

The USA National Phenology Network The USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN; www.usanpn.org) seeks to engage a diverse range of citizen scientist volunteers, federal, state, and non‐governmental organizations, educators and professional research scientists to collect phenological observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute their observations to a national data repository. To guide this effort, the USA‐NPN National Coordinating Office (NCO), based in Tucson, Arizona, implemented an online monitoring program for plants and animals, Nature's Notebook, and has developed phenology monitoring protocols and an information management system, which includes the National Phenology Database (NPDb). We are developing a diversity of materials, tools, techniques, and protocols to assist decision making and education related to ecology, wildlife, human health, ecosystem services, natural resource management, biological conservation, and climate change adaptation.

Phenology Phenology, derived from the Greek phaino, meaning to show or Phenophases are appear, is the periodic timing of recurring life cycle events or stages in organisms and their scientific study. Such events observable life stages in the include flowering or leaf‐out of plants, maturation of agricultural annual life cycles of plants crops, insect emergence, bird migration, or calving. The study of and animals such as plant phenology includes the observation of specific phenophases and flowering or bird migration. often considers their relationships with weather and climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report (2007) notes that plants and animals either respond to changes beyond their tolerances by shifting their phenology or range boundaries, altering their morphology, or becoming extirpated or extinct. The IPCC report further states that, "phenology…is perhaps the simplest process in which to track changes in the ecology of species in response to climate change". Therefore, phenology provides an effective biological indicator of the effects of climate change on ecosystems and the species that comprise them.

Throughout human history, phenological events have been critical for tracking wild and domesticated plant and animal resources and are celebrated in paintings, stories, and music. However, many contemporary cultures have become physically and psychologically distanced from seasonal patterns in nature and overlook the continued importance of phenology in their everyday lives. Developing an in depth understanding of phenology is critical for effective decision making regarding future policies for management of natural resources, public health, recreation, and energy.

Nature's Notebook Nature’s Notebook is the USA National Phenology Network’s plant and animal phenology observation program (www.usanpn.org/participate/observe). Through Nature’s Notebook, observers can 1) register as an observer with the Network; 2) register one or more sites where they are observing plant and/or animal phenology; 3) register one or more individual plants under observation; 4) create a checklist of

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 5

animals they are observing; and 5) enter phenology observations. Data submitted to Nature's Notebook, along with supporting metadata are available for download at www.usanpn.org/results/data.

NPDb growth and Observer Recruitment, Training, and Retention The Network aims to ensure that the data collected through Nature's Notebook and housed in the NPDb is of the highest possible quality and applicability and of the greatest use and relevance to partners, decision makers, researchers, and society. This will ultimately require long‐term repeated observations over years to decades across the entire United States of plants and animals from a diversity of species that represent a range of phenological responses to climate and environmental change. Through a broad network of partnerships and community participation we will continue to grow and improve the database and thus the scope, complexity, and importance of the data products and applications generated from it. We envision a database with the appropriate spatial extent, temporal breadth, ecological scale, and phenological scope that can support these data products and tools. Knowing these parameters enables us to optimize and direct our efforts in terms of recruitment, training and retention. Here we report on the extent, scale, and breadth of the database as of 31 December 2011, in part as a baseline for growth in coming years. More details on recruitment, training, and retention of observers can be found in Rosemartin et al. (2012). This document is intended to describe the progress thus far in developing the National Phenology Database and consider several potential applications of the data.

2011 STATUS OF NATURE’S NOTEBOOK Nature’s Notebook was launched in 2009, making 2011 the third year of the program’s existence. Significant enhancements were made to the online user interface, and the capacity for reporting abundance and intensity of plant and animal phenophases was added in 2011. The list of species available for monitoring increased to include 309 species of plants and 166 species of animals including 43 species of birds, 19 species of reptiles, 32 species of amphibians, 21 species of mammals, 22 species of fish, and 29 species of insects.

Nature's Notebook employs phenological "status" monitoring rather than "event" monitoring. This means that instead of simply recording the date when an event occurs, observers record the status of every relevant phenophase for the species that they are observing on every day that they observe. Therefore, on each visit, observers record either "yes", "no" or “uncertain” for a suite of up to 11 unique phenophases for a given species. This method has the benefit of providing data on the absence of phenophases and allows more accurate predictions of where and when each phenophase occurs.

Prior to 2011, the NCO limited advertisement of the Nature's Notebook program. Because of planned modifications, 2009 and 2010 were treated as ”beta” data collection years with promotion limited to email newsletters and public presentations. In 2011, the formal launch for the program, there were well over a dozen media stories in print and online formats that described the USA‐NPN and/or Nature's Notebook (www.usanpn.org/rm, USA‐NPN 2011 Annual report ).

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2011 PARTICIPATION SUMMARY The number of participants registering with Nature’s Notebook continued to grow in 2011 (Figure 1). Of the 1,069 new registrants in 2011, 30% reported phenology observations for one or more plant or animal species (Table 1).

The number of individual organisms and species observed per observer increased in 2011, resulting in a greater diversity of plant and animal species being represented in the NPDb (Table 2).

4500 4000 3500 3000 registered

2500 2000

observers 1500

1000

Total 500 0 Jun Jun Jun Jun Sep Sep Sep Sep Dec Dec Dec Dec Mar Mar Mar Mar

2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure 1. The cumulative number of observers registered with Nature's Notebook between 2008 and 2011. In January, 2009 nearly 700 observers associated with the historical lilac observation program which began in the 1950's were incorporated into the NPDb (for more information see http://www.usanpn.org/?q=node/36).

Table 1. Nature's Notebook participation summary, 2008‐2011.

2008 2009 2010 2011 Cumulative Registered observers 90 2153 795 1069 4107 Observers reporting 40 556 437 530 1,196a Percent of registered observers reporting b 11% 25% 31% 29% 29% Number of days observed per observer (mean+SE) 7.6+1.98 9.2+0.28 9.7+0.56 11.7+0.69 13.41+0.45 Registered sites c ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,192 5,526 Total observations 2,556 17,757 28,793 48,131 97,237 Total records d 12,615 135,352 201,935 380,941 730,843 a Cumulative total is less than the sum of 2008‐2011 due to some observers reporting in multiple years b The percent of registered observers that reported data in the year that they registered c Prior to 2011 the date a site was registered was not recorded in the NPN database d Note that an 'observation' consists of the ‘records’ of the status of multiple phenophases for an individual species during a single observation event. A single observation may contain up to 11 phenophase status records depending on the species.

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Table 2. Average number of plant and animal individuals and species reported per observer by registered users of Nature's Notebook during 2008‐2011.

2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean Individual plants observed per observer 10.3 3.8 4.8 7.7 6.6 Plant species observed per observer 1.9 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.8 Animals observed per observer a 2 2 4.6 4 3.2 Animal species observed per observer 2 2 3.9 3.6 2.9

a Animals observed refers to unique species‐site combinations, rather than individual animals, as individuals cannot be marked and tracked.

Spatial patterns in participation We now have registered Nature's Notebook participants representing all 50 states. New participants joined the program in 2011 from every state except South Dakota, with Maine, California, and Wisconsin contributing the greatest number of new observers (

Figure 2).

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Figure 2. The number of new participants registered with Nature's Notebook by state in 2011.

Along with increases in the number of people registering and reporting observations to Nature's Notebook, there was an increase in the number of days for which observers submitted data in 2011. Subsequently, the total number of observations increased by 67.2% and the total number of phenophase status records increased by 88.6%.

In general, the states with the most new participants registering are those that have accumulated the greatest number of registered observation sites (Figure 3). California leads the way with the most registered sites, followed by Colorado.

Figure 3. Sites registered with Nature's Notebook since the program’s inception (2008 through December 31, 2011).

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Temporal patterns in observations We can also detect temporal patterns in the intensity or frequency of observation. Most observations are recorded during the spring, particularly in April (Figure 4). However, the number of observations collected in the fall and winter increased dramatically in 2011 compared to previous years.

450

400

350 day 300 per 250

200

150

Observations 100

50

0 Jan‐08 May‐08 Sep‐08 Jan‐09 May‐09 Sep‐09 Jan‐10 May‐10 Sep‐10 Jan‐11 May‐11 Sep‐11

Figure 4. The number of observations made per day from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2011.

Duration of participation Seven percent of observers who registered with Nature's Notebook prior to 2011 submitted observations in 2011, and 39% of observers remained active participants in Nature's Notebook for greater than 2 weeks (Figure 5). There is a growing group of dedicated observers that have remained active in the program for over two years. To increase retention among our participants, we have instituted several efforts including quarterly observer newsletters (www.usanpn.org/newsletters) and bi‐weekly reminders. These efforts are intended to keep the observer community more engaged with additional aspects of the network including results they have helped collect. We will continue to expand and enrich this important aspect of our program in the coming years (Rosemartin et al. 2012).

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 10

200 180 160 140

observers 120

of 100 80 number 60

Total 40 20 0

Duration (days)

Figure 5. Duration of active participation in Nature's Notebook by registered observers that have submitted at least one observation. Duration was calculated as the number of days between the first and last observation entered into the NPDb between March 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. Note that the categories of the columns are not equal and range from two weeks to greater than two years.

Partner organizations When observers register with Nature's Notebook they are given the opportunity to self‐identify with the organizations with which the USA‐NPN has established partnerships. The number of groups available for Nature’s Notebook participants to affiliate themselves increased from 10 in 2010 to 43 in 2011, an increase of 330% (Table 3). These networks represent a broad range of groups including federal and state agencies, NGOs, university and school programs, and citizen‐science groups. Some of these partner networks represent programs explicitly monitoring phenology (e.g. Signs of the Seasons, Project BudBurst) other organizations have broader objectives including management of large land bases (e.g. National Park Service).

Observers associated with these groups are contributing significant numbers of observations to the NPDb; partner organizations contributed over 40% of total observations submitted to the NPDb through Nature's Notebook in 2011. This is a tremendous increase from 2010, when observations associated with partnership organizations comprised only 2.4% of all observations submitted to the NPDb. In 2011, the California Phenology Project and its associated network of National Parks (www.usanpn.org/cpp/parks) together comprised 21.6% of the observations submitted to the NPDb (Matthews and Gerst 2011).

To improve groups’ ability to submit phenology observations via Nature’s Notebook, the “shared sites” functionality was released in June 2011. Shared sites allow multiple observers within an organization to record observations of the same individual plants. Organizations that have implemented shared sites in

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 11

2011 appear in Table 3. Many of these sites are located in National Parks and are associated with the California Phenology Project (www.usanpn.org/cpp). This enhancement to Nature’s Notebook enables an organization’s members to participate more easily (they do not have to create sites, plants or animals, just submit observations), supports collective action and group engagement, and allows organizations to track and compare observations by individual observers.

Table 3. Partner organizations, associated observers, and total observations submitted to the NPDb during 2011.

Registered Network observers Observations1 Appalachian Trail Conservancy* 2 3 Arbor Day Foundation 2 22 California Phenology Project° 67 7416 Florida Bluebird Society 3 5 Fresh and Local CSA 1 0 Great Sunflower Project 39 113 HJ Andrews* 2 3 HoneyBeeNet 8 4 Juniper Pollen Project 3 809 Mediterranean Coast Network 1 4 Mojave Desert Network 1 0 Monarch Watch 22 151 National Park Service 25 573 Acadia National Park (ACAD)* 9 181 Appalachian National Scenic Trail (APPA) 2 0 Boston Harbor Islands Nat. Rec. Area (BOHA) 2 596 Death Valley National Park (DEVA)° 2 30 Golden Gate National Rec. Area (GOGA)* ° 9 2112 John Muir National Historic Site (JOMU) ° 3 14 Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR)* ° 10 3506 Lava Beds National Monument (LABE) ° 3 14 Lake Mead National Rec. Area (LAME) 1 0 Lassen Volcanic National Park (LAVO)* ° 7 2202 Marsh‐Billings‐Rockefeller Nat. Hist. Park (MABI) 1 0 Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) ° 1 0 Redwoods National Park (REDW)* ° 6 1188 Saugus Iron Works Nat. Hist. Site (SAIR) 2 596 Santa Monica Mountains Nat. Rec. Area (SAMO)* ° 17 1304 Saratoga National Historical Park (SARA) 1 0 Sequioa‐King's Canyon National Park (SEKI)* ° 6 32 Yosemite National Park (YOSE) ° 3 14 USA‐NPN NCO* 15 1506 New Mexico Master Naturalist Program 21 136 Northeastern Temperate Network 1 4 PennPhen 2 0 Pima County Extension* 3 18 Portland BudWatch* 4 0 Project BudBurst 35 24 RMSSN Academy 35 142

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SciCit 62 109 Signs of the Seasons 79 3714 The Wilderness Society 6 0 Wisconsin Phenological Society 4 0 1If an observer registers an association with more than one organization, all of that individual's observations will be tallied under each organization regardless of whether the observations are actually associated with that organization, therefore the observation totals for some organizations may be slightly inflated. However, very few observers are registered with multiple organizations. * Shared Sites ° Part of the California Phenology Project

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DATA SUMMARY

The total number of phenophase status records in the NPDb nearly doubled in 2011 with 97,237 observations comprised of more than 380,000 records entered (Figure 6, Table 1).

750,000 records

600,000

450,000 observation 300,000 Total 150,000

0 Jun Jun Jun Jun Oct Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Apr Feb Feb Feb Feb Dec Dec Dec Dec Aug Aug Aug Aug

2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure 6. The cumulative number of phenophase status records housed in the National Phenology Network Database (NPDb) since the inception of Nature’s Notebook.

Observed species Of the 309 plant species available for Most observed Total 2011 observation in Nature's Notebook in plant species Observations 2011, participants observed 243 quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) 1,886 species (Appendix A). The five plant coyotebrush (Baccharis pilularis) 1,695 species with the most observations common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) 1,438 are listed in the box to the right. Red red maple (Acer rubrum) 1,301 maple and common and cloned lilacs red Rothomagensis lilac (Syringa chinensis) 1,030 were the three most observed species in 2010. The large increase in observations of coyotebrush is due to the USA‐NPN partnership with the California Phenology Project (Table 3; Matthews and Gerst 2011). Individual plants with the greatest number of days on which observations were recorded are forsythia, common dandelion, and eastern redbud (Table 4).

In 2011, participants submitted observations on 72 of the 166 animal species available for monitoring (Appendix B). Phenophase observations are not recorded for individual animals as they are for plants. Because animals are mobile and individuals are not marked, observers cannot verify the same individuals are being observed on consecutive days. Therefore, observations are tied to a geographically

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 14

explicit site rather than an individual organism. Observers can record the Most observed Total 2011 presence or absence of the species at animal species Observations the site on the observation date, as American Robin (Turdus migratorius) 487 well as abundance and the status of bumblebee (Bombus spp.) 383 phenophases such as singing in birds. white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 275 The five animal species with the most eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) 261 observations submitted in 2011 are Black‐capped Chickadee (Poecile listed in the box to the right. These atricapillus) 229 represent four of the top five from 2010, with eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) advancing to the top five and American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) dropping to the seventh most observed animal species (Appendix B). Several of these species are among the individual organisms with the most observation days reported (Table 4).

Table 4. Individual plants and animals with more than 200 unique observation days.

Observation Days Common name State City 302 forsythia NY Jackson Heights 283 common dandelion NY Jackson Heights 266 eastern redbud TN Pioneer 266 white‐tailed deer TN Pioneer 264 American beech TN Pioneer 263 American beech TN Pioneer 263 American goldfinch TN Pioneer 263 eastern chipmunk TN Pioneer 262 jewelweed TN Pioneer 261 bumblebee TN Pioneer 246 Red Rothomagensis lilac NY Jackson Heights 224 dogtooth violet TN Pioneer 201 forsythia TN Pioneer

For plants, the greatest observation intensity in 2011, measured as the total number of days for which an individual plant of a given species had phenophase status records submitted, is occurring in the northeast, mid‐Atlantic, and Great Lakes states (Figure 7). In the west, coastal California and Colorado, as well as a few intensely observed sites in Idaho (Table 8) are contributing the most observation days to the NPDb.

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Figure 7. The mean number of days in 2011 (shading) for which observations have been reported per individual plant (dots) registered with Nature's Notebook.

The Network is beginning to amass long‐term time series data sets for individual plants and sites. We now have nine individual plants and four animal species with phenophase status reports submitted on more than 200 observation days since 2009 (Table 4), all of which have been recorded at just three individual sites: one in Pioneer, Tennessee and two in Jackson Heights, New York (Table 4).

The number of sites with many days of observations continued to expand in 2011. Six sites in six different states have now reached over 300 observation days, while 74 sites spread over 23 states have at least 50 days of observations recorded (Figure 8).

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Figure 8. Sites with observations reported on at least 50 separate days between 2008 and 2011. The number of observations for these sites range from 50 to 715 days.

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Figure 9. Number of days for which observations have been reported for three phenophases of individual deciduous trees A) Breaking leaf buds, B) Increasing leaf size, C) and Leaves, which could be used to assess the phenology of leaf‐out or "green‐up" during spring, a common metric used to assess interannual variation in plant phenology related to climate.

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The timing of breaking leaf buds in 2011 shows some predictable patterns (Figure 9). Generally it is earlier at more southern latitudes and later in the north and at higher elevations in mountainous regions. However, there are some important exceptional biogeographic patterns visible.

Figure 10. The first day of year (1‐365) during 2011 that the breaking leaf buds phenophase was observed across all deciduous plant species. The first positive record of breaking leaf buds must have been preceded by at least one negative record or recorded "no" for breaking leaf buds to be included in this analysis.

Tracking Species Interactions We now have sufficient data to begin examining coarse resolution species. For example, many bird species time their migration from wintering grounds at tropical latitudes to their breeding grounds in the United States to synchronize with the phenology of plants and insects at places they stop to rest and feed along their migration routes (McGrath et al. 2009, Strode 2009, Wood et al. 2012). We used generalized linear models to examine the relationship of both the first observation date of three migratory bird species, ruby‐throated hummingbird, Baltimore oriole, and scarlet tanager and first flowering date of trees, shrubs, and forbs with latitude and between first migrant data and first flowering date. Data recorded during spring 2011 (prior to June 1st) shows that first flowering date of plants (R2 = 0.58, β = 1.73, t = 2.66, df = 6, p < 0.05) and (R2 = 0.77, β = 5.26, t = 3.25, df = 6, p < 0.02) were each positively related with latitude. Furthermore, first flowering and migrant observation date were in turn positively related with each other (t = 3.14, df = 6, p < 0.03). Tracking patterns of migration and plant phenology is the first step in identifying responses to climate change such as phenological mismatches.

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150 Flowering 140 Migrants 130 120

year 110

of 100 Day 90 80 70 60 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 Latitude (Decimal degree)

Figure 11. Latitudinal progression of first reports (20 observations) of 3 long‐distance migratory bird species (Migrants) and first flowering (7578 observations) of 75 species of trees, shrubs and forbs (Flowering) during spring 2011 (1 March – 31 May).

DISCUSSION We saw a dramatic increase in participation in Nature's Notebook in 2011. Not only did this lead to an increase in the overall number of observations submitted to the NPDb, but it also included an increase in the number of days for which observers submitted data and greater consistency of observations over the course of the year (Figure 4). This significantly increases the quality, extent, scale, and breadth of our database and thus the types of analyses that can be performed. A greater frequency of observations over time will increase our ability to detect change over the course of the year, decrease error and increase precision in making estimates of plant and animal phenology metrics, and eventually allow us to make predictions about the effects of environmental change.

This increase in observation frequency over the course of the year will allow us to assess different metrics of phenology such as onset, duration, and magnitude of life cycle stages (Figure 12. Generally, onset is when a phenophase begins, duration is the length of time between the beginning and end of a phenophase, and magnitude is the strength or intensity of a phenophase, such as the abundance of migrant birds, the proportion of individual plants flowering, or the probability that trees will be fruiting. These metrics represent different types of responses by species to environmental change. For example, flowering duration may be the same between two years, but a smaller proportion of individuals may flower in a dry year and thus have a lower magnitude.

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Figure 92. A theoretical suite of phenophases patterns for three metrics of phenology ‐ onset, duration, and magnitude. X, Y, and Z could represent three different years for one species, or three different species in one year. For example, X and Z have the same onset and duration, but different magnitude, Y and Z have the same magnitude, but different duration and onset, and X and Y are different in all three metrics.

Sites with a large number of consistent observation days over a significant span of time represent the foundations for the long‐term monitoring efforts necessary for successful documentation of phenological patterns and change in the United States and will be critical for future analyses. However, the number of observations must be considered in light of their timing (Figure 4); coordinating observation frequency with seasonal phenological events will be important for documenting key events such as breaking of tree leaf buds or animal migration.

In addition to the increase in the number of observations over time, we also have witnessed an increase in the density and spatial coverage of observations across the United States (Figure 7). Greater coverage allows us to examine differences in responses to climatic and environmental change across communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. For example, the later dates in August through October (day of year > 219) for breaking leaf buds in Arizona and southern California (represented by orange and red dots in Figure 10) likely represent arid land plant species that have "opportunistic" phenologies which respond to availability of seasonal precipitation and cooler temperatures. Similarly, species along the coast of California may display different phenological patterns than inland species, taking advantage of the availability of water later in the year.

Our database grew significantly in 2011, due in large part our partnerships, especially the California Phenology Project and Signs of the Seasons (Table 3). Further development of these partnerships and the creation of new ones will be critical for future growth in the spatial extent, temporal breadth, and ecological scope of the database.

Recent work has uncovered discrepancies between observational and experimental methods in understanding plant phenological response to climate (Wolkovich et al. 2012). At the same time, we are seeing new predictive frameworks for phenological responses to biotic and abiotic factors across USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 21

latitude, functional type and biome (Pau et al. 2011). These efforts set the stage for advances at the nexus of observational ecology and climate change impacts for decades to come. The multi‐species, continental‐scale, long‐term, observational database that the USA‐NPN is developing is poised to fuel the analysis, synthesis, and interpretation that will answer these critical questions for researchers and resource managers alike.

REFERENCES Matthews, E.R. and K.L. Gerst. 2011. California Phenology Project summary report. V.1. DRAFT.

McGrath, L.J., C. van Riper III, and J.J. Fontaine. 2009. Flower power: tree flowering phenology as a settlement cue for migrating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐ 2656.2008.01464.x

Pau, S., E.M. Wolkovich, B.I. Cook, T.J. Davies, N.J.B. Kraft, K. Bolmgren, J.L. Betancourt, and E.E. Cleland. 2011. Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science. Global Change Biology 17:3633‐3643.

Rosemartin, A.H., T.M. Crimmins, and USA National Phenology Network development team. 2012. An evaluation of observer engagement strategies for Nature’s Notebook. DRAFT. USA‐NPN Technical Series 2012‐002. www.usanpn.org.

Strode, P. K. 2009. Spring tree species use by migrating Yellow‐rumped Warblers in relation to phenology and food availability. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121: 457‐468.

Wolkovich, E.M., B.I. Cook, J.M. Allen, T.M. Crimmins, J.L. Betancourt, S.E. Travers, S. Pau, J. Regetz, T.J. Davies, N.J.B. Kraft, T.R. Ault, K. Bolmgren, S.J. Mazer, G.J. McCabe, B.J. McGill, C. Parmesan, N. Salamin, M.D. Schwartz, and E.E. Cleland. 2012. Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change. Nature doi:10.1038/nature11014.

Wood, E.M., A.M. Pigeon, F. Liu, and D.J. Mladenoff. 2012. Birds see the trees inside the forest:The potential impacts of forest composition on songbirds during spring migration. Forest Ecology and Management 280: 176‐186.

CONTRIBUTIONS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

JLK performed data analysis and drafted the text. AHR and JLK designed data queries and output. RLM and JLK performed data queries. CAFE, EGD, AHR, TMC, and JFW reviewed drafts and contributed to framing questions.

We gratefully acknowledge participants in Nature’s Notebook.

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The USA National Phenology Network gratefully acknowledges the following sponsoring organizations: The US Geological Survey, University of Arizona, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, The Wildlife Society, US National Park Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 23

APPENDIX A. 2011 PLANT DATA SUMMARY Number of observers, individual plants observed, observations, and phenophase status records entered in the National Phenology Database (NPDb) by plant species during 2011. Observers and registered plant species or plant individuals with no reported observations are not included. An observation is a report of a suite of phenophases for an individual plant on a given day and time, and can include reports on the status of up to 11 distinct phenophases, depending on the species.

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 36 99 1886 20511 coyotebrush Baccharis pilularis 4 84 1695 13507 common lilac Syringa vulgaris 98 135 1438 6796 red maple Acer rubrum 59 99 1301 13963 Red Rothomagensis Syringa chinensis lilac 74 124 1030 4911 forsythia Forsythia spp. 45 54 1009 9305 blackbrush Coleogyne ramosissima 3 42 955 6187 common dandelion Taraxacum officinale 56 77 921 6166 creosote bush Larrea tridentata 20 46 793 5428 Mojave yucca Yucca schidigera 4 34 785 3924 Virginia strawberry Fragaria virginiana 23 40 694 4780 Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia 3 34 659 3295 eastern redbud Cercis canadensis 26 34 627 6212 greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula 2 27 620 4338 black cherry Prunus serotina 15 31 618 6103 chokecherry Prunus virginiana 13 22 611 5803 common milkweed Asclepias syriaca 20 42 550 3504 American beech Fagus grandifolia 13 18 495 4955 ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 11 25 485 3836 mountain pride Penstemon newberryi 1 20 464 3247 flowering dogwood Cornus florida 36 46 452 4404 paper birch Betula papyrifera 16 28 444 4841 common cowparsnip Heracleum maximum 4 32 408 2831 tamarack Larix laricina 6 14 405 3975 northern red oak Quercus rubra 15 23 402 4298 bunchberry dogwood Cornus canadensis 9 16 388 2517 jewelweed Impatiens capensis 4 6 370 2511 yellow marsh marigold Caltha palustris 8 13 350 2357 lingonberry Vaccinium vitis‐idaea 5 18 347 2426 black elderberry Sambucus nigra 9 43 333 3305

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 24

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records Canadian serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis 5 10 331 3305 highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum 5 15 330 3085 silky beach pea Lathyrus littoralis 1 32 328 2290 eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 13 20 325 1788 redosier dogwood Cornus sericea 13 17 323 3216 kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva‐ ursi 7 10 320 2136 black spruce Picea mariana 4 8 316 2420 white oak Quercus alba 17 21 312 3392 balsam fir Abies balsamea 9 14 311 2382 Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 6 13 311 3110 California live oak Quercus agrifolia 3 24 308 2461 leatherleaf Chamaedaphne calyculata 3 7 299 2020 lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 1 11 296 2368 loblolly pine Pinus taeda 6 13 293 2189 longleaf pine Pinus palustris 5 12 292 2283 common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 10 18 290 2819 sugar maple Acer saccharum 23 38 288 3150 bog Labrador tea Ledum groenlandicum 4 8 284 1910 Eastern Mojave Eriogonum buckwheat fasciculatum 6 46 278 2125 boxelder Acer negundo 12 18 272 2954 Pacific trillium Trillium ovatum 4 26 257 1792 eastern purple Echinacea purpurea coneflower 11 13 251 1703 bluntlobe lupine Lupinus obtusilobus 1 10 250 1750 California poppy Eschscholzia californica 6 29 244 1702 live oak Quercus virginiana 13 16 244 1894 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 13 19 239 1649 ocotillo Fouquieria splendens 6 18 232 1559 chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum 4 37 231 1790 eastern pasqueflower Pulsatilla patens 4 6 228 1563 honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa 9 17 220 1747 dogtooth violet Erythronium americanum 4 6 208 1416 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 8 13 206 2045 black walnut Juglans nigra 14 18 206 2250 USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 25

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records jack in the pulpit Arisaema triphyllum 8 14 205 1216 white trillium Trillium grandiflorum 5 8 205 1419 Pacific rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllum 1 18 198 1385 Douglas‐fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 7 11 197 1524 bluebead Clintonia borealis 2 5 190 1322 saguaro Carnegia gigantea 7 14 187 837 big bluestem Andropogon gerardii 6 10 187 1482 rugosa rose Rosa rugosa 11 19 174 1737 red columbine Aquilegia canadensis 6 8 162 1120 Arnold Red Lonicera tatarica‐ honeysuckle arnoldred 5 7 155 773 fireweed Chamerion angustifolium 5 9 153 1071 bald cypress Taxodium distichum 9 16 153 1498 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 8 12 152 1629 valley oak Quercus lobata 2 19 151 1682 eastern white pine Pinus strobus 15 21 146 1145 pignut hickory Carya glabra 7 10 146 1571 laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 6 8 145 1106 Canada thistle Cirsium arvense 16 18 142 930 mayapple Podophyllum peltatum 10 13 142 970 bluebunch wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata 2 7 131 1044 Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorum juniper 4 10 129 435 buffelgrass Pennisetum ciliare 13 11 127 942 slash pine Pinus elliottii 5 8 127 965 Virginia bluebells Mertensia virginica 6 8 125 831 Canada mayflower Maianthemum canadense 6 10 124 854 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 3 5 124 1233 yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 5 11 124 1358 southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 5 7 123 861 Woods' rose Rosa woodsii 8 10 123 1207 American basswood Tilia americana 5 7 121 1326 cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto 6 7 116 563 common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 3 4 116 1151 switchgrass Panicum virgatum 7 10 113 808 Virginia springbeauty Claytonia virginica 4 7 110 733

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 26

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records citrus Citrus spp. 5 11 106 692 gray alder Alnus incana 8 11 105 1148 staghorn sumac Rhus hirta 5 19 101 1010 sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 11 12 94 913 purple passionflower Passiflora incarnata 3 3 90 623 green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 5 6 89 628 wrinkleleaf goldenrod Solidago rugosa 3 16 86 596 white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa 1 2 84 544 paradise apple Malus pumila 5 8 82 550 creeping barberry Mahonia repens 3 3 80 532 white wood aster Eurybia divaricata 2 4 79 553 black mangrove Avicennia germinans 1 2 78 513 button mangrove Conocarpus erectus 1 2 78 514 coastal plain willow Salix caroliniana 1 2 78 842 tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera 13 28 75 716 Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 5 5 75 824 red elderberry Sambucus racemosa 3 11 74 739 alfalfa Medicago sativa 7 11 69 499 oneseed juniper Juniperus monosperma 4 8 68 311 spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe 3 3 68 466 Appalachian Spring Cornus florida‐ dogwood appalachianspring 8 11 68 678 bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 12 13 65 676 sideoats grama Bouteloua curtipendula 4 7 64 480 American witchhazel Hamamelis virginiana 5 6 64 624 buffalograss Buchloe dactyloides 3 6 62 460 Pinchot's juniper Juniperus pinchotii 2 7 60 159 American plum Prunus americana 7 9 59 573 big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata 7 8 57 450 velvet mesquite Prosopis velutina 15 11 57 597 Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum 5 6 51 355 cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 2 2 51 401 blue grama Bouteloua gracilis 4 7 50 370 green alder Alnus viridis 2 4 49 539 butterfly milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 8 12 48 312

USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 27

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records saw palmetto Serenoa repens 3 7 47 234 needle and thread Hesperostipa comata 2 2 47 370 toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia 1 3 46 267 curl‐leaf mountain Cercocarpus ledifolius mahogany 3 3 46 365 blue paloverde Parkinsonia florida 3 4 46 368 Lewis' mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 3 4 46 416 white ash Fraxinus americana 5 5 46 502 antelope bitterbrush Purshia tridentata 1 1 44 349 beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta 3 6 41 412 peach Prunus persica 4 4 40 400 red alder Alnus rubra 6 6 40 431 yellow star‐thistle Centaurea solstitialis 1 2 38 266 mallow ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus 1 1 38 380 snowbrush ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus 2 2 37 232 diamondleaf willow Salix planifolia 2 3 37 405 balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 5 5 36 394 swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata 5 8 35 239 red trillium Trillium erectum 3 5 35 239 common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica 3 3 34 329 water sedge Carex aquatilis 2 3 30 237 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 4 13 30 238 scarlet gilia Ipomopsis aggregata 2 2 29 203 bog blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum 2 2 29 203 tall blazing star Liatris aspera 2 3 28 184 jojoba Simmondsia chinensis 3 4 28 185 twoneedle pinyon Pinus edulis 2 4 28 224 shrubby cinquefoil Dasiphora floribunda 3 3 28 279 Florida hopbush Dodonaea viscosa 12 3 28 402 annual ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia 8 9 27 201 white spruce Picea glauca 3 4 26 173 seaside goldenrod Solidago sempervirens 1 6 26 182 mesquite Prosopis juliflora 2 2 26 226 garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata 2 2 25 175 dwarf birch Betula nana 2 2 25 275 eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 3 3 24 189 yellow paloverde Parkinsonia microphylla 3 5 23 142 USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 28

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records leafy spurge Euphorbia esula 2 2 22 64 purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria 2 2 22 140 tussock cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum 2 3 22 173 greyleaf willow Salix glauca 2 2 22 189 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 5 6 22 212 American hazelnut Corylus americana 2 2 22 233 shagbark hickory Carya ovata 1 2 22 240 Missouri goldenrod Solidago missouriensis 1 1 21 48 small‐leaf arrowwood Viburnum obovatum 2 2 20 124 yellow sweetclover Melilotus officinalis 2 2 20 140 white meadowsweet Spiraea alba 2 2 20 195 tamarisk Tamarix spp. 12 4 20 232 common sunflower Helianthus annuus 6 9 19 131 bluejacket Tradescantia ohiensis 3 4 18 126 bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 4 4 17 167 pinkladies Oenothera speciosa 1 1 16 82 western wheatgrass Pascopyrum smithii 2 2 16 108 common evening Oenothera biennis primrose 4 4 16 111 scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea 1 1 14 95 red spruce Picea rubens 3 4 14 106 stiff goldenrod Oligoneuron rigidum 1 1 13 91 hobblebush Viburnum lantanoides 1 1 13 130 blue oak Quercus douglasii 1 13 13 143 twinflower Linnaea borealis 1 1 12 84 sweet birch Betula lenta 1 1 11 121 white clover Trifolium repens 3 3 10 68 arctic sweet coltsfoot Petasites frigidus 1 1 10 70 sand live oak Quercus geminata 1 2 10 80 tall cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium 1 1 10 80 desertholly Atriplex hymenelytra 1 5 10 80 beach pea Lathyrus japonicus 1 3 9 63 wax myrtle Morella cerifera 1 1 9 63 prairie milkweed Asclepias sullivanti 1 1 9 63 mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 1 1 9 67 white leadtree Leucaena leucocephala 2 3 8 56 American mountain Sorbus americana ash 2 3 8 80 USA National Phenology Network 2011 Data & Participant Summary 29

Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records prairie ironweed Vernonia fasciculata 2 2 7 49 grand fir Abies grandis 1 1 7 53 western blue‐eyed Sisyrinchium bellum grass 1 1 6 32 white fir Abies concolor 3 4 6 34 Yoshino cherry Prunus yedoensis 1 6 6 58 California buckeye Aesculus californica 2 6 6 60 common reed Phragmites australis 2 3 5 35 buckbrush Ceanothus cuneatus 1 3 5 35 wine grape Vitis vinifera 4 4 5 42 bull thistle Cirsium vulgare 2 2 4 28 gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba 1 1 4 32 darkthroat shooting Dodecatheon star pulchellum 1 1 3 13 white heath aster Symphyotrichum ericoides 1 1 3 21 olapalapa Cheirodendron trigynum 1 1 3 21 salal Gaultheria shallon 1 1 3 21 spider milkweed Asclepias asperula 1 1 3 21 lanceleaf springbeauty Claytonia lanceolata 1 1 3 21 painted trillium Trillium undulatum 2 2 3 21 Colorado blue Aquilegia caerulea columbine 1 1 3 21 desert ironwood Olneya tesota 2 2 3 27 salmonberry Rubus spectabilis 1 1 3 30 oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 1 3 3 30 striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 2 3 3 31 California black oak Quercus kelloggii 1 1 3 33 lavender thrift Limonium carolinianum 1 1 2 14 mountain woodsorrel Oxalis montana 1 1 2 14 Asian mustard Brassica tournefortii 1 1 2 16 Utah serviceberry Amelanchier utahensis 2 2 2 20 thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 1 1 2 20 devil's‐tongue Opuntia humifusa 1 1 1 5 hummingbird trumpet Epilobium canum 1 1 1 6 Pacific bleeding heart Dicentra formosa 1 1 1 7 broadleaf lupine Lupinus latifolius 1 1 1 7 western columbine Aquilegia formosa 1 1 1 7 Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum 1 1 1 7

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Individual Phenophase Number of plants status Common Name Scientific name observers observed Observations records spicatum subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 1 1 1 8 field mustard Brassica rapa 1 1 1 8 stiff dogwood Cornus foemina 1 1 1 10 American chestnut Castanea dentata 1 1 1 10 Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 1 1 1 11 Totals 2,860 40,054 318,624

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APPENDIX B. 2011 ANIMAL DATA SUMMARY Number of observers, observation locations, observations, and phenophase status records entered into the National Phenology Database (NPDb) for animal species in 2011. Observers and species with no reported observations are not included. An observation is a record of a suite of phenophases for an animal species at a given location, on a given day and time, and can include records on the status of up to 11 distinct phenophases, depending on the species. Individual animals are not recorded (as with plants) because individuals are not marked and there is no way to confirm that the same individual animal is being observed over time. Therefore, we include the number of observation locations.

Locations Number where Phenophase of observation status Common Name Scientific name Observers were made Observations records American robin Turdus migratorius 62 74 487 3507 bumblebee Bombus spp. 43 49 383 1479 white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus 25 29 275 1068 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus 19 22 261 1266 black‐capped Poecile atricapillus chickadee 31 37 229 1613 woodchuck Marmota monax 10 12 214 640 American goldfinch Carduelis tristis 29 33 199 1461 mule deer Odocoileus hemionus 9 9 95 362 osprey Pandion haliaetus 13 15 91 438 American toad Anaxyrus americanus 10 12 82 400 yellow‐bellied Marmota flaviventris marmot 4 4 73 206 wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus 7 12 71 338 snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina 9 11 65 254 killdeer Charadrius vociferus 11 13 64 253 cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 4 6 62 304 painted turtle Chrysemys picta 7 9 58 228 common green Anax junius darner 7 8 55 329 scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea 4 6 53 424 spring azure Celastrina ladon complex 5 7 52 402 eastern tent Malacosoma caterpillar americanum 4 6 51 102 racer Coluber constrictor 5 7 51 153 bicolored sallow Sunira bicolorago moth 3 5 48 288 punctured tiger Cicindela punctulata beetle 4 6 46 138

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Locations Number where Phenophase of observation status Common Name Scientific name Observers were made Observations records spotted turtle Clemmys guttata 2 4 45 180 tiger salamander Ambystoma mavortium‐tigrinum 2 4 44 132 seaside dragonlet Erythrodiplax berenice 2 4 42 252 six‐spotted tiger Cicindela sexguttata beetle 3 5 41 82 common loon Gavia immer 3 5 41 205 olive‐sided Contopus cooperi flycatcher 5 7 41 246 white sucker Catostomus commersonii 1 3 38 152 ebony jewelwing Calopteryx maculata 4 6 38 190 American shad Alosa sapidissima 1 3 38 227 brant Branta bernicla 3 4 37 184 dark‐eyed junco Junco hyemalis 2 9 35 200 American eel Anguilla rostrata 2 4 30 120 common whitetail Plathemis lydia 1 3 30 150 yellow perch Perca flavescens 2 4 26 77 northern water Nerodia sipedon snake 2 4 24 96 sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus 1 2 22 132 Pacific treefrog Pseudacris regilla 3 3 18 71 gopher snake Pituophis catenifer 5 5 13 37 rough‐skinned newt Taricha granulosa 3 3 13 52 bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis 3 3 12 30 Townsend's Tamias townsendii chipmunk 3 3 11 55 green frog Lithobates clamitans 2 2 8 40 eastern collared Crotaphytus collaris lizard 2 2 6 18 Couch's spadefoot Scaphiopus couchii 2 2 6 30 mourning dove Zenaida macroura 2 2 6 54 monarch Danaus plexippus 2 2 6 60 northern leopard Lithobates pipiens frog 4 4 5 25 black‐chinned Archilochus alexandri hummingbird 1 1 5 45 Gambel's quail Callipepla gambelii 1 1 5 45 yellow warbler Dendroica petechia 1 1 5 50 ruby‐crowned Regulus calendula kinglet 1 1 5 50

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Locations Number where Phenophase of observation status Common Name Scientific name Observers were made Observations records curve‐billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre 1 1 5 55 side‐blotched lizard Uta stansburiana 1 1 4 16 sagebrush lizard Sceloporus graciosus 2 2 3 9 northern elephant Mirounga seal angustirostris 2 2 2 6 Cascades frog Lithobates cascadae 2 2 2 7 western terrestrial Thamnophis elegans garter snake 2 2 2 8 speckle‐wing quill Callibaetis spp. 1 1 2 8 pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 2 2 2 10 white‐tailed prairie Cynomys leucurus dog 1 1 1 3 Woodhouse's toad Anaxyrus woodhousii 1 1 1 5 chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta 1 1 1 6 chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1 1 1 6 coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch 1 1 1 6 green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris 1 1 1 6 house wren Troglodytes aedon 1 1 1 9 red‐eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus 1 1 1 10 ruby‐throated Archilochus colubris hummingbird 1 1 1 10 Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula 1 1 1 11 Totals 521 3,793 19,131

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