Eager Eyes: Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik
Visualisierung
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Roots of InfoVis
• Based on – Statistical diagrams – Information Graphics – Isotype, Otto Neurath
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Data Sets
• Unstructured Data – Data Table • Rows: Data Samples/Points • Columns: Attributes/Dimensions • Structured Data – Trees (e.g., file system, organizational chart, …) – Graphs (telephone connections, …)
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Scatterplot
• Two data axis on plane • One point per data sample • Find – Accumulation – Trends – Correlations • How many points in one location?
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Scatterplot Matrix
• Matrix arrangement • n*(n-1)/2 plots for n dimensions • Often histograms on main diagonal • Good overview, little detail
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Spiral for Temporal Data
• Data about sick leave in German state over one year • Number of days per revolution • Pattern obvious when correct number of days
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und CompSuctheurgmrafnikn et al http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Temporal Data in ICU
• Show data on monitors • Good – Red/blue, round • Bad – Purple, crumpled • Good overview of patient status
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Glyphs
• Objects whose features represent data – Length – Angle – Color – Shape, etc. • Often based on metaphors • Different from icons – Icons are signals, glyphs show data
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Glyphs
• Objects whose features represent data – Length – Angle – Color – Shape, etc. • Often based on metaphors • Different from icons – Icons are signals, glyphs show data
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Glyphs/Stick Figures
• Glyphs consisting only of lines • Data encoded in lengths and angles • Very effective with large numbers
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ VIE-VISU
• Glyph for showing ICU data
Horn, Popow, Unterasinger
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Glyphs Over Time
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Star Plot/Glyph
http://www.isr.yorku.ca/ http://www.togaware.com/ Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Chernoff Faces
• Glyph shaped like face • Up to 25 variables – Shape of head, nose, etc. – Width/height of nose – Mouth size/shape – Etc • Difficult to read • Priorities of features • Suggested in jest? (Grinstein)
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Glyphs
• Advantages – Easy to tell multidimensional differences – Find complex patterns in time series data – Can be based on metaphor • Disadvantages – Individual values hard to read – Require legend – Limited number of dimensions – Dimensions/directions not equal
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Parallel Coordinates
• Coordinate axes parallel instead of orthogonal • Used in Statistics • InfoVis adds interaction, large data sets • Alfred Inselberg, 1987
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Example Parallel Coordinates
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Brushing and Parallel Coordinates
• Brushing: Coloring of Data Points • Left years 1970-72, right 1980-82 • Changes in weight, mileage, cylinders
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Data Types
• Quantitative: – Ratio: ratios are equivalent, e.g., body weight, age, weight, … – Interval: meaningful differences, e.g., dates, years, temperature, … • Qualitative: – Ordinal: natural ordering, e.g., school grades – Nominal: e.g., gender
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Categorical Data
• Difficult to display – Bad use of screen space – Assign locations to unordered/non-spaced values? • Many overlapping samples • No correlations visible
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Mosaic Plots
• Number of objects, not individual data points • Stacked dimensions • Hard to read for more than two dimensions
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Parallel Sets
• Recent work (InfoVis 2005, TVCG 2006) • Idea based on parallel coordinates and mosaic plots • Displays sets instead of samples
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Parallel Sets: Titanic Dataset 5 0 0 2
r e s u a H
, a r a s o K
, x i d n e B
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Survival by Class
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Survival Relative to Class Size
• (Multiple) Correspondence Analysis
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Maps
• Pre-date written language (Stone Age) • Abstracted representation of space • Different maps for different purposes • Example: route maps 0 0 0 2
H P A R G G I S
, e t l o t S
, a l a w a r g A
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Maps
• Special symbol language • Many layers of information • Labels • Accurate distances/angles • Map-based visualizations/ illustrations
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Subway Map, geographical
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Subway Map, topological
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Subway Maps
• “Non-realistic”, do not represent space • Show connections, relations • Only 45° angles • Harry Beck designed London tube map (1933), based on circuit diagrams
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Minard, Napoleon’s March
• Napoleon’s March to Moscow, 1812-13
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Route Maps
• Represent more detail where necessary – Start/end of journey, when in city • Less detail along way, e.g., highway • Distorted lengths, additional info at intersections 0 0 0 2
H P A R G G I S
, e t l o t S
, a l a w a r g A Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Scientific vs. InfoVis
Direct Volume Parallel Rendering Coordinates [Hauser et al., Vis 2000] [Fua et al., Vis 1999] Isosurfaces Glyphs Scatter Plots Line Integral [http://www.axon.com/ Convolution gn_Acuity.html]
[Cabral & Leedom, Node-link SIGGRAPH 1993] Streamlines Diagrams
[Lamping et al., CHI 1995] [Verma et al., Vis 2000] Continuous Discrete Data Data Tory & Möller, 2004
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Scientific vs. InfoVis
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Structured Data: Trees
• Hierarchical Data Structure • Each node has – One parent (except root) – 0-n children • Examples – Command structures – Directory trees – Genealogical trees
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Cone Trees, Cam Trees
• Arrange child nodes in circle • Move selected node forward with animation • Cam trees horizontal for better labels
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Treemaps
• Space-filling visualization of hierarchy • Divide space in x and y directions, according to node size • Labels on nodes • Problem: Nodes with different aspect ratios hard to compare
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Squarified Treemaps
• Make nodes as square as possible – Easier to compare – Harder to judge overall size • Optimization process
http://www.codeproject.com/csharp/treemaps.asp
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Cushion Treemaps
• Squarified Treemaps • Pseudo-3D look • Fewer lines, less clutter, fewer high spatial frequencies
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Botanical Visualization
• Tree visualization that looks like tree • Files are conical “fruits” • Efficient use of space • Combination of branching points • Limited use for visualization
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Treemap for Financial Data
• Hierarchical map of stock market • Squarified treemaps • Color shows trend • Layout stable over time
www.smartmoney.com Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Example: Map of the Market
• The market shortly after Hurricane Katrina
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ Hyperbolic Trees
• Node-link diagram in half sphere • Nodes near center get more space • Move nodes around for navigation • Loose orientation easily
Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/ SpaceTree
• Highly interactive tree visualization • Shows details on demand • Context information – Presence and size of subtrees • Compared to hyperbolic tree, Explorer, etc.
Plaisant et al, InfoVis 2002 Robert Kosara Visuelle Kommunikation in Kunst und Computergrafik http://www.eagereyes.org/LVA/